AN OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID

Dr. Govind Bhagwatikar

SMART GRID

A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.

Smart grid consists of the application of digital processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management central to the smart grid.

.

Communication between

system components

Interdisciplinary technologies:Data collection, processing and

recombinationMarket Grid Operation

SmartGeneration

SmartDistribution

and Transmission

SmartConsumption

SmartStorage

SMART GRID…

Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid.

The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of consumption.

Due to Smart Grid technologies, the grid becomes more flexible, interactive and is able to provide real time feedback.

It is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies.

SMART GRID…

A Smart Grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication and self-healing technologies to: facilitate the connection and operation of

generators of all sizes and technologies; allow consumers to play a part in optimizing

the operation of the system; provide consumers with greater information

and choice of supply; significantly reduce the environmental impact

of the whole electricity supply system; deliver enhanced levels of reliability and

security of supply. (Ref. IEC)

STAKEHOLDERS IN SMART GRID

CommunicationsTechnology

Communicationsconsulting &

services

Communications products & solutions

IT Systems

Consumer energy management & monitoring

systems

Utility business systems

UtilityOperational

IT

Microgrid Solutions

Distributed Generation& Storage

Demand Response

Smart Charging

Smart Grid Applications

Smart Metering

Build. Autom.

Indust. Autom.

Smart Home

E-Car

End User Infrastructure

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Utility Infrastructure

Utilities / ISOs

Industrial / Commercial / Residential

GRID MODERNIZATION

Today’s

Electricity …Power park

Hydrogen Storage

Industrial DG

Tomorrow’s Choices …

Combined Heat and Power

Fuel Cell

e -

Wind Farms

Rooftop Photovoltaic

s

Remote Loads

Load as a resource

SMES

Smart Substation

NECESSITY OF SMART GRID

Today’s electrical grid suffers from a number of problems, like –It is:

Old (the average age of power plants is 35 years) Dirty (more than half of our electricity is generated from coal) Inefficient (the delivered efficiency of electricity is only 35% Vulnerable to blackout

The electrical grid is not set up to handle the demands that are being placed on it by end-users or the changing generation mix of the 21st century.

The grid is ill-equipped to handle both renewables, which are intermittent and less predictable than fossil fuel-based generators, or distributed generation

The current state of the grid limits the potential of energy efficiency efforts, as there are significant lags in the system such that users of electricity typically are unaware of their usage level at any given time.

TRANSFORMATIONS IN ELECTRIC UTILITIES

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS:BRIDGES UTILITY, END USER, IT AND COMMUNICATIONS

CommunicationsTechnology

Communicationsconsulting & services

Communications products & solutions

IT Systems Consumer energy

management & monitoring systems

Utility business systems

UtilityOperational IT

Micro grid Solutions

Distributed Generation& Storage

Demand Response

Smart Charging

Smart Grid Applications

Smart Metering

Build. Autom.

Indust. Autom.

Smart Home

E-Car

End User Infrastructure

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Utility Infrastructure

Utilities / ISOsIndustrial / Commercial /

Residential

COMPONENTS OF THE SMART GRID

The predominant Smart Grid market segments and applications include advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), demand response, grid optimization, distributed generation, energy storage, PHEVs (including smart charging and V2G), advanced utility control systems, and smart homes/networks.

A useful analogy for understanding the various components of the smart grid was developed in a report by Erb Institute scholar Dave Fribush and is presented in the table below:

ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI)

EVOLVEMENT OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY

Smart grid technologies have emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring.

In the 1980s, Automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day.

Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices.

ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI)

There are two main components of any AMI system: The physical smart meter itself, which

replaces older meters unable to communicate

The communications network necessary to transport the data that the meter generates

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Refers a system that collects, measures and analyzes energy usage by enabling data to be sent back and forth over a two-way communications network connecting advanced meters (“smart meters”) and the utility’s control systems.

Provide interface between the utility and its customers: Advanced functionality

▪ Bi-direction control▪ Real-time electricity pricing▪ Accurate load characterization▪ Outage detection/restoration

AMI

An AMI communication infrastructure allows for a multitude of new applications, which can include: Remote meter reading for billing Remote connect/disconnect

capabilities Outage detection and

management Tamper/theft detection Short interval energy readings

(which serve as the basis for market-based energy rates)

Distributed generation monitoring and management

BENEFITS OF AMI

Billing & Customer Service

Customer Interface

Delivery Energy Procurement

Field Services/System

Recovery

Installation & Maintenance

Multiple clients read demand and energy data automatically from customer premises

Customer reduces demand in response to pricing event

Distribution operator curtails customer load for grid management

Real-time operations curtails (or limits) load for economic dispatch (ES&M)

AMI system recovers after power outage, communications or equipment failure

Utility installs, provision and configure the AMI system

Utility remotely limits or connects/disconnects customers

Customer reads recent energy usage and cost at site

Distribution operations optimize network based on data collected by the AMI system

Utility procures energy and settles wholesale transactions using data from the AMI system

--

Utility maintains the AMI system over its entire life-cycle

Utility detects tampering or theft at customer site

Customer uses pre-payment services

Customer provides distributed generation

-- --

Utility upgrades AMI system to address future requirements

Meter reading for gas and water utilities

Multiple clients use the AMI system to read data from devices at customer site

Distribution operator locates outage using AMI data and restores service

-- -- --

CHALLENGES TO IMPLEMENT AMI

Despite its widespread benefits, deploying AMI presents three majors challenges that include high upfront investments costs, integration with other grid systems, and standardization.  

High Capital Costs: A full scale deployment of AMI requires expenditures on all hardware and software components, including meters, network infrastructure and network management software, along with cost associated with the installation and maintenance of meters and information technology systems.

Integration: AMI is a complex system of technologies that must be integrated with utilities' information technology systems, including Customer Information Systems (CIS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Outage Management Systems (OMS), Work Management (WMS), Mobile Workforce Management (MWM), SCADA/DMS, Distribution Automation System (DAS), etc.

Standardization: Interoperability standards need to be defined, which set uniform requirements for AMI technology, deployment and general operations and are the keys to successfully connecting and maintaining an AMI-based grid system.

DEMAND RESPONSE

DEMAND RESPONSE

In an electricity grid, electricity consumption and production must balance at all times; any significant imbalance could cause grid instability or severe voltage fluctuations and cause failures within the grid.

Total generation capacity is therefore sized to correspond to total peak demand with some margin of error and allowance for contingencies (such as plants being off-line during peak demand periods).

Operators will generally plan to use the least expensive generating capacity (in terms of marginal cost) at any given period, and use additional capacity from more expensive plants as demand increases.

Demand response in most cases is targeted at reducing peak demand to reduce the risk of potential disturbances, avoid additional capital cost requirements for additional plant, and avoid use of more expensive and/or less efficient operating plant.

Consumers of electricity will also pay lower prices if generation capacity that would have been used is from a low-cost source of power generation.

Demand response refers to all functions and processes applied to influence the behavior of energy consumption. This can range from simple signaling, e-mail, SMS, or a phone call to a person who switches a load on or off, to fully integrated load management, where many consumption devices are dynamically controlled according to availability or to the price of energy.

One of the most exciting applications that AMI allows for is demand-response, which gives the utilities the ability to turn off/down grid endpoints in real-time (thermostats, HVACs, lighting systems, etc.), based on pre-arranged contractual agreements with customers, in order to curb peak demand.

CONVENTIONAL Vs SMART GRID DEMAND RESPONSE

Participating in automated Demand Response stabilizes our energy supply providing utilities a source of “virtual peaking power.”

One of the main reasons for blackouts can be unusually high demand for power This can lead to a critical peak load situation on the energy grid Utilities can prevent peak situations from escalating by shedding load Load is shed via customers that are signed up for a Demand Response program

System load without instigating DR eventSystem load with instigating DR event

Load

Event

time

Building's energy demand from grid

TYPES OF DEMAND RESPONSE

Load response for reliability purposes: Direct load control, partial, or curtailable load reductions Complete load interruptions Use of AutoDR technologies

Price response by end-use customers: Time Varied Rates: Real-Time Pricing (RTP), Critical Peak

Pricing (CPP), Time-of-Use rates (TOU) Demand Bidding Programs Capacity Bidding Programs Aggregator Managed Programs

SMART GRID COMMUNICATION

SMART GRID COMMUNICATION

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES & ITS APPLICATION

Dedicated frequency/spectrum for SMART GRID??

SMART GRID COMMUNICATION STANDARDS DOMAINS

http://cio.nist.gov/esd/emaildir/lists/t_and_d_interop/pdf00001.pdf

IEEE 802.11 based wireless LAN, IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX,3G/4G cellular, ZigBee based on IEEE 802.15, IEEE 802.20 based MobileFi

STANDARDS

IEEE STANDARDS FOR SMART GRID

IEEE has nearly 100 standards and standards in development relevant to smart grid, including the over 20 IEEE standards named in the NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 1.0.

Standards currently in development include: IEEE P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy

Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Series IEEE SCC21 1547 Standards for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with

Electric Power Systems IEEE Standard 1159 for Monitoring Electric Power Quality IEEE Standard 762: Standard Definitions for Use in Reporting Electric

Generating Unit Reliability, Availability, and Productivity IEEE SCC 31 Automatic Meter Reading and Related Services

IEEE STANDARDS FOR SMART GRID

The latest IEEE smart grid standards include: IEEE 1815™-2012 – Standard for Electric Power Systems Communications – Distributed

Network Protocol (DNP3) – specifies the DNP3 protocol structure, functions and interoperable application options for operation on communications media used in utility automation systems. It revises the earlier standard, IEEE 1815™-2010/

IEEE 1366™-2012 – IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability Indices – defines the distribution reliability nomenclature and indices that utilities and regulators can use to characterize the reliability of distribution systems, substations, circuits and grid sections. It also defines the factors affecting the calculation of the indices. The standard revises the earlier standard, IEEE 1366™-2003.

IEEE 1377™-2012 – IEEE Standard for Utility Industry Metering Communication Protocol Application Layer (End Device Data Tables) – provides common structures for encoding data that is transmitted over advanced metering infrastructure and smart grids. It can be used to transmit data between smart meters, home appliances, network nodes that use the IEEE 1703™ LAN/WAN messaging standard, and utility enterprise collection and control systems.

IEEE C37.104™-2012 – IEEE Guide for Automatic Reclosing of Circuit Breakers for AC Distribution and Transmission Lines – describes automatic reclosing practices for transmission and distribution line circuit breakers, establishes the benefits of automatic reclosing, and details the considerations utilities must use when applying automatic reclosing technologies for proper coordination with other transmission and distribution system controls. It revises the IEEE C37.104™-2002 standard by incorporating new smart grid communications technologies that may affect utility automatic reclosing practices.

Additionally, IEEE-SA has approved a new standards development project to categorize and describe applications that are being considered as part of smart distribution system development and distribution management systems for smart grids. The IEEE P1854™ – Guide for Smart Distribution Applications will categorize the applications, describe their critical functions, define their most important components and provide examples.

IEC STANDARDS

IEC/TR 62357:   Service Oriented Architecture (SAO) - Power system control and associated communications - Reference architecture for object models, services and protocols

IEC 61970:   Common Information Model (CIM) / Energy Management

IEC 61850:   Power Utility Automation IEC 61968:   Common Information Model (CIM) /

Distribution Management IEC 62351:   Security - Power systems management and

associated information exchange - Data and communications security

IEC 62056:   Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control

IEC 61508:   Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems

IEC STANDARDS

Microsoft Office Excel 97-2003 Worksheet

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS IN WIND POWER

SMART GRID APPLICATIONS IN WIND POWER

Wind Turbines regarded as “Power Projects” Different power generations technologies in wind

turbines Incorporation of power electronics Today’s wind turbines are SMART Grid Integration Issues Must run status as IEGC 2010 Forecasting of wind power generation: Day

ahead, week ahead forecasting Metering - Migration from TOD/ABT meters to AMI

IEGC 2010 ON RE INTEGRATION

System operator may instruct the solar /wind generator to back down generation on consideration of grid security or safety of any equipment or personnel is endangered and Solar/ wind generator shall comply with the same. For this, Data Acquisition System facility shall be provided for transfer of information to concerned SLDC and RLDC

The outage planning of run-of-the-river hydro plant, wind and solar power plant and its associated evacuation network shall be planned to extract maximum power from these renewable sources of energy.

Rescheduling of wind and solar energy on three (3) hourly basis is also envisaged

Day ahead forecast: Wind/ power forecast with an interval of 15 minutes for the next 24 hours for the aggregate Generation capacity of 10 MW and above.

FORECASTING & AMI FOR WIND POWER

While renewable energy cannot necessarily be operated in a conventional manner, its behavior can be predicted and the forecast information is exactly the kind of information that a smart grid must use to improve system efficiency.

As renewable energy penetration levels continue to increase, non-scheduled renewable energy may become the single largest source of variability on the power system. This makes the employment of accurate renewable energy forecasting a key component of a smart grid.

Taking advantage of a vast communication network the forecast of renewable energy will be able to utilize this information from an even wider set of sources.

AMI will help grid operators to get real time data of wind/RE generation.

WIND POWER PREDICTION SYSTEM

Advances in technology at all levels of the power system enable the integration of wind energy into the emerging smart grid efficiently and reliably. This synergy works both ways. A smart grid will allow connectivity of the wind turbines as intermittent sources of energy, and the advanced wind turbines with power electronics controls and other devices can support a grid with reactive power and protect the equipment during severe grid disturbances.

INDUSTRY PLAYERS

SMART GRID IN INDIA

INDIA’S SMART GRID INITIATIVES

Smart Grid Vision for India Transform the Indian power sector

into a secure, adaptive, sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem by 2027 that provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders

KEY POINTS IN INDIA’S SMART GRID PROGRAM

Smart meter roll out for all customers by 2022

Development of utility specific strategic roadmap for implementation of smart grid technologies across the utility by 2013. Required business process reengineering, change management and capacity building programmes to be initiated by 2014.

Development of reliable, secure and resilient grid supported by a strong communication infrastructure that enables greater visibility and control of efficient power flow between all sources of production and consumption by 2027.

Implement power system enhancements to facilitate integration of 30 GW renewable capacity by 2017, 70 GW by 2022, and 120 GW by 2027.

Formulation of policies and programmes by 2013, for mandatory demand response (DR) infrastructure for all customers with load above 1 MW by 2013, above 500 kW by 2015, above 100 kW by 2017 and above 20 kW by 2020.

Policies for grid-interconnection of captive/consumer generation facilities (including renewables) where ever technically feasible; policies for roof-top solar; and policies for peaking power stations.

Development of appropriate standards for smart grid development in India; and active involvement of Indian experts in international bodies engaged in smart grid standards development.

Ref: http://173.201.177.176/isgf/Download_files/Roadmap.pdf

CHALLENGES IN SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION

Smart Grid cyber security remains a broad, complex, and highly dynamic challenge. And with the continued increase in frequency, duration, and intensity of cyber attacks, there is mounting urgency to find new and more effective means for securing critical smart grid infrastructures. (According to the US Department of Homeland Security, more than 40 percent of reported infrastructure cyber attacks in 2012 were directed against the energy sector, including utilities and natural gas pipelines.)

Integration of different technologies, protocols and products (Standardization)

CONCLUSIONS

A Smart Grid transforms the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for.

Adding intelligence throughout the newly networked grid increases reliability and power quality; improves responsiveness; increases efficiency; handles current and future demand; potentially reduces costs for the provider and consumer; and provides the communication platform for new applications.

Smart Grid needs to be implemented systematically in a diverse country like India, a Power Starving Nation.

Step by step approach is required. e.g. All sub-stations above 33 kV should be connected within SMART

network Feeder wise AMI in Distribution System Each new RE Plant Each consumer having a load of 5 MW

Disclaimer

This presentation is prepared using various reports, papers and pictures available on various web portals.

Various documents are referred to compile this presentation.