smoke control design and activation - cfaa ottawa/ats2015/wk cfaa 2015 - smok… · smoke control...

CFAA NCA Technical Seminar 2015

Smoke Control

Design and

Activation

Smoke Control Design and Activation 2

Overview

Principles of smoke control

Codes

CACF controls

Programming

Commissioning

Testing

Goals

To provide an introduction to smoke control

To share best practices

Format

Open format. Questions and comments are welcome during the

presentation.


Principles of smoke control

Maintain tenability for occupant evacuation and firefighting activities

- Occupant Evacuation

... shall be designed so that, during a period of 2 h after the start

of a fire … will not contain more than 1% by volume of

contaminated air from the fire floor, assuming an outdoor

temperature equal to the January design temperature on a

2.5% basis ...

Contaminated air is taken to mean air with products of

combustion

The difference in temperature between the outside and inside of

a building affects the pressure difference between contaminated

air and clear air.

» affects the maximum height that a system can

maintain both a minimum and maximum pressure

difference across doorway boundaries.


Why is Smoke Control required in buildings?

Smoke spreads quickly in a fire

- Station Nightclub (2003)

Recreation with sprinklers

Recreation without sprinklers

Smoke affects occupants remote from a fire

- MGM Grand (1980)

68 of 85 deaths at levels 13 - 23 stories above the fire

How are we doing with implementation?

Not well understood

Not well implemented

Poorly maintained

https://youtu.be/gT1EWVR1iP8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxiOXZ55hbc&feature=player_detailpage


How is smoke control implemented?

Compartmentation

Dilution

Pressurization

Buoyancy

Airflow

Compartmentation

Design rooms and floor areas with a limited amount of leakage and the

strength to withstand pressures developed in a fire.

Dilution

Exhaust contaminated air and introduce fresh air into a space

- Used for interconnected floor spaces

- Used for venting by firefighters after extinguishment


How is smoke control implemented (cont.)?

Dilution Example

- How long would it take to reduce the concentration of contaminated

air to 1% of its post fire concentration using a flow rate of 6 air

changes per hour?

𝑡 = 1

𝛼ln

𝐶0𝐶𝑡

Where

a = air changes per minute

t = time in minutes

Ct = concentration at time t

C0 = initial concentration

𝑡 = 1

660 ln

1

0.01= 46 minutes


How is smoke control implemented (cont.)?

Pressurization

Use fans to keep protected spaces and higher pressures than fire

areas.

Buoyancy

Smoke shafts open to the exterior that depend on the buoyancy of

smoke.

Airflow

Maintain minimum air flow speeds to overcome the buoyant forces

developed by a fire and keep smoke from spreading.

Used in tunnels


Codes

High Buildings [subsection 3.2.6]

- Stair pressurization

- Elevator/Shaft protection

- Zoned smoke management

- Smoke venting

Interconnected Floor Areas [subsection 3.2.8]

Both prescriptive and performance options are available to designers


Code prescriptive requirements


OBC Supplementary Standard SB-4, NBCC Appendix B

- Below grade stair pressurization [SB-4 & 3.2.6.2.(2)]

At the bottom with 0.47 m3/s for each storey served by stair

Vent at the top with 0.1 m2 of vent area for each storey served

by stair

Vent area reduced by the number of doors open to stair.

- Above grade stair venting [3.2.6.2.(3)]

At the bottom to be opened manually and remain open

0.05 m2 per door opening into the stair but not less than 1.8 m2

in area


More code prescriptive requirements


OBC Supplementary Standard SB-4, NBCC Appendix B

- Connected buildings [3.2.6.3.(1)]

Vented to outdoors or pressurized to maintain min DP≥12 Pa

- Venting to aid firefighting [3.2.6.6]

Windows, panels, dedicated smoke shafts or the building HVAC

system can be used

Where HVAC system used, 6 air changes per hour from any

floor to be maintained during venting operations (example

previous slide)

Where smoke shaft is used, smoke detector in shaft to operate

opening to exterior at the top of the shaft. Smoke damper into

shaft on fire floor controlled at CACF.


Even more code prescriptive requirements

Interconnected Floor Spaces [subsection 3.2.8]

- Smoke exhaust at 4 to 6 air changes per hour

- Makeup air speed ≤ 1 m/s (4000 cfm/door)

- Stair venting for lower buildings (18m+)

- Stair vestibules vented or pressurized for higher buildings (75 m+)

- Group B sleeping room vestibules pressurized

- Zoned smoke exhaust at 6 air changes per hour option

Permits reduction in volume of smoke exhaust in atrium

Parking garage vestibule ventilation [3.3.5.7.(4)]

- Naturally with vent to the outdoors, with min area of 0.4m2, or

- Mechanically with 14m3/h flow for each m2 of vestibule floor area

Smoke protected seating areas [3.3.2.4.(14)]

Vertically separated buildings [3.2.6.2.(6) SB-4 Measure K]

- For unsprinklered buildings

- Vestibules for firefighters elevators

- Areas of refuge


Code performance options

Zoned smoke control

- Pressurize non-fire floors (either all or just those adjacent)

- Exhaust fire floor causing

negative pressure and therefore,

relative positive pressure on non-fire floors

Stair pressurization instead of venting

- Pressure modulation using

barometric dampers, or

variable flow fans

Smoke layer height management

- For large volume spaces like arenas

- Maintain smoke layer height above the highest level of occupants

not protected from smoke.


Equipment for smoke control

- Fire alarm controls



- ULC listed for smoke control [category UUKLC].

- Testing criteria are ULC-S527, “Control Units for Fire Alarm

Systems”, and ULC/ORD-C100-13, “Smoke Control System

Equipment”.

Supervision of inputs and outputs

Confirmation of operation

http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISCANADA/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=UUKLC.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Smoke+Control+System+Equipment&objid=1076617912&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1076617911&sequence=1



Is one better than the other?

- Fire alarm for simple on/off controls

- Automation equipment for everything else

- Example HVAC used for

venting to aid firefighting


Programming for smoke control

Specifications

Control Matrix (don’t forget the manual controls)

Don’t wait until installation to test the matrix

ADDRESS ELEV RECALL

ALARM &SMOKE CONTROL OPERATION

M3

-32

PR

IMA

RY

C1

0W

1 G

10

ELEV

ATO

R R

ECA

LL R

ELA

Y

M6

-3

PR

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C1

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B J

8

ELEV

MA

CH

. RM

- R

ECA

LL

M3

-92

REL

AY

C1

0W

1

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ATO

R M

AC

H. R

OO

M

M6

-6

REL

AY

C1

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B J

9 E

LEV

MA

CH

. RO

OM

M1

-97

REL

AY

C1

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B1

9

CO

NTR

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GN

D E

AST

NO

RTH

SM

K

EXH

M7

-54

REL

AY

C1

0E1

C1

6 G

ND

EAST

NO

RTH

SM

K E

XH

#1

5

M1

-96

REL

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C1

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3 G

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SO

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9 O

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REL

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C1

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1 K

5 A

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UN

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IDE

FAN

S/D

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N

M3

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REL

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C1

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IDE

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UP

M3

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REL

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1 H

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10

79

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HI T

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DC

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M2

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C1

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6 A

03

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SYSTEM RESET OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF

L18 GENERAL FIRE ALARM L18 ACTIVE ACTIVE

M3-31 C10W1 G10 ELEV.MACHINE RM SMOKE M3-31 ACTIVE

M6-2 C10WB J8 ELEV MACH. RM SMOKE M6-2 ACTIVE

LAB 10 EAST NORTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH

SWITH12-83 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF `

LAB 10 PULL STATION EAST NORTHM1-80 ,M7-20

,M7-36ON ON

ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST144 L144 ON ON

LAB 10 EAST SOUTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH

SWITH12-84 UP/DOWN ON/OFF ON/OFF

LAB 10 PULL STATION EAST SOUTH M1-70,M1-26 ON ON

ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST145 L145 ON ON

LAB 10 WEST NORTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH


LAB 10 PULL STATION WEST NORTHM3-65 ,M8-56,

M8-57 ,M8-63ON ON

ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST146 WEST NORTH L146 ON ON ACTIVE

LAB 10 WEST SOUTH MANUAL SMOKE EXH


LAB 10 PULL STATION WEST SOUTH M3-49 M3-67 ON ON

ANY TWO FIRE IN LIST147 WEST SOUTH L147 ON ON ACTIVE

M2-81 C10EP C16 DUCT SMOKE A03-RAF01 M2-81 ACTIVE

M2-89 C10EP C20 DUCT SMOKE A03-RAF01 M2-89 ACTIVE

M5-76 C10WP J4 A01-AHU01 DUCT SMOKE M5-76 ACTIVE

M5-80 C10WP J8 A01-AHU02 DUCT SMOKE M5-80 ACTIVE

AHU SHUTDOWNDC SHUTSMOKE EXHAUST


Commissioning for smoke control

Integration with other systems to be commissioned together [3.2.4.6]

CAN/ULC S1001-11, “Standard for Integrated Systems Testing of Fire

Protection and Life Safety Systems”

Location Fan # Point #

Occupied Operation

Operation During Alarm

Supply Return Supply Rtrn. Supply Return

West – 1st Floor 22 22 M1-1 On On Shut down West -

Mezzanine 23 n/a M1-36 On On Shut down

West - 2nd Floor 24 24 M1-57 On On Off Shut

Down West – 3rd Floor 25 25 M1-91 On On Shut

Down On

West – 11th Floor 33 33-1 M4-61 Off On West – 12th Floor

Smoke Evac. * 33 33-2 On Shut Down of both fans,

supply should have

remained operational West – 12th Floor 34 34 M5-1 On Shut Down both fans

West - Penthouse 52 M5-61 Off Started West - Penthouse 50, 51 M5-62 Off Started x 2


Commissioning for smoke control

Integration with other systems to be commissioned together [3.2.4.6]

CAN/ULC S1001-11, “Standard for Integrated Systems Testing of Fire

Protection and Life Safety Systems”


Testing for smoke control

NBC and OBC [3.2.6.9], NFC and OFC [Part 7]

Establish requirements for prescriptive solutions

Where alternate measures are implemented

- NFC leaves it to the fire safety plan

- OFC requires professional engineer or architect who designed the

system to seal the testing procedure

Caution: don’t let the design professional get away without developing

a test protocol to be sealed and included in the fire safety plan


Further reading

SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (fifth edition to be

published soon).

Principles of Smoke Management, J.H. Klote + J.A. Milke

Questions?

William Kuffner, M.A.Sc., P.Eng, PMP

Director, Fire Protection Engineering

[email protected]

(613)829-2800 ext 19247

mailto:[email protected]

smoke control design and activation - cfaa ottawa/ats2015/wk cfaa 2015 - smok… · smoke control...

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