smart saveing

7/30/2019 smart saveing

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For an intangible entity, time is starkly palpable. It seems to strum with glee when you make swift gains in

the market; it's a sentient savant when you suffer losses; it can be an irksome sprinter for the ageing

saver; a sluggish bore for a young trader. But mostly, time is a capricious companion, loyal to none, yet

equanimous to all.

We, at ET Wealth, have not been immune to its caprices, swept as the rest into its contrarian fold. So,

during the economic slowdown, into which we stepped with our launch on 13 December 2010, we felt

laden with our readers' expectations. However, two years later, having navigated you through financial

undulations, we feel leavened by your response. Through it all, we have tried to maintain our own

equanimity, which stems from our acute perception of your needs and the deep insight into personal

finance. Between fielding time's whimsies and setting you on the right course, we have reached another

milestone - we have turned two. It's a special occasion because in this short span we have learnt to tweak

time's truancy to our advantage. In its contortions, we have found a constant.

We call it the Golden Rules of Investing. A synthesis of the past learnings, these principles are our way of

celebrating the present by securing your future. The mark of any rule is its universality and ability to

transcend time. What we have framed for you are 10 canons that are based on these benchmarks, a

compilation of our previous stories. They will act as a bulwark for your finances against the attenuating

swipes of time. They will hone you into an aware investor in sync with your needs.

Most importantly, they will help you grow your wealth, so that we can keep the promise we made at the

time of our launch - that we would lead you to riches in this golden decade of investing. In the following

pages, we will tell you how to build a safe portfolio; how to work towards a fret-free retirement; ways to

defend against the crushing impact of the unforeseen; how to juggle your portfolio and when to cut your

losses; how to deal with the trap of taxation; how to make the distinction between insuranceand

investment; the much-brandished benefits of diversification, and why you need to factor in the eroding

effect ofinflation.

In essence, we offer a seminal guide that spans the gamut of personal finance. Still, our work remainsunfinished. For, even though the country's fiscal fate appears to be altering, thanks to the proposed

reforms, the world has not quite remedied its economic ills. And while regulatory activism spells hope for

the small investor, the responsibility to secure your finances ultimately rests with you. So time shall

continue to remain a pulsating presentiment and will not stop throwing challenges at you. But you shall

not be alone; we atET Wealthwill guide you through all your financial travails. And together we shall

learn to tame time, perhaps even befriend it.

Rule 1: Know your worth before you begin

To reach the finishing line, you must first know where the race begins. As any financial planner will tell

you, figuring out your net worth is the first step towards formulating a successful financial plan. The best

way to do this is by drawing up a list of your assets and liabilities. Use the table on the right to calculate

your net worth.

It will also give you a broad idea of your current asset allocation. Taking stock of your current status is

necessary to help you make informed financial decisions. The slowdown may have affected your annual

increment. Volatility in the stock market may have prompted you to stay out. Before you plan to invest, sit
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down and take a fresh look at your financial situation. Once you have figured out where you stand, find

out your attitude towards investing. Your ability to take risks determines theinvestmentsyou should opt

for. If your stomach churns whenever theSensexgoes into a freefall, equity is not for you.

Stick to the safety of debt options or take exposure to stocksthroughmutual funds. On the other hand, if

a 20-25% fall in value doesn't upset you, equity can be a great way to build wealth. Another important traitis the keenness to conduct research before investing. Some people love nothing more than digging into

financial statements and crunching numbers, while others might not have the time or inclination to plough

through prospectuses and product brochures.
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Rule 2: Don't invest in a product you don't understand...

Most of the people who write to us seeking financial advice have investmentsthey don't understand. They

are likely to know every random feature of their Rs 8,000 cell phone, but will be clueless about

theirinsurancepolicies that are worth lakhs of rupees. Before you invest, you must fully understand how

the product works and how you will gain from it.

There are several products (especially insurance plans) that promise the moon and have complex

features. Avoid these sophisticated products if you don't understand them. Investing in something thatyou do not understand is gambling with your money. Instead of the structured products being sold in the

market, the humble PPF can also help build enormous wealth in the long term. Increase the investment

by just 1% every year and you will have a comfortable retirement
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...but don't skew your portfolio in favour of one asset

The above-mentioned investment rule does not imply that you concentrate your investments in one or two

asset classes. You may not understand equity, but this should not stop you from investing in

equitymutual funds. As long as you understand that the fund manager will deploy your money in the

stock market and your investment will move with the market, it is good enough. There are investors whobuy nothing butgold, or invest only in bank deposits.

Some invest only inreal estatehaving been conditioned into believing it is the safest asset. The biggest

problem with a concentrated portfolio is that a single crash can make you bite the dust. We saw this

happen in 2008 when the equity market crashed. As the chart below shows, a diversified portfolio

cushions the risk and generates stable returns. So opt for diversification.
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Rule 3: Do not invest and forget

Don't think your work is done after you make an investment. In fact, it has just begun. You need to

monitor and review yourinvestmentsand take corrective measures if they go off the track. At least once a

year, you should subject your portfolio to the financial equivalent of a CT scan. The outcome may not be

very palatable, but some tough decisions are needed to keep the portfolio healthy.

The first thing to check in your portfolio is asset allocation. It could have changed because of the market

conditions and, perhaps, needs to be rebalanced. For instance, you may have wanted to allocate 60% ofthe corpus to stocks, 30% to debt and 10% togoldand other investments, but due to a fall in the equity

market and rise in gold prices, the portfolio now has 45% in stocks, 40% in debt and 15% in gold. You

need to increase your allocation to equity by buying some more and reduce the investment in debt and

gold. The next thing to consider is the performance of individual investments.

Take help from brokerage reports, news reports and expert comments when you size up the stocksin

your portfolio. Formutual funds, compare the scheme's performance with that of its peers and

benchmark. If you find it difficult to analyse your portfolio, or if your investments are too disparate, take

the help of an online portfolio tracker or money manager websites. Besides, you need to keep your goals

in mind when you review your portfolio. The exposure to volatile assets should come down as you draw

closer to a goal.
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Review portfolio in case of special situations

Experts say you should review your investments once

a year. However, some extraordinary circumstances

may require you to rejig it even earlier. Here are a few

such special situations:

Marriage

Wedding bells mean new goals, higher expenses and

a change in risk profile. Your investments need to be

overhauled. If your spouse also works, your investible

surplus will go up. Chalk out a combined list of goalsand plan your investments to reach them.

Birth of a child

The entry of a new member in the family means

additional responsibilities and expenses. You will add

new goals to your list and, therefore, need to change

your investment pattern. This may also require you to

increase your lifeinsurancecover and establish anemergency medical kitty.

Salary hike

When your income goes up, your investible surplus

rises. Ideally, you should distribute the excess

amount across different asset classes in the same

proportion as your investment mix. You can increase

the SIP amount in your investments. You may also

want to add a financial goal to your list.

Windfall
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Any unexpected income or an annual bonus coming your way is another reason to change your

investment portfolio. If the money comes to you as a lump sum, put it in a debt fund and start a

systematic transfer plan to an equity fund.

Loans

If you have taken a loan, put off some of your investments to account for the EMIoutgo. Rejig your

investments by putting the non-essential goals on the backburner till the loan is repaid. When you repay a

loan, you will have a bigger surplus to deploy.

Black swan situations

A sudden movement in the stock market, such as the crash of 2008, may warrant a change in your

investment portfolio.

You may need to rejig your asset allocation before a year to adjust to the change in the market sentiment.
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Rule 4: Look beyond price and past returns for real value

It is every investor's dream to buy a stock when it is priced low and sell when it zooms. However, small

investors take this a little too literally and buy penny shares trading at very low prices. The price of a

share is not an indication of its real value. A stock at Rs 5 may actually be costlier in value terms than one

trading at Rs 500.

Low price alone does not mean that the stock offers good value. To find out if a stock is fairly valued,

compare it with its peers on a few common parameters. Though the PE ratio is a good way to identify

cheap stocks, relying only on a single parameter may not always yield the desired results. What you

consider cheap in relative terms might actually be more expensive, and vice versa. Investors have lost

money in many seemingly cheap stocks, while high-pricedstockshave given spectacular returns (see

tables).

This is because many of these low PE stocks may actually be costlier than their high PE counterparts,

based on other fundamentals. A high PE stock could be justified if the company has high growth

expectations, strong fundamentals, or has huge projects orinvestmentsin the pipeline. A low PE stock,

on the other hand, may be so valued because of poor earnings growth, weak fundamentals or lack of

further expansion opportunities. This argument is stronger when it comes to mutual funds. Some

investors thinkmutual fundswith low NAVs are cheap. A fund at Rs 25 is not cheaper (or better) than one

priced at Rs 250. The low price only means it is newer. Your returns will depend on how the fund

performs, which, in turn, will depend on how the market moves.
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Rule 5: Factor ininflationwhile calculating returns

Inflation affects everyone and its impact on the household budget is widely understood.
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However, very few investors understand the impact of inflation on their investments.

This is a mistake because inflation should be factored into every calculation of your financial plan.

Even a modest 5% annual inflation can widen the gap between your nominal and real income to almost

20% in just five years.

Over 40 years, this difference can widen to over 80%. So, don't plan your future based on nominal values.

Factor in inflation to know the real value of your income and investments.

The post-tax returns from a bank deposit, which offers 8.5% interest, will not be able to match the rise in

prices.

This is why planners don't recommend low-yield debtinvestmentsfor the long term. Instead, they adviseclients to take at least 15-20% exposure to equities to be able to beat inflation.

Inflation should especially be considered while planning for long-term goals like retirement and children's

education.

Also take into account the fact that your consumption basket changes over the years. When you are

single, education and healthcare inflation do not impact you (see graphic).

However, when you start a family, education expenses shoot up. As you grow older, healthcare accounts

for a progressively larger portion of your expenses.
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Insuranceis another area where inflation should be taken into account.

A Rs 1 crore insurance cover seems sufficient right now, but this might change when you factor in

inflation.

Even 6% inflation will reduce the purchasing power of Rs 1 crore to Rs 40 lakh in 15 years.
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No matter how careful you are, an eventuality can play havoc with your finances. It could be a medical

emergency that racks up a huge bill or the death of the family's breadwinner. The only way to deal withthese mishaps is to protect yourself adequately. Insurance is a cost-effective way to safeguard yourself

against the unexpected. In fact, life insurance is one of the most important ingredients of a financial plan.

This one instrument secures all your financial goals and aspirations. One should have a cover of at least

5-6 times one's annual income. However, this is a rudimentary method and a more accurate calculation

must take into account your expenses, current assets and future financial goals. Use the table below to

find out the size of life insurance cover you need. Medical insurance is also very important.

The rise in cost of healthcare means that even 2-3 days in hospital can cost Rs 50,000-60,000. A medical


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cover will not prevent illness, but it will allow you to access the best hospital in your city without burning a

hole in your wallet. Take adequate health cover for your family and yourself. If your employer offers you

medical insurance, take a top-up plan to enhance it. A personal accident cover is a little known, but

crucial, form of insurance. It covers loss of livelihood due to disability, temporary or permanent. Life

insurance is payable only in case of death and medical insurance covers hospitalisation expenses, but

these policies will not pay anything if a person loses a limb in an accident or has to miss work for a longperiod due to injuries. This is where personal accident insurance will come to his rescue.

...but don't mix insurance with investment

Buying life insurance as an investment is probably the most common mistake stemming from ignorance.

A life plan should be taken merely to secure one's dependants in case of one's demise, not as a

returnbearing investment. So, a unit-linked insurance plan or a traditional insurance policy will not be able

to give you adequate protection since a large chunk of the premium goes as investment. Instead of these

high-premium plans, which combine investment with insurance, buyers should opt for term plans. These

are pure protection policies that charge a very low premium for a very high insurance cover.

For less than Rs 12,000 a year, a 30-year-old nonsmoker can buy an insurance cover of Rs 1 crore. If

you buy online, the premium is even lower. Term plan premiums are low because there is no investment

involved. These policies don't pay anything if the policyholder survives the term of the plan. On the other

hand, a Ulip that offers a cover of Rs 1 crore will have a premium of Rs 8-10 lakh, while a traditional plan

will cost roughly Rs 12 lakh.

Rule 7: Don't leave tax planning till end of financial year

It is a perennial problem. Taxpayers wake up in March when their employer sends them a notice seeking

proof of their tax-saving investments. In the rush to complete their tax planning before the 31 March

deadline, many taxpayers make hasty decisions they regret at leisure. Unscrupulousinsuranceagents

thrive on this panic. This is the time when they can mis-sell high-commission products without the buyer

asking too many questions or examining the product in detail. Who would want to go through the policy

features in small print when the premium receipt has to be submitted to the office the next day?
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This is a penny wise, pound foolish approach. If you buy an insurance policy that doesn't suit you, the

entire premium goes waste. To save Rs 2,000-3,000 in tax, you could be throwing away Rs 10,000. Your

tax planning should not be a kneejerk event that happens in March, but a part of your overall financial

planning. Instead of packing your entire tax planning into March, spread it across the year and take

informed decisions. You should buy an insurance plan only if you need life cover. Invest in an ELSS fund

only if you need to take exposure tostocks. Lock money in the PPF, an NSC or a bank fixed deposit if youwant to invest in debt. Take a health insurance plan if you need medical cover, not because you get

deduction under Section 80D. The tax benefit is incidental, not the core.

Rule 8: Be prepared for a financial emergency

Will you be able to manage your finances if you lose your job today? Financial planners advise that one

should have a buffer fund to take care of a financial emergency. This contingency fund should be large

enough to meet at least three months' worth of household expenses, including loan repayment and

insurance premium obligations. An emergency fund should be easily accessible and its value should not

be subject to fluctuations. While an investment in equity funds is fairly liquid, its value can go down when

the funds are needed and beat the purpose of having such a corpus. Similarly, a home equity loan pre-

supposes an appreciation in the value of property, which may not always happen. A loan will also push up

theEMI, which might be tough when somebody is facing a loss of income. Although credit cards are

commonly used for emergencyfunding, they are useful if you restrict the credit to one month. Otherwise,

the cost is prohibitively high.

...but do not keep all of it in cash

While the need for a cash cushion cannot be stressed enough, the problem is that many of us hold much

more than is needed for our short-term needs. Whether it is in your pocket or in asavingsbank account,

you incur costs. For one, the opportunity cost of holding cash is high since you forego the chance to

invest it to earn a higher rate of return. More importantly, the cash in your account will lose value if you

take the adverse impact ofinflationinto account. If adjusted for inflation, the return from a savings bank

account will always be in the negative. Then there are the psychological costs of holding cash.

If you are not a disciplined spender and have a fat bank balance, it's quite likely that you will give in to

temptation and spend on discretionary items. Apart from the emergency fund, there is no need to have

more than 5-10% of your entire investing portfolio in cash. Financial planners say this extra cash should

be put to work. A mix of short-terminvestmentscan help you retain liquidity as well as earn better returns.

Depending on one's personal situation, one can park the remaining amount in a short-term avenue, which

is almost as liquid as a bank account. For instance, debt fund redemptions reach your bank account the

next working day.
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Rule 9: Give precedence to retirement savings

One of the biggest challenges for tomorrow's retirees is to ensure that they don't outlive their savings.

This is a distinct possibility because of two factors: the rising cost of living and an increase in life

expectancy.

However, for many Indians, retirement is not as crucial as saving for their children. Whether it is for their

education or marriage, or even to provide them with a comfortable life, children are the biggest motivators

ofsavingsin the country.

This can be a problem because your retirement is going to be very different from that of the previous

generation.

Guaranteed pension, assured return from government schemes, relatively lowinflationand the security of

a joint family - the four pillars on which the previous generation's retirement planning rested - have either

gone or will disappear soon. What's more, you will live longer, thus heightening the risk of outliving your

money.

Before you pour money into a child plan, make sure your retirement savings target has been met.
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Retirement planning should be your first and most important financial goal.

By this we don't mean you should neglect your child's needs, but you can borrow for almost all other

goals, such as child's education, marriage or going on a holiday.

No one will lend you for your retirement expenses though. The early birds, who start putting away smallamounts from the day they start working, have a distinct advantage over lazy grasshoppers, who think of

retirement planning only after the first grey hair makes an appearance in their 40s (see graphic).

It is also important that you don't dip into your corpus before you retire. Withdrawing money from your

PPF account or missing the premium of apensionplan can lead to a shortfall in your corpus.

If you want a dignified retirement, resist the temptation to withdraw from theinvestmentsearmarked for

your sunset years.
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Rule 10: Learn to cut your losses

Many investors believe that if they select a good investment and time their moves well, it is enough.

However, the decision to sell, especially at a loss, is not as easy. Financial experts say that the small

investor's portfolio suffers more due to incorrect decisions that are not rectified in time. Holding

badinvestmentsmay be worse than not selecting the right ones. To be a successful investor, you need to

have a selling plan in place and book losses if the situation so demands. Behavioural economists contend

that our refusal to sell an investment stems from our aversion to loss. If our investment turns out to be

good, we are happy to sell and feel good about the gains. However, booking a loss is painful, so we tend

to postpone the regret we feel at having made the wrong decision.

We choose to wait out, ignore, or worse, add more to a poorly performing investment, hoping to average

out the cost. Therefore, cleaning up a portfolio is a tough task and calls for rational decision-making. Low-

yieldinsurancepolicies, dudstocksand poorly selectedmutual fundsdon't offer any value to the investor,

but there is a deeprooted aversion to get rid of them. Many of the wrong decisions are taken when

everything is looking upbeat. Those who bought obscure infrastructure stocks at the height of the 2007
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euphoria are still holding them, hoping that they will be able to recoup their investment one day. Little do

they realise that this is a drag on their portfolio's overall return. Had they booked losses in 2008 and

shifted the money to any average index-based stock, they would have got something back. It is also

important not to throw good money after bad. Don't book profits on good investments just to plough it

back into underperformers. You will only be left with lemons. It is better to ride the winners than pump

more money into losers.

smart saveing

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