smart grids
DESCRIPTION
Peter Crossley, Director of the Joule Centre explores the future of energyTRANSCRIPT
Peter Crossley PHD, CEng Director Joule Centre Smart Grids
Peter CrossleyDirector of Joule Centre
Why does E = mc2 ?because Energy requires measurement, control &
communications
What supplies our energy today
Renewable
Time of Day – 24hr cycle
Demand on Network
Capacity Limit
Nuclear
Coal/Gas
Can renewables, clean coal, gas, nuclear, storage & dispersed generation deliver the energy when we require it at a cost we can afford ?
How do we ensure the lights stay on in 2030?
Renewable
Demand on Network
Capacity Limit
Nuclear
Clean Coal
Time of Day – 24hr cycle
Gas
Demand profile
Storage
Dispersed Generation
Demand increases above local network capacity?
Growth in demand due to electric vehicles and domestic
electric heating
Demand on local distribution network
Capacity Limit
Current Demand
Future Additional Demand
Time of Day – 24hr cycle
Dynamic Demand, Storage &Dispersed Generation lowers demand below capacity limit.
Capacity Limit
Future Demand without
load shifting
Future Demand with load shifting
Time of Day – 24hr cycle
Can we shift demand from times of peak energy use to periods of low use?
or can we match demand to availability of low cost, low carbon energy
Demand on ENWs Network
UK Electrical Energy in 2009How much electrical energy is used in the UK?– peak power consumption 58 GW (population = 60M)– average power consumption 40 GW (670W/person)
– Energy req’d per person per day 16 kWh £1.70– Energy req’d per person per year 5.8MWh £620– How do we generate the electrical energy?– Coal=42%, Gas=38%, Nuclear=14%, Renewables=6%
• How much energy does the average “Mancunian” use?– 1.5kW per person on transport– 1.6kW per person on heating– 0.67kW per person on electricity
UK Future Electrical Req:• Assume:
– electricity used for most types of “land” transport– efficiency improvements means transport EE power =
0.7kW/person (70M people = 50GW).– electricity used for most types of heating/cooling– Efficiency/insulation improvements means thermal EE
power = 0.8kW/person (70M people = 60GW).• Total electricity power demand = 150GW average.• Total electricity energy demand = 1300 TWh/year• Annual cost (10p/kWh) = £130B = £1900/person • +3% per year EE cost increases = £2600 by 2020.
How can UK obtain 150GW without CO2?• Renewable Energy Resources (by 2030)
– Wind (10,000 @ 6MW delivers 15GWaverage (10%))– Biomass (1,000 @ 10MW delivers 7.5GWaverage (5%))– Solar (10k@1MW + 1M@1kW delivers 3GWaverage (2%))– Waves/Tidal (1k@1MW + 6@1GW delivers 3GWaverage
(2%))– Hydro (1k@100kW + 20@100MW delivers 1.5GWaverage
(1%))
• Total renewables = 30GW (20% of total EEaverage demand )
• Non-renewable “clean” energy – nuclear (fission) = (25 @ 2GW = 45GWaverage (30%))– Coal with CCS = (10 @ 2GW = 15GWaverage (10%)
delivers 90GW of “clean” energy (60%). Also requires 60GW of “dirty” energy
How can UK cope with intermittency of supply ?
• Need to match demand to intermittency of supply• Assume:
– “clean energy” base supply of 70GW – “time varying” energy supply of 0 to 60GW (renewables)– expensive “dirty” energy supply of 60GW
• In 2040: – average electricity costs = 25p/kWh– actual costs vary 10p/kWh to 100p/kWh.
• How does the consumer “minimise” energy costs ?
Intermittency
“smart” UK domestic consumer ?(cost depends on time of day, date and weather)
• Consider:– person with average home weekly EE demand of 1.0kW
(47% of total demand associated with all aspects of life)– daily home EE energy demand = 24kWh – cost = 10p/kWh for 8 hours on a windy, mild April night– at night, energy computer turns on car charger, smart
appliances, hydrogen electrolyser, thermal & electrical storage etc.
– Energy used at 10p/kWh = 16kWh = £1.60
– If average day time cost = 30p/kWh, 8kWh = £2.40
Total 24 hour energy cost = £4.00
“destroy the planet” domestic consumer
Consider:
– person with no thermal insulation, no time switches, no energy controller, no energy store, instant water and thermal heaters, latest ultra-fast entertainment system, halogen spot lights, electric hummer car.
– Assume average personal weekly power demand of 2.0kW, i.e. daily home EE energy demand = 48kWh
– cost = 50p/kWh from 8am-8pm on a cold, still January day.
– consume all 48kWh at peak time:
Total 24 hour energy cost = £24
Future
?