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    1. INTRODUCTION

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    BLOCK DIAGRAM

    Transmitter Section

    Receiver Section

    Green Led

    Red Led

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    MAIL-BOX SENSOR[IRPair]

    RFTRANSMITTER

    [FA100A]

    BUZZER

    MICROCONTROL

    LER

    [89C51]

    RF RECEIVER

    [PCR2A]

    LC MOULE

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    Block Diaram Discri!tion

    MicrocontrollerA!"#C$%

    In this pro'ect (e ha)e used the microcontroller A!"cS$%* a hi+hly sophisticated controller

    from the ",$% family -ecause of a num-er of reasons. It has ",$% compati-le instruction

    set and architecture (hich is uite familiar and easily pro+rammed usin+ assem-ly

    lan+ua+e* since assem-ly lan+ua+e reuires in depth /no(led+e of the architecture and

    instruction set .

    Sensor

    In this pro'ect (e use sensor as a IR !ransmitter& recei)er. !hese simple de)ices operates

    at #0,nm and (or/ (ell for +eneric IR systems includin+ remot control and touch1less

    o-'ect sensin+.usin+ a simple ADC on any microcontroller (ill allo( )aria-le readin+ to

    -e collected from the detector

    R2 Module

    !he R2 module* as the name su++ests* operates at Radio freuency. !he correspondin+

    freuency ran+e )aries -et(een 3,/h4&3,,Gh4.this R2 module comprises of an R2

    !ransmitter& an R2 Recei)er.this pair operates at a freuency of 030mh4. !ransmitter

    recei)es srrial data and transmit it (irelessly and recei)er recei)e it.!he transmission occur

    at a rate of %/-ps1%,/-ps.

    Mail15o6

    Mail -o6 is placed to collect mails or in)itations from outside of the house. A pri)ete -o6*

    at a home* into (hich mail is deli)ered -y the mail carrier.

    LCD Module

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    In recent years the LCD is findin+ (idespread use replacin+ LEDs. A simple %7 character

    display of 8 ro(s is connected to the circuit to sho( address and data at any memory

    location. !his LCD is also used to pro)ide different messa+es to the user.

    "LO#C$ART

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    Start

    Lette

    r

    arri)

    al9

    Cou

    nt

    %$9

    Mail

    -o6

    open

    9

    Ac/no

    (led+e

    ment9

    Initiali4e the system

    Indicate mail -o6 full* on the

    -o6 full led* on -u44er &led

    !urn off -u44er* led

    Increment mail count*

    display it * turn on -u44er

    &led

    :o

    ;es

    :o

    ;es

    :o

    ;es

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    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM D%SCRI&TION

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    R%CTI"I%R UNIT

    ?e ha)e to con)ert AC )olta+e to DC usin+ rectifier. 5rid+e rectifier is used. !his o@p

    )olta+e often rectifier is in rippled form* so (e ha)e to remo)e ripples from DC )olta+e.

    !he diodes are %:0,,B.

    IN&UT "ILT%R

    Capacitor acts as filter. !he principle of the capacitor is char+in+ and dischar+in+. It

    char+es in the positi)e half cycle of the AC )olta+e and it (ill dischar+e in the ne+ati)e

    half cycle. So this allo(s only AC )olta+e and does not allo( the DC )olta+e. !his filter is

    fi6ed -efore the re+ulator. !he capacitor used here is %,,, u2* 8$.

    R%GULATOR UNIT

    Re+ulator re+ulates the o@p )olta+e constant depends on upon the re+ulator. !he re+ulator

    used is B",$ for positi)e $ re+ulation. It has 3 pins.

    %. input pin

    8. +round pin

    3. output pin

    OUT&UT "ILT%R

    Capacitor acts as filter. !he principle of the capacitor is char+in+ and dischar+in+. It

    char+es in positi)e half cycle of the AC )olta+e an it (ill dischar+e in ne+ati)e half cycle.

    So it allo( only allo(s AC )olta+e and does not allo( the DC )olta+e. !his filterer fi6ed

    after the re+ulator. !he capacitor used here is a %u2.

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    '.( MICROCONTROLL%R UNIT )AT*+C,1-

    !he A!"#C$% is a lo(1po(er* hi+h1performance CMOS "1-it microcomputer (ith

    0 -ytes of 2lash pro+ramma-le and erasa-le read only memory

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    supports t(o soft(are selecta-le po(er sa)in+ modes. !he Idle Mode stops the C !CO:* !MOD* SCO:*

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    "IGUR% &IN DIAGRAM O" *+C,1

    &in Descri!tion

    /CC Supply )olta+e.

    GND Ground.

    &ort 0

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    &ort (

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    &S%N

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    2lash memory can -e erased in seconds compared to 8, minutes needed for "B$%.

    2or this reason "#C$% is used in place of "B$% to eliminate the (aitin+ time needed to

    erase the chip and there-y speed up the de)elopment time. !he de)elopment system

    reuires a ROM -urner that supports flash memory. !he entire contents of ROM should -e

    erased in order to pro+ram it a+ain the

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    !he heart of "#C$% is the circuitry that +enerates the cloc/ pulses -y (hich all

    internal operations are synchroni4ed.

    access. !he D

    A 9 B C&U reisters

    !he A and 5 re+ister holds results of many operations* particularly math and lo+ical

    operations. !he A re+ister is also used for all data transfers -et(een the "#C$% and any

    e6ternal memory.

    "las 9 &roram Stat5s #or2

    2la+s are % -it re+isters pro)ided to store the result of certain pro+ram instructions.

    !he fla+s are +roups inside the pro+ram status (ord and the po(er control

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    suita-le circuits. =nli/e micro1controller (ith a on :eumann architecture* (hich can use

    a sin+le memory address for either pro+ram code or data* -ut not for -oth* the "#C$% ha)e

    Har)ard architecture* (hich uses the same address* in different memories* for code and

    data. Internal security accesses the correct memory -ased on the nature of operation in

    pro+ress.

    Internal RAM

    It had %8" internal RAM* (hich is or+ani4ed* into distinct areas. 38 -ytes from

    address ,,H to %2H that ma/e up thirty t(o (or/in+ re+isters or+ani4ed as four -ands of

    ei+ht re+isters each. A -it addressa-le area of si6teen -ytes occupies ram -yte addresses

    8,H to 82H. A +eneral purpose RAM area a-o)e the -it area from 3,H to B2H addressa-le

    as -ytes.

    Stack an2 Stack &ointer

    !he stac/ refers to an area of internal ram that is used in con'unction (ith certain

    op codes to store and retrie)e data uic/ly. !he ei+ht1-it stac/ pointer re+ister is used to

    hold an internal ram address called the top of the stac/. !he address held in the S< re+ister

    is the location in the internal ram (here the last -yte of data (as stored -y a stac/

    operation.

    ?hen data is to -e placed on the stac/ the S< increments -efore storin+ data on the

    stac/ up +ro(s* as data is stored. As data is retrie)ed from the stac/* the -yte is read from

    the stac/* and then the S< decrements to point to the ne6t a)aila-le -yte of stored data. !he

    S< is set to ,BH (hen the "#C$% is reset and can -e chan+ed to any internal ram addressed

    -y the pro+rammer.

    S!ecial "5nction Reisters

    !he "#C$% operations that do not use the internal ram address from ,,H to B2H are

    done -y a +roup of specific internal re+isters each called special function re+isters* (hich

    may -e addressed much li/e internal ram* usin+ addresses from ",%% to 22H. Some S2RFs

    are also -it addressa-le. !his feature allo(s the pro+rammer to chan+e only (hat needs to

    -e altered* lea)in+ the remainin+ -its in that S2R unchan+ed.

    In!5t6O5t!5t !ins: &orts an2 Circ5its

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    &in Alternate Use S"R

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    !he timers ha)e -een included on the chip to relie)e the processor of timin+ and

    countin+ chores. ?hen the pro+ram (ished to count a certain num-er of internal pulses or

    e6ternal e)ents* a num-er is placed in one of the counters. !he num-er represents the

    ma6imum count less the decide count* plus %.!he counter increments from the initial

    num-er to the ma6imum and then roles o)er to , on the final pulse and also set a timer

    fla+. !he fla+ condition may -e tested -y an instruction to tell the pro+ram that the count

    has -een accomplished* or the fla+ may -e used to interrupt the pro+ram.

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    RF MOULE

    An R" mo25leradio freuency module is a usually small electronic circuit used

    to transmit and@or recei)e radio si+nals on one of a num-er of carrier freuencies. R2

    modules are (idely used in electronic desi+n o(in+ to the difficulty of desi+nin+ radio

    circuitry. Good electronic radio desi+n is notoriously comple6 -ecause of the sensiti)ity of

    radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts reuired to achie)e operation on

    a specific freuency. Desi+n en+ineers (ill desi+n a circuit for an application (hich

    reuires radio communication and then Kdrop inK a radio module rather than attempt a

    discretedesi+n* sa)in+ time and money on de)elopment.

    R2 modules are most often used in medium and lo( )olume products for

    consumer applications such as +ara+e door openers* (ireless alarm systems* industrial

    remote controls* smart sensor applications* and (ireless home automation systems. !hey

    are sometimes used to replace older infra redcommunication desi+ns as they ha)e the

    ad)anta+e of not reuirin+ line1of1si+ht operation.

    Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-

    available R modules! includin" 433#92 $%&! 315 $%&! 868 $%& and

    915 $% '(ese frequencies are used because of na)ional and

    in)erna)ional re"ula)ions "overnin" )(e used of radio for communica)ion

    *++lica)ions,

    ehicle monitorin+

    Remote control

    !elemetry

    Small1ran+e (ireless net(or/

    ?ireless meter readin+

    Access control systems

    ?ireless home security systems

    Area pa+in+

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_redhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_device
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    Industrial data acuisition system

    Radio ta+s readin+

    R2 contactless smart cards

    ?ireless data terminals

    ?ireless fire protection systems

    R 'ransmi))er

    *n R )ransmi))er module is a small ./ sub-assemblyca+able of

    )ransmi))in" a radio ave and modula)in" )(a) ave )o carry da)a#'ransmi))er modules are usually im+lemen)ed alon"side a micro

    con)roller (ic( ill +rovide da)a )o )(e module (ic( can be

    )ransmi))ed# i) is also a +ar) of )ransreceiver#

    S100*'ransmi))er $odule,- This low cost RF transmitter can be used to

    transmit signal up to 100 meters (the antenna design, working environment and supply

    voltage will seriously impact the effective distance) !t"s good for short distance, battery

    power device development

    #ey $enefits, F%1000& 'ireless Radio Transmitting odule*

    'ide input supply (+ - to 1+-)

    .asy to integrate (-/, 2 and 2ata)

    2evice in deep sleep mode when 2ata pin is grounded

    -ery small dimension

    R Receiver

    *n R receiver module is ca+able of recevin" a si"nal from )(e

    )ransmi))er sec)ion#mos) cases )(e receiver sec)ion mus) be +laced

    adus)an) )o )(e microcon)roller

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_Circuit_Board_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_terminalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_Circuit_Board_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_controller
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    .R2*Recevin" $odule,- '(is R Receiver can be useb )o receive

    si"nal from )(e )ransmi))er S100*#

    S+ecica)ions,-

    :ominal )olta+e> DC$,.$

    operatin+ current>$mA

    operatin+ freuency> 3%$MH@033MH

    2IG> !ransmitter&Recei)er Module2S%,,A&

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    RF Receiver

    PinNo

    Function Name

    1 round (0-) round+ %erial data output pin 2ata

    3 6inear output pin4 not connected 7

    5 %upply voltage4 - -cc

    %upply voltage4 - -cc

    8 round (0-) round

    9 round (0-) round

    : &ntenna input pin &T

    ncoder

    *n E!"#$%r is a device! circui)! )ransducer! sof)are +ro"ram!

    al"ori)(m or +erson )(a) der,-informa)ion from one forma) der,-ano)(er!

    for )(e +ur+oses of s)andardi&a)ion! s+eed! secrecy! securi)y or

    com+ressions#

    %'12 ncoder .,-;T1+. is a +arallel data inputs into serial outputs These bits are classified into :

    (&0*&9) address bits and 5(&20*&23) data bits ?sing the address pins we can provide :

    bit security code for secured data transmission between the encoder and the decoder

    The encoder and decoder should use the same address and data format ;T1+. is

    capable of operating in a wide -oltage range from +5- to 1+- and also consists of a built

    in oscillator .

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    ecoder

    A Deco2eris a de)ice (hich does the re)erse operation of anencoder* undoin+ the

    encodin+ so that the ori+inal information can -e retrie)ed. !he same method used to

    encode is usually 'ust re)ersed in order to decode. It is a com-inational circuit that con)erts

    -inary information from n input lines to a ma6imum of 8nuniue output lines.

    H!%8D Decoder IC:- HT12D is a decoder integrated circuitthat belongs to +1+ series of

    decoders This series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications,

    like burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc !t is mainly provided to interface

    RF and infrared circuits They are paired with +1+series of encoders The chosen pair of

    encoder@decoder should have same number of addresses and data format

    !n simple terms, ;T1+2 converts the serial input into parallel outputs !t decodes

    the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and

    sends them to output data pins The serial input data is compared with the local

    addresses three times continuously The input data code is decoded when no error or

    unmatched codes are found & valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at -T pin

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_encoder#Simple_encoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_encoder#Simple_encoderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_encoder#Simple_encoder
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    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    IR SENSOR

    An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain

    characteristics of its surroundin+s -y either emittin+ and@or detectin+ infrared radiation. It

    is also capa-le of measurin+ heat of an o-'ect and detectin+ motion. Infrared (a)es are not

    )isi-le to the human eye.

    In the electroma+netic spectrum* infrared radiation is the re+ion ha)in+ (a)elen+ths

    lon+er than )isi-le li+ht (a)elen+ths* -ut shorter than micro(a)es. !he infrared re+ion is

    appro6imately demarcated from ,.B$ to %,,,Nm. !he (a)elen+th re+ion from ,.B$ to 3Nm

    is termed as near infrared* the re+ion from 3 to 7Nm is termed mid1infrared* and the re+ion

    hi+her than 7Nm is termed as far infrared.

    Infrared technolo+y is found in many of our e)eryday products. 2or e6ample* ! has

    an IR detector for interpretin+ the si+nal from the remote control. ey -enefits of infrared

    sensors include lo( po(er reuirements* simple circuitry* and their porta-le feature.

    #orkin &rinci!le

    A typical system for detectin+ infrared radiation usin+ infrared sensors includes the

    infrared source such as -lac/-ody radiators* tun+sten lamps* and silicon car-ide. In case of

    acti)e IR sensors* the sources are infrared lasers and LEDs of specific IR (a)elen+ths.

    :e6t is the transmission medium used for infrared transmission* (hich includes )acuum*

    the atmosphere* and optical fi-ers.

    !hirdly* optical components such as optical lenses made from uart4* Ca28* Ge and

    Si* polyethylene 2resnel lenses* and Al or Au mirrors* are used to con)er+e or focus

    infrared radiation. Li/e(ise* to limit spectral response* -and1pass filters are ideal.

    2inally* the infrared detector completes the system for detectin+ infrared radiation.

    !he output from the detector is usually )ery small* and hence pre1amplifiers coupled (ith

    circuitry are added to further process the recei)ed si+nals.

    IR Sensors (or/ -y usin+ a specific li+ht sensor to detect a select li+ht (a)elen+th

    in the Infra1Red IR spectrum. 5y usin+ an LED (hich produces li+ht at the same

    (a)elen+th as (hat the sensor is loo/in+ for* you can loo/ at the intensity of the recei)ed

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    li+ht. ?hen an o-'ect is close to the sensor* the li+ht from the LED -ounces off the o-'ect

    and into the li+ht sensor. !his results in a lar+e 'ump in the intensity* (hich (e already

    /no( can -e detected usin+ a threshold.

    E&%'%!() O* i!*rar%$ %(%"(i!+ S,)(%'

    & typical system for detecting infrared radiation is given in the following

    block diagram>

    1

    1. Infrared Source

    &ll obAects above 0 # radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared

    sources !nfrared sources also include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon

    carbide, and various others For active !R sensors, infrared 6asers and 6.2s ofspecific !R wavelengths are used as !R sources

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    http://www.education.rec.ri.cmu.edu/content/electronics/boe/ir_sensor/images/409px-IR_Sensor_Principles.png
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    2.Transmission Medium

    Three main types of transmission medium used for !nfrared transmission

    are vacuum, the atmosphere, and optical fibers

    The transmission of !R B radiation is affected by presence of 7C+, water vapour

    and other elements in the atmosphere 2ue to absorption by molecules of water

    carbon dioDide, oEone, etc the atmosphere highly attenuates most !R wavelengths

    leaving some important !R windows in the electromagnetic spectrum4 these are

    primarily utiliEed by thermal imaging@ remote sensing applications

    edium wave !R ('!R3* Gm)

    6ong wave !R (6'!R:*15 Gm)

    7hoice of !R band or a specific

    wavelength is dictated by the technical re=uirements of a specific application

    3. Optical Components.

    Cften optical components are re=uired to converge or focus infrared

    radiations, to limit spectral response, etc To converge@focus radiations, optical

    lenses made of =uartE, 7aF+, e and %i, polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and mirrors

    made of &l, &u or a similar material are used For limiting spectral responses,

    bandpass filters are used 7hoppers are used to pass@ interrupt the !R beams

    . Infrared detectors.

    -arious types of detectors are used in !R sensors !mportant specifications

    of detectors are

    >hotosensitivity or Responsivity

    Responsivity is the Cutput -oltage@7urrent per watt of incident energy ;igher the

    better

    oise .=uivalent >ower (.>)

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

    http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/infrared-ir-imaginghttp://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/infrared-ir-imaging
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    .> represents detection ability of a detector and is the amount of incident light

    e=ual to intrinsic noise level of a detector

    2etectivity(2H 2*star)

    2H is the photosensitivity per unit area of a detector !t is a measure of %@ ratio of

    a detector 2H is inversely proportional to .> 6arger 2H indicates better sensing

    element

    !n addition, wavelength region or temperature to be measured, response time,

    cooling mechanism, active area, no of elements, package, linearity, stability,

    temperature characteristics, etc are important parameters which need attention

    while selecting !R detectors

    !.Si"nal Processin"

    %ince detector outputs are typically very small, preamplifiers with associated

    circuitry are used to further process the received signals

    ;.1. LCD INT%R"AC%

    In recent years the LCD is findin+ (idespread use replacin+ LEDs. A simple %7

    character display of 8 ro(s is connected to the circuit to sho( address and data at any

    memory location. !his LCD is also used to pro)ide different messa+es to the user. !he pin

    details of LCD are as follo(s> CC and SS pro)ide $ and G:D respecti)ely* (hile

    EE is used for controllin+ LCD contrast. !he EE is connected to G:D.

    &in Diaram

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    2i+".ierre 7urie !t is the phenomena of generating electricity when mechanicalpressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also true

    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    )ransis)or# '(e lifes+an of an sur+asses )(e s(or) life of an

    incandescen) bulb by )(ousands of (ours# 'iny s are already

    re+lacin" )(e )ubes )(a) li"() u+ . %'

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    ;.. K%IL ? /ISION COM&IL%R

    Nision is an IDE Inte+rated De)elopment En)ironment that helps you (rite*

    compile* and de-u+ em-edded pro+rams. It encapsulates the follo(in+ components>

    A pro'ect mana+er.

    A ma/e facility.

    !ool confi+uration.

    Editor.

    A po(erful de-u++er.

    Nision adds many ne( features to the Editor li/e !e6t !emplates* uic/ 2unction

    :a)i+ation* Synta6 Colorin+ (ith -race hi+hli+htin+* Confi+uration ?i4ard for dialo+

    -ased startup and de-u++er setup.

    B5il2in an A!!lication in ?/ision

    !o -uild compile* assem-le* and lin/ an application in Nision* you must>

    %. Select TC%77TEAM

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    7. Select 5in an A!!lication in ?/ision(

    !o de-u+ an application created usin+ Nision8* you must>

    %. Select De-u+ 1 Start@Stop De-u+ Session.

    8. =se the Step tool-ar -uttons to sin+le1step throu+h your pro+ram. ;ou may enter G:

    mainin the Output ?indo( to e6ecute to the main C function.

    3. Open the Serial ?indo( usin+ the Serial 1-utton on the tool-ar.

    0. De-u+ your pro+ram usin+ standard options li/e Step* Go* 5rea/* and so on.

    Device Database

    A uniue feature of the eil Nision8 IDE is the De)ice Data-ase (hich contains

    information a-out more than 0,, supported microcontrollers. ?hen you create a ne(

    Nision8 pro'ect and select the tar+et chip from the data-ase* Nision8 sets all assem-ler*

    compiler* lin/er* and de-u++er options for you. !he only option you must confi+ure is the

    memory map.

    As ne( de)ices -ecome a)aila-le* they are added to the data-ase alon+ (ith data

    sheets and header files.

    ;.;.&ROGRAM ASS%MBL=

    An em-edded system is a special purpose computer system* (hich is completely

    encapsulated -y the de)ice it controls. It is called Qem-edded -ecause the micro controller

    is inside some other systems. An em-edded system has specific reuirements and performs

    pre1defined tas/s unli/e a +eneral purpose personal computer. An em-edded system is a

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    com-ination of computer hard(are and soft(are and perhaps additional mechanical or

    other parts* desi+ned to perform a dedicated function.

    ;.,.&ROT%US /%RSION .'

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    Circ5it Sim5lation

    At the heart of

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    So5rce Level De>5in

    ?hilst

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    PRO.RAM

    #equ com!0fc(

    #equ da)!0fd(

    #equ eo)!0fe(

    rese),mov s+!>30(

    mov +1!>07(

    mov +3!>00(

    mov +0!>00(

    mov +2!>00(

    mov r4!>00(

    mov d+)r!>ms"0

    lcall messa"e

    lcall delay

    mov d+)r!>ms"1

    lcall messa"e

    re+, nb +1#0!coun)

    nb +1#1!rese)

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    sm+ re+

    coun), inc r4

    mov a!r4

    cne a!>0f(!indi

    mov +1!>17(

    mov d+)r!>ms"2

    lcall messa"e

    sm+ de17

    indi, se)b +1#3

    se)b +1#5

    nis(, nb +1#0!nis(

    mov a!r4

    lcall bcd

    lcall ascii

    lcall dis+lay

    mov r3!>1f(

    de1, mov r7!>01(

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    de2, mov r6!>0(

    de3, mov r5!>0(

    de4, nb +1#0!coun)

    nb +1#1!rese)

    nb +1#2!ac:

    dn& r5!de4

    dn& r6!de3

    dn& r7!de2

    c+l +1#3

    c+l +1#5

    dn& r3!de1

    clr +1#5

    de5, mov r7!>01(

    de6, mov r6!>0(

    de7, mov r5!>0(

    de8, nb +1#0!coun)

    nb +1#1!rese)

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    nb +1#2!ac:

    dn& r5!de8

    dn& r6!de7

    dn& r7!de6

    c+l +1#3

    sm+ de5

    ac:, clr +1#3

    clr +1#5

    sm+ re+

    rese)1, lm+ rese)

    mov r3!>1f(

    de17,mov r7!>01(

    de18,mov r6!>0(

    de19,mov r5!>0(

    de20, nb +1#1!rese)1

    nb +1#2!ac:1

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    dn& r5!de20

    dn& r6!de19

    dn& r7!de18

    c+l +1#3

    c+l +1#5

    dn& r3!de17

    clr +1#5

    de13,mov r7!>01(

    de14,mov r6!>0(

    de15,mov r5!>0(

    de16, nb +1#1!rese)1

    nb +1#2!ac:1

    dn& r5!de16

    dn& r6!de15

    dn& r7!de14

    c+l +1#3

    sm+ de13

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    ac:1, clr +1#3

    clr +1#5

    crs), nb +1#1!rese)1

    sm+ crs)

    messa"e,

    lcall ready

    clr a

    movc a!?a@d+)r

    inc d+)r

    cne a!>eo)!comd

    re)

    comd, cne a!>com!da)a

    clr +2#5

    sm+ messa"e

    da)a,

    cne a!>da)!sendi)

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    se)b +2#5

    sm+ messa"e

    sendi), mov +0!a

    clr +2#6

    se)b +2#7

    clr +2#7

    sm+ messa"e

    ready,

    mov r0!+2

    clr +2#7

    mov +0!>0(

    clr +2#5

    se)b +2#6

    ai),

    clr +2#7

    se)b +2#7

    b +0#7!ai)

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    clr +2#7

    mov +2!r0

    re)

    ms"0, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!AB* $* /CDA!eo)

    ms"1, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!AEF$/R C

    $*SA!com!0.7(!da)!A00A!eo)

    ms"2, #db com!3c(!06(!0e(!01(!80(!da)!A $* /CD-

    FA!com!0.1(!da)!AEC C $*S 15A!eo)

    bcd,

    mov b!>0a(

    div ab

    mov r1!b

    mov r2!a

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    re)

    ascii,

    mov a!r1

    anl a!>0f(

    add a!>30(

    mov r1!a

    mov a!r2

    anl a!>0f(

    add a!>30(

    mov r2!a

    re)

    dis+lay,

    lcall messa"e2

    mov a!r2

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    lcall messa"e1

    mov a!r1

    lcall messa"e1

    re)

    messa"e2,

    lcall ready

    clr +2#5

    mov +0!>0c7(

    clr +2#6

    se)b +2#7

    clr +2#7

    re)

    messa"e1,lcall ready

    se)b +2#5

    mov +0!a

    clr +2#6

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    se)b +2#7

    clr +2#7

    re)

    delay, mov r1!>06(

    d1, lcall delay1

    dn& r1!d1

    re)

    delay1,

    de9, mov r7!>01(

    de10,mov r6!>0(

    de11,mov r5!>0(

    de12,dn& r5!de12

    dn& r6!de11

    dn& r7!de10

    re)

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    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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    ,. "ABRICATION O" &CB

    ,.1.&CB D%SIGN

    :o( a days the printed circuit it -oard hear after mention as

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    a-solutely clear circuit dia+ram is a)aila-le* if necessary* (ith a component lists. Amon+

    the components

    reuirin+ input@ output connection come near the connection. All components are placed in

    such a manner that disorderin+ of the components is not necessary if they ha)e to -e

    replaced.

    In the desi+nin+ of a

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    a-ility for lon+ periods of se)eral months so that relia-le solder 'oints can -e produced

    durin+

    assem-ly.

    Immersion platin+

    Electroless platin+

    Electroplatin+

    %tc3in

    !his can -e done -oth -y manual and mechanical (ays -y immersin+ the -oard

    onto a solution of formic chloride and finally cleanin+ the -oard -y soap.

    In all su-tracti)e

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    pressure on the resistor -ody. ertically mounted resistors should not -e flush to the -oard

    surface to a)oid strain on the solder 'oints as (ell as on the component lead 'unction due to

    different thermal e6pansion

    coefficients of lead and -oard materials* (here necessary resilient spaces to -e pro)ided.

    Coated or sealed components should to -e mounted in such to pro)ide a certain len+th

    alon+ the leads.Especially (hen plated throu+h holes (here the solder flo(s up in the hole*

    clean lead of at least %mm a-o)e the -oard are recommended.

    Drillin

    Drillin+ of the component mountin+ holes into

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    "lo@in c3aracteristics are reE5ire2 in a 4l5

    It should pro)ed a co)er o)er materials and e6clusi)e air up to

    the solderin+ temperature.

    It should dissol)e any o6ide on the metal surfaces or on the solder and carry

    such un(anted elements a(ay.

    It should -e readily displaced from the metal -y the molten solderin+ operation.

    Residues should -e remo)a-le after completion of the solder. !o achie)e a

    soldered 'oint the solder and the -ase metal must -e heated a-o)e the meltin+ point of the

    solder used. !he method -y (hich the necessary heat is applied* amon+ other thin+

    depends on

    :ature and type of the 'oint

    Meltin+ point of the solder

    "l5

    Generally applied solderin+ methods are iron solderin+* torch solderin+* mass

    solderin+* electrical

    Solderin+ furnace solderin+ and other methods. Components are -asically mounted

    only one said of the -oard. In dou-le1sided

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    1/PCB LAOUT

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    R%SULT 9 ANAL=SIS

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    SCO&% AND SUGG%STIONS

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    *. BIBILOGRA&$=

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    Dept. Of Applied Electronics & Instrumentation IESCE Chittilappilly

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