smart grid communications
TRANSCRIPT
SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS
AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
Prepared By:
Srikanth Reddy K
Renewable Energy-NIT Jaipur (INDIA)
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Introduction:
Smart Grid Communication Needs :
High - speed
Full integration
two - way communication technologies
to allow the smart grid to be a dynamic, interactive mega - infrastructure for real - time information and power exchange.
Possible wired and wireless communication technologies can include:
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): High - performance telecommunications networks for data transmission between network nodes
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax): Wireless telecommunication technology for point to multipoint data transmission utilizing Internet technology
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL): Power line communication with Internet access
Wi - Fi: Commonly used wireless local area network
Additional technologies: Fiber, mesh, and multipoint spread spectrum
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Characteristics of smart grid communications
technology
High bandwidth
IP - enabled digital communication (IPv6 support is preferable)
Encryption
Cyber security
Support and quality of service and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
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Network topologies for smart grid connections:
1. Local Area Network (LAN) [1,2] : Consists of two or more components and high capacity disk
storage (file servers), which allow each computer in a network to access a common set of rules.
Range : LAN combines high speed with a geographical spread of 1 – 10 km.
LAN Special attributes and advantages:
Resource sharing: Allows intelligent devices such as storage devices, programs, and data fi les to
share resources.
Area covered: LAN is normally restricted to a small geographical area, for example, office building,
utility, campus.
Cost and availability: Application software and interface devices are affordable and off - the – shelf.
High channel speed: Ability to transfer data at rates between 1 and 10 million bits per second.
Flexibility: Grow/expand with low probability of error; easy to maintain and operate.
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LAN -Categories of data transmission
Unicast transmission: A single data packet is sent from a source node to a destination (address) on the network
Multicast transmission: A single data packet is copied and sent to a specific subset of nodes on the network;
the source node addresses the packet by using the multicast addresses
Broadcast transmission:A single data packet is copied and sent to all nodes on the network; the source node
addresses the packet by using the broadcast address.
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LAN topologies
Bus topology: Linear LAN architecture in which transmission from network station propagates the length of the
medium and is received by all other stations connected to it.
Ring bus topology: A series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a
single closed loop.
Star topology: The end points on a network are connected to a common central hub or switch by dedicated links.
Tree topology: Identical to the bus topology except that branches with multiple nodes are also possible.
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Neighborhood Area Network (NAN):
NAN is a wireless community currently used for wireless local distribution applications. Ideally, it will cover an arealarger than a LAN [3,4].
Characteristics:
Bulk generation: Includes market services interface, plant control system, and generators; this domain interactswith the market operations and transmission domains through wide area networks, substation LANs, and theInternet.
Transmission : Includes substation devices and controllers, data collectors, and electric storage; this domaininteracts with bulk generation and operations through WANs and substation LANs; integrated with the distributiondomain.
Distribution: This domain interacts with operations and customers through Field Area Network.
Customer: Includes customer equipment, metering, Energy Management Systems (EMS), electric storage,appliances, PHEVs, and so on.
Service Providers: Includes utility and third party providers which handle billing customer services, and so on;this domain interacts with operations and customers primarily through the Internet
Operations : Includes EMS, Web Access Management System (WAMS), and SCADA; this domain can be sub -divided into ISO/RTO, transmission, and distribution
Market: Includes /ISOs/RTOs, aggregators, and other market participants
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Sensing, Metering, and Measurements for Smart Grid:
Need: These components will provide the data necessary for monitoring the grid and the power market.
Sensor’s Attributes to Smart Grid:
Outage detection and response
Evaluates the health of equipment and the integrity of the grid
Eliminates meter estimations
Provides energy theft protection
Enables consumer choice and DSM
Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS):
WAMS utilize sensors distributed throughout the network in conjunction with GPS satellites for precise time stamping of measurements in the transmission system.
By providing real - time information on stability and operating safety margins, WAMS give early warnings of system disturbances for the prevention and mitigation of system- wide blackouts.
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Phasor Measurement Units (PMU):
PURPOSE: Phasor Measurement Units or Synchrophasors give operators a time - stamped snapshotof the power system.
The PMUs consist of bus voltage phasors and branch current phasors, in addition to information such as locations and other network parameters.
PMU Attributes [5] :
PMUs ensure voltage and current with high accuracy at a
rate of 2.88 kHz.
They can calculate real power, reactive power, frequency,
and phase angle 12 times per 60 hertz cycle.
Over the years, researchers and engineers have found PMUs
are suitable for monitoring and control of voltage stability
PMUs.
Figure Source: [7]
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Smart Meters:
Smart meters have two functions:
1. providing data on energy usage to customers (end -users) to help control cost and consumption; sending data to the utility for load factor control, peak - load requirements.
2. The development of pricing strategies based on consumption information and so on Automated data reading is an additional component of both smart meters.
Smart Meter Attributes :
Let’s the customer to know:
How much energy they use
How much they pay
When they use energy
Helps Utility in:
Better load pricing
Faster outage detection and restoration
Accurate billing
Enhanced grid monitoring
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Smart Appliances: Smart appliances cycle up and down in response to signals sent by the utility
Enable customers to participate in voluntary demand response programs which award credits for limiting power
use in:
Peak demand periods or
When the grid is under stress.
An override function allows customers to control their appliances using the Internet.
Grid - friendly appliances use a simple computer chip that can sense disturbances in the grid’s power frequency
and can turn an appliance off for a few minutes to allow the grid to stabilize during a crisis.
Some of the flexible smart appliances include:
Air conditioners
Space heaters
Water heaters
Refrigerators
Washers
Dryers
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI):
What is it ?
AMI is the convergence of the grid, the communication infrastructure, and the supporting information infrastructure.
Functions of AMI:
Market applications: serve to reduce/eliminate labor, transportation, and infrastructure costs associated with meter reading and maintenance, increase accuracy of billing, and allow for time - based rates while reducing bad debts; facilitates informed customer participation for energy management.
Customer applications: serves to increase customer awareness about load reduction, reduces bad debt, and improves cash flow, and enhances customer convenience and satisfaction; provides demand response and load management to improve system reliability and performance
Distribution operations: curtails customer load for grid management, optimizes network based on data collected, allows for the location of outages and restoration of service, improves customer satisfaction, reduces energy losses, improves performance in event of outage with reduced outage duration and optimization of the distribution system and distributed generation management, provides emergency demand response
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GIS AND GOOGLE MAPPING TOOLS:
Purpose and uses:
GIS is useful for managing traditional electric transmission and distribution and telecom networks.
It can also help to manage information about utility assets for data collection and maintenance.
Needs:
Reducing outage time
Preventing power theft which causes significant unaccounted losses
Effective system for collection and billing system
Expanding services for customers
Effective asset management
Improving reliability such as SAIDI (System Average Interruption DurationIndex) and SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) for distribution networks
Improving analysis of customer complaint logs
Enhancing load fl ow power quality analysis and fault study for current andanticipated problems
Scheduling of actions such as load shedding and vegetation control
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MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS (MAS) TECHNOLOGY:
Introduction
What is it? And how it works?
MAS are a computational system in which several agents cooperate to achieve a desired task.
The performance of MAS can be decided by the interactions among various agents.
Agents cooperate to achieve more than if they act individually.
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Multiagent Systems for Smart Grid Implementation The multiagent system is autonomous in that they operate without human interventions.
The multiagent system is sociable in that they interact with other agents via some kind of agent communication
language.
MAS in smart grid has four agents namely:
Control agent: Responsibilities include
Monitoring system voltage and frequency
Sending signals to the main circuit breaker in case of upstream outage
Receiving electricity price ($/kWh) signal from the main grid and publishing them to the Intelligent Distributed
Autonomous Power System (IDAPS) entities
Distributed energy resource (DER) agent: Responsibilities include
Controlling power levels of DER and storing their data
Information about DER include
Availability and on/off status
Cost of participation
Maintenance schedule etc.
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MAS for Smart Grid (Contd.)
User agent: Responsibilities include
Acts as a customer gateway between IDAPS and users
providing users with real - time information on entities residing in the IDAPS system
Monitoring electricity consumption by each critical and noncritical load
Allowing users to control the status of loads based on user ’ s predefined priority
Database agent: serves as a data access point for all agents and responsibilities include
Storing system information
Recording messages
Data shared among agents
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Multiagent Technique
An agent is an information processor that performs autonomous actions based on information.
Agent attributes:
Autonomy: Goal - directedness, proactive and self - starting behavior
Collaborative behavior: The ability to work with other agents to achieve a common goal
Knowledge - level communication ability: The ability to communicate with other agents with language resembling human speech acts rather than typical symbol - level program - to - program protocols
Reactivity: The ability to selectively sense and act
Temporal continuity: Persistence of identity and state over long periods
MAS can be characterized by:
Each agent has incomplete capabilities to solve a problem
No global system control
Decentralized data
Asynchronous computation
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[2] M. Dorigo and T. Stuzle .Ant Colony Optimization. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge , 2004.
[3]. J.L. Marinho and B. Stott . “ Linear Programming for Power System Network Security Applications. ”IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems 1979 , PAS - 98, 837 – 848 .
[4] R.C. Eberhart and J. Kennedy . “ A New Optimizer Using Particle Swarm Theory . ” InProceedings on the Sixth
International Symposium on Micromachine and Human Science 1995 , 39 – 31 .
[5]. A.G. Phadhke . “ Synchronized Phasor Measurements in Power Systems . ”IEEE Comput. Appl. Power 1993 , 6
, 10 – 15 .
[6]. W.H. Zhange and T. Gao . “ A Min - Max Method with Adaptive Weightings for Uniformly Spaced Pareto
Optimum Points . ”Computers and Structures 2006 , 84 , 1760 – 1769 .
[7].W.H. Zhange and T. Gao . “ A Min - Max Method with Adaptive Weightings for Uniformly Spaced Pareto
Optimum Points . ”Computers and Structures 2006 , 84 , 1760 – 1769 .
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Thank You
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