smoothed particle hydrodynamics (sph) - yale university · smoothed particle hydrodynamics (sph)...

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Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particle-based method for hydrodynamics: Particles are moving interpolation centers for fluid quantities SPH Eulerian grid-based hydro Popular in astrophysics because: It is a Lagrangian scheme (resolution automatically adapts to density) It is easy to implement on top of an existing N-body code w(x) x w(x) x (x)

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Page 1: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)

Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977)

Particle­based method for hydrodynamics:● Particles are moving interpolation centers for fluid quantities

SPH Eulerian grid­based hydro

Popular in astrophysics because:

● It is a Lagrangian scheme (resolution automatically adapts to density)● It is easy to implement on top of an existing N­body code

w(x)

x

w(x)

x

(x)

Page 2: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH basics

Each particle is “tagged” with fluid quantities in addition to its position x:

Each quantity has an associated time update equation (an ODE).Spatial gradients in these equations are computed with the aid of a smoothing kernel W(x–x

i, h

i) with a characteristic scale h:

such that

Typically each particle carries its own value of h.  The value is adjusted to keep the same number of particles (or amount of mass) in the volume h3.

mass     smoothing lengthdensity     compositionpressure     ...velocity

A I x≡∫ A x ' W x−x ' , h d x '≈ AS x≡∑p

m p

Ap

p

W x−xp , hp

∫W x−x ' , hd x=1limh0

W x−x ' , h= x−x '

x

y

z

x

Page 3: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH smoothing kernels

Gaussian kernel (Gingold & Monaghan 1977)

Spline kernel (Monaghan & Lattanzio 1986)

where d = # of dimensions and  = 2/3 (1D), 10/7 (2D), 1/ (3D)

Advantages of spline kernel:

● Compact support (interactions ≡ 0 for r > 2h)● Continuous second derivative (less sensitive to particle shot noise)● Dominant error term in integral interpolant is O(h2)

As usual, the faster the Fourier transform of W falls off with k, the better...

W x , h=1

h e− x2 /h2

W x , h=hd {1−

32 x

h 2

34 x

h 3

if  0≤xh≤1

14 [2− x

h ]3

if  1≤xh≤2

0 otherwise

Page 4: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – energy formulation

Asymmetric gradient formulations such as

do not conserve momentum; typically the gradient is symmetrized via

so the momentum equation becomes

The continuity equation can be written

or

p ∇ Pp=∑q

m qPq−Pp∇ pW pq ,      ∇ p W pq≡∇ xpW xq−x p , h p

∇ P

=∇ P P

2 ∇

d vp

dt=−∑

qmq Pq

q2

P p

p2 ∇ p W pq

p=∑q

m q W pq

d p

dt=∑

q

mq v p−vq∇ p W pq

Page 5: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – energy formulation – 2

The symmetrized specific internal energy equation

can be written

The particles are moved via

Choice of symmetrization (e.g., arithmetic, geometric, or none at all) makes little difference as the number of particles  ∞

However, can be important in poorly resolved situations (Springel & Hernquist 2002)

d dt

=−P ∇⋅v=−∇⋅ P v

v⋅∇ P

d p

dt=

12∑q

mq Pq

q2

P p

p2 vp−vq⋅∇ p W pq

d x p

dt=v p

Page 6: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Artificial viscosity in SPH

In order to represent shocks, SPH requires the use of artificial viscosity (as with the “classic” finite­difference methods).

The form that is often used is

where

and

Fudge factors  ~ 1,  ~ 2,  ~ 0.1h (unless physical viscosity is used)

d vp

dt=−∑

qmq Pq

q2

P p

p2 pq∇ p W pq

pq=h v p−vq⋅ xp−xq

∣xp−xq∣22

pq={− c pqpq pq2

pq

vp−vq⋅ xp−xq0

0 vp−vq⋅ xp−xq0

––

Page 7: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Varying the smoothing kernel size

Efficiency and usefulness of SPH are maximized when each particle is allowed to have its own smoothing kernel size h

p.

Typically hp is chosen so that the number of particles within h

p stays roughly 

constant (as with adaptive particle­mesh) – so it gets smaller in high­density regions.

Typically hp is taken to satisfy

The SPH equations then must use symmetrized kernels to ensure conservation of mass, momentum, and energy:

or

dh p

dt=−

h p

p d

d p

dt,    d=# of dimensions

W pq12 [W xp−xq , h pW xp−xq , hq ]

W pqW x p−xq ,12hphq

Page 8: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – entropy formulation

An alternative formulation is the entropy formulation (Hernquist 1993):

In adiabatic flow we have dA/dt = 0; the specific internal energy is inferred from

With artificial viscosity added, we have

showing that entropy is generated only in shocks.

In general:

● Energy formulation does poor job of conserving entropy● Entropy formulation does poor job of conserving energy

In continuum limit both formulations give the correct answers, but for finite numbers of particles the two approaches are not equivalent.

P=A s

=A s−1

−1

dAp

dt=

12−1

p−1 ∑

q

mq pqv p−vq⋅∇ p W pq

Page 9: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – conservative formulation

Springel & Hernquist (2002) find that standard formulations' treatment of entropy is poor enough that when radiative cooling is included, SPH significantly overestimates amount of cooled gas:

● Excessive broadening of shock fronts allows gas to cool more than it would otherwise (since (T) increases with decreasing T at low temperatures)

● Density estimates for hot gas in contact with cool, dense gas will be biased high, again increasing cooling rate

They propose an alternative formulation that explicitly conserves both energy and entropy (in adiabatic flow):  start with Lagrangian

The independent variables are

So thermal energy is treated as a “potential,” and smoothing length is a dynamical variable.

L q , q=12∑p=1

N

m p x p2−

1−1 ∑p=1

N

m p App−1..

q≡x1 ,... , xN , h1 ,... , hN

Page 10: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – conservative formulation – 2

Smoothing lengths hp are chosen by requiring a fixed amount of mass M

sph (not 

number of neighbors) within a smoothing volume:  leads to the N constraints

The equations of motion are then

where the Lagrange multipliers are

Thus

pq≡43

h p3 p−M sph=0

ddt

∂L∂q p

−∂L∂ qp

=∑r=1

N

r

∂r

∂q p.

p=3

4mp

h p3

Pp

p2 [13p

h p ∂p

∂ hp−1]−1

m p

d vp

dt=−∑

r=1

N

mr

P r

r2 [1 hr

3r

∂r

∂ hr]−1

∇ pr

Page 11: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

SPH equations – conservative formulation – 3

The density gradient can be written

so the velocity update equation finally becomes

Together with the entropy formulation, this velocity update method gives automatic conservation of linear and angular momentum, energy, and entropy.

Artificial viscosity in the standard form is subtracted from the velocity update and added to the entropy update to allow for shocks.

∇ pr=m p∇ pW pr hr pr∑s=1

N

m s∇ pW sp h p

d vp

dt=−∑

r=1

N

mr [ f p

Pp

p2 ∇ pW pr hp f r

P r

r2 ∇ pW prhr]

f p≡[1 hp

3p

∂p

∂h p]−1

Page 12: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Intermission

Page 13: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Performance of SPH on hydro problems

Springel & Hernquist (2002)

Page 14: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Springel & Hernquist (2002)

Page 15: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Performance of SPH on hydro problems – 3

Page 16: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Performance of SPH on hydro problems – 4

Page 17: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Performance of SPH on hydro problems – 5

Steinmetz & Müller (1993) concluded:

1. SPH can get accurate results for problems including strong shocks.

2. In 3D SPH requires at least ~ several x 104 particles to get reasonable results on shock problems (comparable to finite­difference methods).

3. Using tree data structures for gravity solver and for finding nearest neighbors makes SPH much more complicated than original SPH method, and of comparable complexity to Godunov­based Eulerian schemes, but not as complex as AMR.

4. From shot noise arguments we might expect resolution of SPH to be no better than N1/2 per dimension.  But results in 3D are better than one would expect from this argument.

Page 18: Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) - Yale University · Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) Invented by Lucy (1977) and Gingold & Monaghan (1977) Particlebased method for hydrodynamics:

Adaptive SPH (Shapiro et al. 1996; Owen et al. 1998)

Uses an anisotropic smoothing kernel to capture quasi­1D flows (such as cosmological pancakes)

Smoothing length scalar h becomes a smoothing tensor H – local velocity field determines orientation of principal axes and smoothing lengths along them

Works best in irrotational flow (∇×v = 0)