smoking trend in ancient manipuri society, india · smoking cups smoking cup is broadly divided...
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Smoking Trend in Ancient Manipuri Society, India
Samurailatpam Sujata Devi1 1. Department of Art and Culture, Kangla Fort, Government of Manipur, Imphal ‐
795001, Manipur, India (Email: [email protected])
Received: 20 August 2015; Accepted: 16 September 2015; Revised: 22 October 2015 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 3 (2015): 503‐506
Abstract: Excavations at various archaeological sites like Tentha (Thoubal District), Moirang (Bishenpur District), Sekta (Imphal‐east District), Khangabok (Thoubal District), and Kangla Fort (Imphal‐west District) yield several pottery shapes. Smoking cups/pipes and Hookah tops are uniquely designed earthen vessel amongst the pottery assemblages discovered from the aforementioned sites. Smoking in the Meitei or the Manipuri society can be traced back to as early as the first part of the 17th century A.D. This vessel shape is manufactured by a manufacturing technique using an indigenous machine called Phundrei.
Keywords: Manipur, Excavations, Pottery, Morphology, Smoking Cups, Hookah, Pipes
Introduction A major segment of the archaeological materials discovered during various excavations in Manipur comprises of pottery assemblages. As rightly accepted, pottery is the backbone of archaeology; its durability is the most characteristic feature, reflecting the cultural tangibility of the once dynamic elements. Pottery shed light on different spheres of a society; culture, social, religion, economy, etc.
The State Archaeology office of Manipur has a collection of pottery assemblages from sites like Tentha (Thoubal District), Moirang (Bishenpur District), Sekta (Imphal‐east), Khangabok (Thoubal District), and Kangla Fort (Imphal‐west District) yield several pottery shapes. The pottery assemblages consist of pots of various sizes and shapes, miniature pots (probably for ritualistic purpose), bowls with or without pedestal stand, channel spouted vessel, smoking cups, hookah tops, etc. The smoking cups/pipes and the hookah tops are found at habitation sites as well as at burial grounds as grave goods, amongst other pottery shapes. Thus, the imperative enormity of this utilitarian pottery cannot be merely neglected.
The history of smoking is believed to date back to as early as 5000 BC in the Americas. A hookah is also known as water pipe, shisha, etc. The origin of water pipe is from the time of the Safavid dynasty (early 16th century A.D.) in Persia (Iran). In India, the Mughal Dynasty popularized the use of hookah. In the context of Manipur, the royal
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chronicle, Cheitharol Kumpapa, in the year of Khoipung Lokpam Mayang, Sakabda 1532 (A.D. 1610), during the reign of Meetingu Khakempa (Khagemba), records, “Smoking with pipes also began at this period” (Parratt, 2005: 69). So it is clear that smoking became trendy in the 16th century Manipuri society.
The smoking cups/pipes and hookah tops (Nganthak) discovered from numerous sites are almost similar in terms of morphology. These are well premeditated, executing them as the most significant pottery type. These are characterized with an unrestricted orifice and deep body. They are either with or without pedestal and an appendage (pipe).The smoking cups are generally with a pipe, which is either made of perishable (bamboo) or non‐ perishable material whereas, the hookah tops are without a pipe. They are directly placed on the tip of the hookah.
Morphology of Smoking Cups The smoking cups and the smoking pipes resemble glass hour in shape, consisting of two major parts: the upper portion, known as the cup and the lower portion is known as the base/pedestal stand. They are mostly with incised decoration. These are with perforations for air circulation and for usage purpose. They are divided into two types.
Smoking Cups Smoking cup is broadly divided into upper and lower parts. The upper part consists of a cup where the charcoal and tobacco are placed and the lower part is the pedestal stand /base. A cup has a mouth/orifice, neck, shoulder, mid ridge (maximum diameter), lower body and then a hip (Fig. 1). A base/ pedestal stand starts from the hip portion of a cup. A perforation (more than 0.5cm) is present in the hip which is connected to another hole on the periphery of the pedestal stand. This particular hole in the pedestal stand is for inserting the pipe which might have been made of a bamboo. There are also two small holes, measuring less than 0.2cm, one near the mouth pipe and the other is in the bottom of the base. These are mainly for air circulation. Both the cup and the pedestal stand portion are generally decorated with simple oblique incised marks and rings/ striations.
Intricate Smoking Pipes This type is different from the above mentioned smoking cups. This type of smoking cup is with an appendage (attached pipes) hence known as smoking pipes (Fig. 2). These are broadly divided into upper and lower parts which are similar to the former type but this type is much smaller in size and is intricately decorated with lotus petal and floral designs, right from the orifice to the base. Another feature is a presence of a pipe, which is missing in the previous shape. There are only two perforations in this vessel type, one is in the hip portion and the other is where the mouth pipe is connected to the hip.
Morphology of Hookah Tops The hookah tops morphologically resemble a funnel, consisting of an upper portion
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Figure 1: Smoking Cups
Figure 2: Smoking Pipes
Figure 3 a & b: Hookah Tops
known as a cup or bowl where charcoal is placed and a lower portion known as a stem which is fixed on to the hookah. They are of two variants; an intricate type which is well known as nganthak‐a‐umbi and a simple nganthak. The former is believed to have been used only by the loyal families. The simple and the intricate type of hookah tops are discovered during excavation (2014‐15) from Sanggai Yumpam (Royal Palace), Kangla Fort, Imphal‐west. The descriptions of both the types are as follows:
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Intricate (Nganthak‐a‐umbi) This type is an intricate hookah top known as nganthak‐a‐umbi (Fig. 3a), which is adorned with incised lines, circles around the body and projection bands around the stem. The body is globular unlike type i. It has projections in the stem portion. The intricate type accounts for 38%. The approximate rim diameter is 7‐8 cm; height is 8.5 cm, with its maximum perforation 1‐3.2 cm and minimum perforation varies from 0.3‐1.8 cm.
Simple (Nganthak) A simple variant hookah top (Fig. 3b) is generally with a rim diameter of 7 or 8 cm, height is 7.04 cm with its maximum perforation of approximate 2 cm and 1 cm as the minimum perforation size. This variant is with an out‐turned rim, a carinated shoulder and a projected rim around the stem or the pedestal stand. They are plain without any decoration except striation and projections. This type of nganthak resembles a funnel. This variant accounts for 61%.
Manufacturing Technique The various types of hookah tops or smoking cups (Nganthak) are manufactured by using an indigenous machine called Phundrei. This Phundrei is used by the potters of Ningthemcha Karong, a pottery production locality located 4‐5 kms from Imphal, the capital of Manipur. Phundrei is a rotating machine with a wooden or iron circular disc on one end, which is attached to a rubber strip like those of a bicycle chain. Near the disc, a wooden pointed axle of about 10cm is found, which is used to fix the clay rough out. At the opposite end of the disc near the rubber strip, is another pointed axle for a person to rotate in order to accelerate the motion. A rough model of the vessel is first prepared which is then perforated at the base. This perforated base is used to fix to the wooden pointed axle after which the potter starts to design the roughly shaped vessel with the help of an iron implement (Devi and Panjwani 2013: 92).
Conclusion The potters of Ningthemcha Karong are familiar with the shapes and the decorations of the hookah cups and hookah tops except for the smoking pipes which seem to be of recluse in nature probably, brought in from the neighboring regions. The presence of numerous hookah cups and hookah tops divulge the trend of smoking in the ancient society of Manipur.
References Devi S.S. and P.A. Panjwani. 2013. Ethnoarchaeology of Potters’ Dying Art in Manipur.
Man and Environment XXXVIII (2). 92‐98. Parratt. S. N.A. 2005. The Court Chronicle of The Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon
Kumpapa. Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.