Smoke C

ontrolSmoke Control inShopping Centres

Colt Design Service

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INTRODUCTION

In retail premises such as shoppingcentres, the Building Regulations have astrong emphasis on the provision of lifesafety systems such as smoke control.

A well designed smoke control systemshould be able to maintain smoke freeescape conditions at low level to allowthe building to be evacuated withminimum risk of smoke inhalation, injuryor death.

Colt has considerable experience in thedesign and implementation of smokecontrol systems in Shopping Centres anda vast number of installations have beencarried out throughout the UK.

Colt products are specifically designed toblend into the building structure,concealed until needed and compliantwith all relevant codes and standards.

DESIGN SERVICE

You will be reassured to know that Colthas a wealth of experience in designingsmoke control systems for shoppingcentres and has an impeccable trackrecord to match.

Colt offer a complete package - includinga free design service with technical adviceat the initial design stage, through to theservice and maintenance of the system.

You will receive a fully detailed reportcomplete with CAD.

CONFIDENCE

When choosing a smoke control supplieryou need reassurance that the companyyou select has sufficient track record,experience and after sales service.

By investing in innovation, products,services and people, Colt has establisheditself as a world leader in smokeventilation control.

In city centre developments, where spaceis a premium, many of these projects havean underground car park, which may alsorequire smoke and day to day ventilation.Colt can provide all manner of Car ParkVentilation systems. Please see the ColtCar Park Ventilation Systems leaflet. Coltis also active in the design and supply ofTunnel Ventilation schemes.

Many developments may also require oneor more fire fighting shafts, which mayrequire smoke ventilation. Colt canprovide these. Please see the SmokeControl in Apartments leaflet.

Front Cover

Golden Square,Warrington.Jetstream impulse fans for the car park, Cyclone induction fans and reversible Jetsream impulse fans for the service roadtunnel. OPV Seefire and Labyrinth ventilators for natural ventilation of the malls. Defender dampers, Seefire ventilators andDoorman door operators for the firefighting shafts. All the equipment controlled by an OPV system.

UK TRACK RECORD

Aberavon Shopping Centre, AberavonKingsbury Court, AylesburyBHS Castle Quay, BanburyCastle Quay, BanburyFestival Place, BasingstokeBrunel Centre, BletchleyBull Ring, BirminghamPavillions, BirminghamPerry Bar, BirminghamStar City, BirminghamWades Building, BirminghamCastlepoint, BournemouthRawson Market, BradfordThe Baytree Centre, BrentwoodCoopers Square, Burton-on-TrentUnion Arcade, BuryGrafton Centre, CambridgeGrand Arcade, CambridgeCannock, CannockEagle Centre, DerbyCorn Exchange, DoncasterFrenchgate Centre, DoncasterMerry Hill, Dudley, West MidlandsMilburn Gate, DurhamSwan Centre, EastleighOcean Terminal, EdinburghPrincesshay, ExeterCallender Square, FalkirkRetail Unit Tesco, GalashielsMetro Centre, GatesheadEastgate Centre, GloucesterOak Mall, GreenockVictoria Centre, HarrogateThe Cornbow, HalesowenNew Cross, HamiltonJacksons Landing, HartlepoolHastings Shopping Centre, Hastings

The Meridian Centre, HavantPrinces Quay, HullSt Stephens Retail, HullBluewater Park, KentRegency Arcade, Leamington SpaCorn Exchange, LeedsMerrion Centre, LeedsSt Johns, LeedsThe Bridges, LeedsWhite Rose, LeedsThe Shires, LeicesterRetail Unit Sports World, LewishamSwan Centre, LincolnMetquarter, LiverpoolParadise St, LiverpoolLudgate West, LondonStratford, LondonNicholson Centre, MaidenheadTrafford Centre, ManchesterDebenhams, Stamford Quarter, ManchesterNext Retail, Stamford Quarter, ManchesterCentral Milton Keynes Shopping Centre,Milton KeynesIKEA Thurrock, Brent Park, Milton KeynesMidsummer Place, Milton KeynesMilton Keynes Food Centre, Milton KeynesEldon Square, Newcastle Upon TyneKingsway, NewportGrosvenor Centre, NorthamptonWeston Favell, NorthamptonChapelfield, NorwichVictoria Centre, NottinghamTesco, PollokDolphin Quays, PooleThe Cascades, Portsmouth

Gunwharf Quays, PortsmouthBroad Street, ReadingThe Oracle, ReadingKingfisher Centre, RedditchMarket Hall, RochdaleChurchside Arcade, RugbyRuncorn Shopping Centre, RuncornCrystal Peaks, SheffieldMeadowhall, SheffieldOrchard Square, SheffieldTouchwood Court, SolihullMarlands Centre, SouthamptonWest Quay, SouthamptonThe Forum, South ShieldsElmsleigh, StainesSwadlincote Shopping Centre, SwadlincoteTamworth, TamworthTelford Shopping Centre, TelfordLakeside, ThurrockThe Chimes, UxbridgeRidings, WakefieldSaddlers Centre, WalsallGolden Square, WarringtonThe Heart, Walton-on-ThamesQueens Square, West BromwichPeacocks, WokingMander Centre, WolverhamptonThe Wulfrun Centre, WolverhamptonMcArthur Glen, York

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“A product range, design capability and a service standard

to rival anyone in our field.”

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Introduction

In recent years, the development of the shopping centre concept has grown in significance and complexity due to the phenomenal increase in the number of proposals being submitted forconsideration. Today, practically everymajor town and city has at least one suchcentre.

To the design teams, each projectrepresents a new challenge and anopportunity to be creative and innovative,but it can also mean significant problems.

The principal task of the team is to createa building on time and within budgetwhich fully meets the requirements of theclient. However there are many otherinfluences, such as Building Regulationsand Codes that could have a major impacton the design.

HOW DO FIRES START?

The cause of all fires can be generallydivided into two categories, accidental ormalicious ignition (arson). Arson is stillthe largest cause of fire in occupiedbuildings, and the main cause of deathand casualties is smoke.

SMOKE

Killer facts:

Over 4,000 fires occur in retail outletsevery year.

On average, large fires cause over 5million pounds of damage every year inshops. (This excludes fires under£250,000).

Following the outbreak of a small fire in ashop, it can take less than three minutesto fill a mall with smoke.

It can take 30 minutes to evacuate a mall,taking into account parents with children,the elderly and the disabled.

An alarm is often not heard. When it is,people often ignore it or misunderstandthe situation.

Once the alarm has been raised, people donot necessarily react as expected.

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“Experience shows it can take30 minutes to totally evacuate a

shopping centre.”

GUIDANCE AND REGULATIONS

Many regulations and codes must be metand the safety and comfort of thebuilding’s occupants have to be thepriority.

Reference can be made to the following;

BS 5588 Part 10Fire precautions in the design,construction and use of buildings.Code of practice for shopping complexes.

BS 5588-12:2004Fire precautions in the design,construction and use of buildings.Managing fire safety.

BR 186Design principles for smoke ventilation inenclosed shopping centres

BR 368Design methodologies for smoke and heatexhaust ventilation

BS 7346Components for smoke and heat control systems

EN12101Smoke and heat control systems

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Sprinklers and smoke control do different,but complementary jobs. A sprinklersystem will control the size of the fire andthus reduce the amount of smokegenerated.

In shopping centres it is generally recommended to protect shop units with sprinklers to control the fire size, but not to install sprinklers in the malls to prevent overcooling of smoke and the risk of wet and slippery surfaces on escape routes.

Protection of People(means of escape)

MEANS OF ESCAPE

Regardless of the location of a fire, oncepeople are aware of it, they should be ableto proceed safely along a recognisableescape route to a place of safety. In orderto achieve this, it may be necessary toprotect the route.

In large or complex Shopping Centres, asmoke control system is an effective wayof keeping means of escape routes clearof smoke.

Smoke ventilators are installed to helpmaintain smoke free escape routes andstairwells to enable occupants to evacuatethe building quickly and safely.

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Total Escape Period

Detectiontime

Time tobegin

escape

Calculated escapetime

Stragglers

Time

Most significant factors concerning fire - such as evacuation time and rate of fire growth - are time dependent, and subject to a high degree of variation.

THE PROTECTION OF PEOPLE

With as many as 100,000 people in oneday visiting some of the largest ShoppingCentres, the burden of responsibilitycarried by the Design Team is awesome.Each scheme presents its own complexityof design problems that relate to theprotection of those evacuating from thebuilding in a fire situation.

The problem is particularly acute withShopping Centres that incorporate acentral atrium or those which have multi-storeys.

“An alarm is often not heard.When it is, people often ignore itor misunderstand the situation.”

BUILDING DESIGNERS

Building owners and designers share aresponsibility to limit the potential fordamage and tragedy caused by fire.Choice of building materials, the layoutof escape routes, the number of exits andthe installation of alarms, together withthe installation of a smoke control system,are all key building design considerations.

Using the principles of ventilation and containment, designers can ensure that occupants can escape quickly and safelyand that fire-fighters can see and tacklethe fire source.

Smoke control systems have a critical roleto play in the design of the building.

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One in four businesses neverrecover from a serious fire

Smoke can travel at a speedof over 2m/s (5 mph), this is faster than the probableescape speed of an occupant

This fire exit shows theeffects of smoke over aperiod of just a few minutes

Figure C

By using smoke ventilation and smokebarriers, drop down smoke curtains forexample, the smoke layer is containedabove a pre-calculated height (normally3m minimum) and is either extractednaturally or by mechanical means byventilators installed in the ceiling.

Smoke Control(general principles)

Figure A

Smoke from a fire in an enclosed area,rises in a plume to the ceiling. As it rises,air is entrained into it which in turnincreases the volume of the smoke.

As the smoke reaches the ceiling, a layeris formed, which is referred to as thesmoke layer. Control of this layer is themain task of a smoke ventilation system.

Figure C.

Smoke vents within zones

Figure A.

Smoke starts within a shop unit andspreads out onto the mall. Smokestarts to rise. White arrows showthe movement of displaced air

Figure B.

Smoke starts to quickly recirculate inan unvented building

Figure B

Smoke can fill a room in just a fewminutes. Thick smoke can obscure exitssigns and doorways, making escapehazardous and slow.

The typical speed of smoke travel isbetween 1 and 2 m/s. This can be fasterthan the escape speed of an occupant.

When the smoke reaches a dead end, itwill dip down and be drawn back towardsthe fire, possibly confusing occupants andcausing them to move towards the fire.

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“4% of all building fires occur in retail premises.This equates to

over 4,000 fires per year.”

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Photographs (above & below).

Star City, Birmingham.Colt was in contact with Crown HouseEngineering/Carillion to supply OPV glazed Meteor natural flap ventilators in the atrium and OPV Seefire natural louvred ventilators for the staircases, lobbies and corridors, as well asautomatic smoke curtains

Smoke Control(atria & multi storey)

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Channelling screens are required to limitthe width of the plume and reduce themass flow of smoke. This can beachieved by either fixed screens orautomatic drop down curtains.

With multi storey Shopping Centres,especially those with central open malls,the design of the smoke control systemmust be considered on a floor by floorbasis.

Looking at figure G for example, thesmoke layer in the mall must be containedabove the second floor ceiling level. If afire breaks out on the lowest floor, theheight of rise of the smoke plume throughthe mall will make this design impractical.

To avoid this situation, a solution wouldbe to remove smoke from the lowest floorwithout it entering the central mall. Thiscan be achieved by extracting the smokewith the help of powered ventilation andsmoke dampers. Automatic smokecurtains could be used to contain thesmoke within the floor of the origin offire.

Figure D.

Without smoke ventilation.The red arrows depict the predictedmovement of smoke, whilst the whitearrows show the direction of fresh airmovement without smoke ventilation.

Figure E.

With smoke ventilation.

SYSTEM DESIGN

The design procedures for smoke controlin multi storey Shopping Centres are morecomplex than single storey buildings.

This is largely because the geometry ofthe building is significant, and ShoppingCentres tend to have multiple levels,complex layouts with junctions andchanging roof lines.

Fire on the ground floor is clearly theworst case scenario. With potentiallythousands of people within the ShoppingCentre at any one time, engineeredsystems are required to channel the smoketo designated areas without affecting otherfloors.

Figure F.

Channelling screens limit the spreadof smoke under balconies, reducingthe amount of ventilation required.

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Figure G.

There are many ways to ventilate a multi-storeycomplex depending on the actual design and layout of the building.

This illustration depicts three different methods:

1.Ventilation utilising the central atrium.

2.Ventilation direct from the fire floor using ventilators in an external wall.

3.Ventilation direct from the fire floor using a firerated mechanical extract system.

INLET AIR

Inlet air is an important element of asmoke control system.

For a smoke control system to operate effectively, inlet air must be provided viaa dedicated source, remote from thesmoke reservoir.

Smoke Control(inlet air)

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Figure I.

A single zone where adjacent zones are notavailable for inlet, therefore an air inlet sourceneeds to be provided at low level either byautomatically opening ventilators or byautomatically opening doors.

A similar solution is also required if theshopping centre is mechanically ventilated.

Figure H.

This illustration shows a twozoned system where theventilators in the fire zone areproviding extract and theadjacent zone is providing airinlet.

Possible solutions are as follows:

a) Utilising adjacent non fire zones byopening natural ventilators there.

b) Low level inlet ventilation locatedbelow the designed smoke layer.

c) Opening entrance doors automatically.

Metquarter Shopping Centre, Liverpool.Colt installed Seefire natural ventilators to providenatural day to day and smoke ventilation on theroof, as well as smoke curtains in the mall.

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Shenley Pavillions, Milton Keynes.Automatic opening ventilators provide air inlet

above the entrance doors.

Chapelfield Shopping Centre, Norwich.Alongside a stairwell ventilation scheme,Seefire and Kameleon natural ventilators providesmoke ventilation for the malls and the House of Fraser anchor store.

Smoke Control(natural louvred ventilators)

NATURAL VENTILATORS

Natural ventilation can offer a number ofimportant advantages in smoke controlsystems.

A natural louvred ventilator can providethe dual benefit of day-to-day climatecontrol and smoke control. Depending onthe louvre blade option, it can also permitnatural daylight entry.

Louvred ventilators can be installedvertically or horizontally and haveoptional blade types, including;

- Aluminium

- Translucent polycarbonate

- Glass

Available in a variety of product types tosuit each building application, naturalventilators are increasingly specified bybuilding designers who are sensitive tothe conflicting demands of energyconservation and occupier safety andcomfort.

Associated Products:

- EN Seefire

- FCO (Façade Clear Opening)

- WCO (Weathered Clear Opening)

- Coltlite

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House of Fraser, Guildford.OPV controlled FCO Ventilators with polycarbonate louvres are installed at high level within the main glazed central atrium.

Above - Lakeside Shopping Centre,Thurrock.Colt Seefires are installed along the malls toprovide automatic smoke control and also day to day natural ventilation.

Left - Cooper’s Square, Burton-upon-Trent.The refurbished shopping centre in Burton-upon-Trent has a smoke control installation which includes over 100 Seefirelouvred ventilators installed into the roof glazingsystem.

Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth.Colt OPV controlled Seefires

installed into a Colt roof glazingsystem. Fixed glass smoke curtains

are also installed at high level.

Smoke Control(natural flap ventilators)

Star City, Birmingham.Colt Meteor glazed flap natural extract ventilatorsinstalled within the main central atrium with OPVSeefire louvred ventilators on the staircases,lobbies and corridors.

Automatic smoke curtains were also supplied.

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NATURAL VENTILATORS

Natural glazed ventilators offer thebenefit of smoke control ventilationcombined with the additional advantageof day to day ventilation.

Glazed flap ventilators, such as the ColtMeteor, have large unobstructed openingscombined with high performance levels,and are suited for installations from thehorizontal through to the vertical.

The Colt Kameleon is a more discreetventilator and has a smaller frame with hidden controls to integrate better into itssurroundings.

Both the Meteor and the Kameleon haveexcellent air leakage performance levels and can help the building to meet therequirements of the Building Regulationspart L2.

Associated products:

- Meteor

- Kameleon

- Firelight

- Coltlite

Castle Quay Shopping Centre, Banbury.Kameleon glazed natural ventilators

installed into the malls glazing system toprovide high level natural smoke

and heat extract.

Above - The Chimes Shopping Centre, Uxbridge.Colt worked closely with the design team and thecontractors Costain Skanska Joint Venture, on thedesign and installation of the smoke ventilationsystem which included 88 Colt glazed naturalKameleon ventilators and 6 trapezoid shapedglazed natural double flap Meteor ventilators.

Left - Midsummer Place, Milton KeynesKameleon glazed ventilators, smoke curtains andstairwell ventilators.

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Smoke Control(powered extract and dampers)

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POWERED EXTRACT

Some scenarios, as previously illustrated,require the smoke to be discharged fromthe building via fire rated ducting. Roofmounted powered extract units can assistin this.

Powered extract is also used whenpositive wind pressure occurs at ventilatorlocations, normally due to taller buildingsbeing within close proximity. Naturalventilation may not perform as required inthis situation, and powered extract mustbe used.

Associated products:

- Liberator

- Mechanical Extract

- Doorman

- Defender

Festival Place, Basingstoke.Powered fans connected to ductwork are used forthe extraction of smoke. Colt Seefire ventilatorsare used for terminal cowls.

A complete air handling system was also designedand installed by Colt.

Aupark Shopping Centre, Slovak Republic.A large number of powered exhaust ventilators in conjunction with natural ventilators and smoke curtains were installed aspart of a complete smoke control system.

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Smoke Control(Smoke Barriers)

SMOKE BARRIERS

The need to form smoke barriers meansthat large spaces must be divided at highlevel. These divisions between smokebarriers can be a building feature such asa permanent screen or a failsafe automaticsmoke curtain operated on detection ofsmoke. Permanent screens are oftenconstructed from glass.

BS 5588 part 10 recommends that smoke barriers should be arranged to preventsmoke from a shop unit flowing into morethan one reservoir.

Modern shopping centres with high glassrooflights allow deep smoke barrierswhich creates an efficient smoke controlsystem. Conversely, low narrow mallsoften found in refurbishment projectspresent additional challenges due to thelimited height available to obtain aneffective solution.

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“Fire-fighters must be able to quickly identify and safely

tackle the fire source.”

VOID

w

w

Channelling screens can be positionedfor every shop unit facing the mall.

However it may be possible toincrease the span of the channelling

screens over two or more shop units.

W = channelling width

House of Fraser, Guildford.Automatic drop down smoke

curtains were installed around theatria for smoke containment.A pressurisation system was

also installed for the staircases.

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Associated products:

- Smokemaster

- Firepath

- Fixed Curtains

Eagle Centre, DerbySeefire ventilators for the malls. ColtDoorman door operators, Defender

dampers and Seefire ventilators for shaftand stairwell ventilation. Smoke curtains for

general areas and lift entrances. An OPVsystem controls both Colt and third party

smoke control equipment.

Smoke Control(control systems)

OPV 2000

The Colt OPV 2000 is an intelligentelectronic control system which usesEchelon technology for itscommunications network.

OPV 2000 revolutionises the control and operation of natural smoke ventilators andreadily incorporates all other addressableequipment into the total smoke control system.

As life safety equipment, all OPV 2000 components meet the most stringent manufacturing and test procedures.

TOTAL CONTROL FLEXIBILITY

Each natural ventilator or addressable unitcan be controlled individually and as partof the specified automatic control system.

The control software is configured to suitthe requirements of the scheme andshould these change, it is a simple matterto re-program the software accordingly.

TOTAL SAFETY

OPV 2000 incorporates a patented safetysystem. The microprocessors in eachnatural ventilator control module are ableto distinguish emergency data signalsfrom normal operating signals, which willbe ignored if the battery charge levelreaches a critical state. This means thatbattery power will always be protected foremergency use.

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Colt Smoke Curtains

EN Seefire Natural Louvred Ventilators

LiberatorPowered Extract Ventilator

Apollo® Comms Line

Colt Fire CurtainsThe control panelmonitors thehealth of the Colt system and instantly communicates any problems which arise

KameleonNatural Glazed Ventilator

Fireman’s Override Panel (FOP)Upto 15 FOP units can be installed

Cyclone Car Park Vent

Jetstream Car Park Vent

Breakglass

EN Seefire as fantermination

“OPV 2000 is one of the most sophisticated smoke control systems available.”

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OVERRIDEENABLE KEY

VENTILATION CONTROL PANELTATUS

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SUPPLY HEALTHY

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CANCEL SELECT

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

MAIN STRUCTURE

This panel is for the day to day control ofventilators. Use the arrow keys to choosefrom the menu the function required.Press the SELECT key to carry out thisfunction. To return back through the menupress the CANCEL key. Use the diagrambelow to guide you.

Main Menu

Vent Status Open / Close Configure

Open CloseS/W Channel

Time Control

Set Points

All Zone Individual

* VENT STATUS Open / Close Configure

Colt International Ltd,New Lane, Havant, Hampshire,PO9 2LY.Tel: (01705) 451111

LAMPTEST

ALARMSILENCE RESET

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r Ventilator

Wind Sensor

Temperature Sensor

Rain Sensing Head

(Wired directly into the OPVpanel, or connected via theApollo® network, as required)

Defender Smoke Damper

DoormanDoor Operator

Smoke Detector

Extensions can be made to the Colt system withoutthe need for costly alterations to the control panelsand control line installation.

For natural ventilators, as an additional safetyfeature, once the air adjacent to the ventilatorreaches a set temperature, and if no fire alarm oroveride signal has been received, the ventilator willfailsafe to its open position by the actuation of athermal fuse.

Other reasons to choose Colt:

� Colt Smoke Control systems are suitedto both commercial and industrial buildings, and may be adapted to suit most architectural requirements.

� Over the years Colt has funded a large proportion of the research into smoke control, and its representatives maintain an unparalleled level of technical expertise.

� Colt's in-house research and development capability ensures that Colt smoke control systems are designed, tested and updated by Colt to meet or exceed relevant legislation and standards.

� The majority of Colt's Smoke Control systems are manufactured in the UK under BS EN ISO 9001:2000 and BS EN ISO 14001:2004. They are also CEmarked, where relevant, in compliancewith EN 12101-2.

COLT SERVICE

Part of the Colt Group of companies,Colt Service offers a comprehensiverange of maintenance packagesincorporating the maintenance andrepair of all building services equipmentincluding non Colt products.

Colt Service provides a 24 hour, 365day emergency cover as standard.

MAINTENANCE

Maintenance of a smoke control systemis essential. Regular maintenanceprotects your investment and bringspeace of mind that the system willoperate effectively in an emergency.

The British Standard, BS 5588-12: 2004 recommends that smoke control systemsshould be serviced at least once a yearand tested weekly.

THE COLT PACKAGE

Colt International offers the followingservices:

� Scheme design of all types of Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation Systems (SHEVS)

� Scheme design of pressurisation systems

� Scheme design of smoke containment systems

� Provision of performance specifications� Project management� Supply, installation, commissioning

and maintenance of systems, includingall necessary controls, which will be designed to interface with others' control systems.

A free full system check will be carriedout approximately 9 months after aSmoke Control System has been installedand commissioned by Colt. Besides theopportunity to check that the system isperforming as designed, this will allowfor any further training of local personnelthat may be necessary. Assuming that thisvisit falls within the warranty period, anydefective parts are replaced free ofcharge. A test certificate will be issued.

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“People feel better in Colt conditions” Colt International LimitedNew Lane HavantHampshire PO9 2LYTel +44(0)23 9245 1111Fax +44(0)23 9245 4220info@coltinfo.co.ukwww.coltgroup.com

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