sna and the brics using social network analysis to construct models of international economic...

8/11/2019 Sna and the Brics Using Social Network Analysis to Construct Models of International Economic Alliances

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SNA AND THE BRICS: USING SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS TOCONSTRUCT MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC

ALLIANCES

KARL A. GUSTAFSON

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Mercyhurst College

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of

MASTER F SCIE!CEI!

APP"IED I!TE""I#E!CE

DEPARTME!T F I!TE""I#E!CE ST$DIESMERC%&$RST C ""E#E

ERIE' PE!!S%"(A!IA


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MA% )*+,


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DEPARTME!T F I!TE""I#E!CE ST$DIESMERC%&$RST C ""E#E

ERIE' PE!!S%"(A!IA

SNA AND THE BRICS: USING SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS TOCONSTRUCT MODELS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC

ALLIANCES

A ThesisSubmitted to the Faculty of Mercyhurst CollegeIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of

MASTER F SCIE!CEI!APP"IED I!TE""I#E!CE

Submitted -y.

KARL A. GUSTAFSON

Certificate of A ro!a": ################################### PrimaryReader S/ C/ 0ide1 Assistant Professor De2artment of Intelligence Studies

################################### Secondary Reader Dr/ 3ames #/ -rec1enridgeE4ecuti5e Director De2artment of Intelligence Studies

################################### Philli2 3/ -elfiore(ice Presidentffice of Academic Affairs


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Se2tember )*+,


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Co2yright 6 )*+, by 7arl A/ #ustafsonAll rights reser5ed/

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DEDICATION

Dedicated to some of the first degree nodes in my life

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ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS

S!A and the -RICS. $sing Social !et8or1 Analysis to Construct Models

of International Economic Alliances-y

7arl A/ #ustafson

Master of Science in A22lied Intelligence

Mercyhurst College' )*+,

Assistant Professor S/C/ 0ide1' Chair

This thesis e4amines the connections and 2ro5ides lin1 analysis bet8een the

largest com2anies in -ra9il' Russia' India' China and South Africa/ It em2loys RA

social net8or1 soft8are to construct a net8or1 and identify the most influential actors in

the net8or1/ The study found that Chinese cor2orations had a dis2ro2ortionate influence

on the o5erall net8or1/

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Internal (alidity >*E4ternal (alidity >*Summary >+

RES$"TS//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>)

Introduction>)Data and Analysis >)Summary @>

C !C"$SI !//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////@B

Im2lications for Practice +Recommendations for Further Research +Final Remar1s )

REFERE!CES////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;

A22endi4 A//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+*+

A22endi4 -//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+*,

A22endi4 C//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////++*

A22endi4 D//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+);

A22endi4 E//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+)B

A22endi4 F//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+,,

A22endi4 #//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////+;*

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LIST OF TABLES

PageTable )/+ RA Calculations / )

Table )/) Matri4 of 7ey Points from #oldman Sachs=hite Pa2ers / ,B

Table ;/+ All Measures Re2ort. Analysis of Full Agent 4

Agent !et8or1 // >;Table ;/) All Measures Re2ort. Analysis of Truncated

Agent 4 Agent !et8or1 B*Table ;/, All Measures Re2ort. Analysis after China

Remo5al Agent 4 Agent !et8or1G /// @+

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LIST OF FIGURESPage

Figure )/+ 7ite !et8or1 / +,Figure )/) !et8or1 of A22le and Microsoft e4ecuti5es

+@Figure )/, !et8or1 of MaHor cor2orations and their

subsidiaries+

Figure )/; The #erman Com2any !et8or1 of + > /)+

Figure )/< The #erman Com2any !et8or1 of )*** /),

Figure ,/+ E4am2le of CS( Source File in E4cel //,

Figure ;/) Centrality' Total Degree Scores />>

Figure ;/; E4clusi5ity Scores />>

Figure ;/< Table of !ode (alue and !ode CentralityScores

>BFigure ;/> -RICS Com2any Matri4 minus Pendant !odes///

>@Figure ;/B Centrality Ran1ing of -RICS Com2any Matri4

Minus Pendant !odes ///>

Figure ;/@ Centrality' Total Degree Scores of -RICS Matri4Minus Pendant !odes ///

@+Figure ;/ Ca2ability Scores of -RICS Matri4 Minus

Pendant !odes //B)

Figure ;/+* Centrality' -et8eenness Scores of -RICSMatri4 Minus Pendant !odes ///

B)Figure ;/++ -RICS Com2any Full Matri4 8ith Industry

Attribute ////B,

Figure ;/+) Industry Matri4 / B;

Figure ;/+, &ighest Scoring Total Degree !odes Com2ared8ith (alue / B

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Industries //////

Figure ;/+< Chinese #o5ernment First DegreeConnections // BB

Figure ;/+> Chinese #o5ernment Second DegreeConnections // B@

Figure ;/+B Chinese #o5ernment Third DegreeConnections //

B@

Figure ;/+@ Remo5al of Chinese State !ode Matri4 /// @*

Figure ;/+ Total Degree Centrality Scores includingChinese #o5ernment !ode /// @;

Figure ;/)* Total Degree Centrality Scores Minus Chinese#o5ernment !ode / @;

Figure ;/)+ Ca2ability Scores Including Chinese#o5ernment !ode / @/ In )** '

less than a decade after the term -RICJ 8as coined' the four nations met for the first

time to ado2t Hoint statements on their conferences' reflecting mutual 5ie8s of

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international economic 2roblems/ In )** ' the -RIC nations held their first annual

summit/ Similar to the #)*' #@' #B summits' the first -RIC summit discussed mutual

coo2eration in the realms of security' 2olicyma1ing and economics/ The -RIC nations

held their first summit in )** ' 8ith South Africa being in5ited in )*+* as a guest and as

a full member in )*++ transforming the acronym to -RICS/

Background of the Methodology

Social net8or1 analysis S!A is a methodology used to understand the

relationshi2s bet8een 2eo2le' e5ents' nations' organi9ations and com2anies/ =hen

em2loyed' S!A 2ro5ides the user 8ith a clearer understanding of relationshi2s in a

s2ecific net8or1/ S!A soft8are tools' such as the rgani9ational Ris1 Analy9er RA '

2ro5ide an easy to understand and highly accessible 2roduct for decision ma1ers to

identify' understand and analy9e the connections in net8or1s/ S!A soft8are also

calculates a number of metrics to better understand the strength of different relationshi2s/

Critical actors in a social net8or1 analysis can be readily identified' and the 8ay in 8hich

money' 2o8er or information is transferred can be better understood/

Purpose of the Study

This thesis see1s to understand the nature of the economic collaboration bet8een

the -RICS nations using social net8or1 analysis/ The 1ey nodes in this study 8ill be

dra8n from Forbes Maga9ineJs list of the largest )'*** com2anies in the 8orld/ Many of

the -RICS go5ernments' 8hile embracing =estern models of free mar1et ca2italism' still

maintain state control of many com2anies/ n 2a2er many are 2ri5ately o8ned' many act

at the discretion of go5ernment ministries/ The financial transactions and business

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agreements of these com2anies are often the direct result of the 2olicies from their

res2ecti5e de2artments' bureaus and agencies/ S2ecifically' this study 8ill establish

connections bet8een cor2orate entities that ha5e ongoing Hoint 5entures' memorandums

of understanding or 2artnershi2s/

Research Questions

This thesis see1s to ans8er one 2rimary question and four secondary questions/

The first t8o secondary questions 2ertain to the usage of S!A itself' and the other t8o

secondary questions 2ertaining to the test subHect matter of the thesis.

Primary :uestion. Do the largest com2anies of the -RICS nations ha5e

identifiable international relationshi2s 8ith each other? If they do' 8hat is the nature of

the ecosystem of these com2anies and 8ho are the most 2o8erful members of the

net8or1?

I/ Can social net8or1 analysis soft8are be utili9ed to effecti5ely gauge the

le5el of coo2eration bet8een cor2orations?

II/ =hat is the le5el of economic coo2eration bet8een the largest

cor2orations in the -RICS nations?III/ Does the coo2eration bet8een cor2orations e4hibit any identifiable

characteristics?

Relevance and Signi cance of the Study

This thesis 8ill see1 to determine the le5el of connecti5ity bet8een each entity in

the net8or1 and the le5el of influence each entity e4erts/ This thesis 8ill also focus on the

sha2e of the o5erall net8or1 and discern the most critical elements of the o5erall matri4/

This thesis see1s to determine 8hich com2anies are the most acti5e in connecting

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in5esting in etc/ to other com2anies/ This thesis 8ill be 5aluable to the decision ma1ers

in the financial and business sectors' s2ecifically those 8ith o2erations or transactions in

emerging economies as 8ell as 2olicy ma1ers in the Federal #o5ernment/

This thesis 8ill im2ro5e u2on the 2re5iously established research on social

net8or1 analysis to e4amine relationshi2s bet8een cor2orations as 8ell as the decade of

study 2ertaining to the -RICS nations/ S2ecifically' this thesis see1s to create a 5isual

net8or1 of the largest cor2orations of the -RICS states and the mathematical calculations

2ro5ided by the net8or1 analysis soft8are' rgani9ational Ris1 Analy9er RA ' to

determine the le5el of interconnecti5ity bet8een the com2anies and the nation

themsel5es/ The methodology' analysis' and critical findings of this thesis 8ill illustrate

the 2ractical a22lication of S!A in the field of international business and foreign 2olicy/

This study 8ill also demonstrate the 5alue of S!A in the field of economic intelligence

gathering/ Decision ma1ers in go5ernment as and 2ri5ate cor2orations 8ill be able to

recreate the methodology and em2loy S!A for future use to determine the le5el of

collaboration bet8een com2etitors/

Assumptions and Limitation

This thesis is 2redicated on the follo8ing assum2tions.

I/ The largest com2anies of the -RICS nations are disclosing financial transactions

8ith other com2anies in a trans2arent fashion i/e/ le5el of in5estment in other

-RICS nations is true and accurate /II/ &eads of go5ernment and industry in the -RICS nations are domestically

enacting 2olicies consistent 8ith the discussions reflected in the -RICS Summit

transcri2ts/

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III/ A le5el of economic collaboration does e4ist bet8een the largest com2anies of the

-RICS nations' and that le5el of coo2eration can be measured using the metrics

of social net8or1 analysis and RA/

This thesis ac1no8ledges the follo8ing limitations.

I/ Information regarding collaboration bet8een com2anies may not' in e5ery case'

be a5ailable to the 2ublic/II/ Information that is a5ailable to the 2ublic may not be com2letely accurate either

outdated or deliberately misleading /III/ The agreements and transactions of the com2anies e4amined in this thesis are not

static' and are subHect to nullification at any time/

Organi ation of the Study

Follo8ing this introduction 8ill be a re5ie8 of the literature' an e42lanation of the

methodology' analytical results and a discussion of the o5erall findings/

"ITERAT$RE RE(IE=

Social net8or1 analysis is a methodology used to research and analy9e net8or1s

of actors' and determine the nature of the relationshi2s bet8een 1ey actors/ S!A has

emerged as an im2ortant analytic technique in the study of modern social sciences/ More

s2ecifically' the study has gained a significant follo8ing in fields of anthro2ology'


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2layers are nodes/ "in1s quantify 5arious interactions bet8een these institutions'

in5ol5ing 2urchases and sales' Hoint research and mar1eting 2roHects' and so forth/

The weight of the lin1s ca2tures the 5alue of the transaction' and the direction

2oints from the 2ro5ider to the recei5er/ The structured e5olution of this 8eighted

and directed net8or1 determines the outcome of all macroeconomic 2rocesses

2/)* / S!A researchers =asserman and Faust note the follo8ing characteristics as being

of e4treme im2ortance 8hen e5aluating net8or1s.

Actors and their actions are 5ie8ed as interde2endent rather than inde2endent'

autonomous units Relational ties lin1ages bet8een actors are channels for transfer or Kflo8L of

resources either material or nonmaterial !et8or1 models focusing on indi5iduals 5ie8 the net8or1 structural en5ironment

as 2ro5iding o22ortunities for or constraints on and indi5idual action !et8or1 models conce2tuali9e structure social' economic' 2olitical and so forth

as lasting 2atterns of relations among actors 2/ ;

The nature of a standard businessGmar1et relationshi2 changes drastically 8hen

5ie8ed through the dynamic of long term lin1ages and relationshi2s/ "ong term

connections create numerous o22ortunities for businesses andGor states to de5elo2

alliances/ In Neither Market Nor Hierarchy ' =alter Po8ell + * e42lains ho8 these

relationshi2s change the 8ay in 8hich businesses beha5e' seemingly 8or1ing against

standard business strategies.In mar1ets' the standard strategy is to dri5e the hardest 2ossible bargain in the

immediate e4change/ In net8or1s' the 2referred o2tion is often one of creating

indebtedness and reliance o5er the long haul/ Each a22roach does the 5alues the

other. 2ros2erous mar1et traders 8ould be 5ie8ed as 2atty and untrust8orthy

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shysters in net8or1s' 8hile successful 2artici2ants in net8or1s 8ho carried those

2ractices into com2etiti5e mar1ets 8ould be 5ie8ed as nai5e and foolish 2/ ,*) /

Cha2ter ) e42lains ho8 social net8or1 analysis 8ill be em2loyed in constructing

a net8or1 of the largest cor2orate entities of the -RICS nations/ A brief o5er5ie8 of the

significance of S!A and similar studies em2loying S!A as a methodology 8ill also be

discussed/ Finally' information 2ertaining to the bac1ground of each of the -RICS

nations 8ill also com2rise a significant 2ortion of Cha2ter )/

!hat is S"A#

Social net8or1 analysis is a 5aluable methodology used to 5isuali9e 2ersonal

relations or connections in a 8eb of actors to further understand the 5alue of their

relationshi2s and identify 1ey actors in that net8or1/ For instance' S!A can be em2loyed

to determine ho8 illicit narcotics flo8 through a distribution net8or1' ho8 money flo8s

bet8een cor2orations or ho8 grou2s of friends communicate 8ith each other/ S!A can be

used to 5isuali9e the 2atterns of relationshi2s and determine the 8ay in 8hich net8or1s

change o5er time Scott' )*** /In 2articular' S!A focuses 2rimarily on illustrating the configurations of contacts

bet8een actors i/e/ 2eo2le' nations' cor2orations' go5ernments in an ecosystem i/e/

2ri5ate club' society' city' international organi9ation ' the amalgam of 8hich forms a

social net8or1/ &o8e5er' S!A assumes that the structures of the relationshi2s are

im2ortant and may determine or influence ho8 net8or1s o2erate or ho8 they can e5ol5eo5er time/ In a net8or1' actors are commonly referred to as nodes and the relationshi2s

bet8een them are traditionally 1no8n as lin1s =asserman Faust' + ; /Social

net8or1 analysis informs both qualitati5e and quantitati5e methods of analysis/ The

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5isual de2iction of a net8or1 of cellular 2hone calls can quic1ly determine ho8

information is 2assed bet8een actors' 8hile mathematical calculations are used to

determine 8ho 1ey actors are and 8hich actors are the most 2o8erful in an organi9ation

Scott' )*** /(arious social structures can be studied' ma22ed and thoroughly e4amined using

social net8or1 analysis including but not limited to military chains of command' internal

cor2orate hierarchy' com2uter net8or1 systems and net8or1s of friends/ The field of

social net8or1 analysis is relati5ely ne8 and e5ol5ing/ &o8e5er' =asserman and Faust

contend that although S!A is relati5ely ne8' it has had significant e5olutions since its

ince2tion' stating in Social Network Analysis .Many social 2sychologists of the + ;*s and +


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communication and small grou2s and he hy2othesi9ed the relationshi2 bet8een structural

centrality in influencing grou2 2rocessL -arabasi' )**, /Actors can be more s2ecifically

e4amined for le5els of degree' closeness' bet8eenness' and hub centrality 8hile 8hole

net8or1s can be e4amined for characteristics li1e diameter' distributions and

segmentations Scott' )*** /

$onnectivity Measurements as %mployed &y this Study

To understand a net8or1 and its 1ey actors one must in5estigate a number of

criteria/ !et8or1s themsel5es are ecosystems they re2resent actors in an organism that

is in constant flu4' non static and highly com2le4/ The social relationshi2s bet8een nodes

are dyadic attributes' 8hereas they contain t8o 2oints and a connection/ Much of

traditional social science is concerned 8ith monadic attributes' or the characteristics of a

single node as it e4ists alone i/e/ race' height' age ' 8hile social net8or1 analysis

in5estigates the attributes of 2airs of nodes/ E4am2les of dyadic attributes can include

social relationshi2s' cogniti5e relationshi2s' co occurrence relationshi2s or a flo8 of

influence or information Analytic Technologies' )*+) /The 5isual as2ects of social net8or1 analysis allo8 for 8ell trained analysts'

decision ma1ers' and laymen to quic1ly gain a 2erce2tion of 8hat are other8ise highly

com2licated en5ironments/ =ithout 2ro2er 1no8ledge of the e5aluati5e metrics of social

net8or1 analysis' the true 5alue of the analytic methodology is lost and decisions are

made on misinter2reted information/Da5id 7rac1hardt de5elo2ed the 7ite !et8or1 as a sim2le introduction to social

net8or1 analysis/ The 7ite !et8or1 em2loys +* nodes 8ith 5arious connections and

effecti5ely illustrates common measurements used by social net8or1 analysts/ The

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different net8or1ing metrics described belo8 use the follo8ing 7ite !et8or1 as a

reference to illustrate their indi5idual qualities rgnet' )*+) /

Fi()re *.+ 7ite !et8or1

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Source. 7/ #ustafson' )*+,

De(ree ce%tra"it, measures the number of other nodes that one node is connected

to/ De2ending on the net8or1' high degree centrality indicates a highly acti5e agent or

an agent 1no8n by many other agents' li1e Diane in the diagram abo5e/ !odes 8ith high

degree centrality are often referred to as hubs and can e4ude tremendous influence o5er a

large number of other actors in a small number of connections ho8e5er' hubs are not

necessarily the most im2ortant 2art of a net8or1/Net-or Ce%tra"i/atio% measures ho8 8ell connected nodes are to a central hub

in a net8or1/ A hub is a node 8ith an unusually high degree of betweenness centrality/ If

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a single node dominates the structure of the net8or1 and is connected to all or most other

nodes' then the entire net8or1 is centrali9ed around a single main actor/ If this hub is

suddenly remo5ed from the net8or1' then the integrity of the entire net8or1 is destroyed'

and fragments into many unconnected nodes or se5eral moderately connected sub

net8or1s/ !et8or1s 8ith high net8or1 centrali9ation can fail abru2tly if the central hub

is remo5ed from the en5ironment or fails randomly/ !et8or1s 8ith a lo8 net8or1

centrality ha5e no single 2oints of failure and are more resilient to failure or attac1/Bet-ee%%e&& ce%tra"it, measures the ability of a node to influence other 2arts of

a net8or1 by connecting t8o seemingly dis2arate sections of the net8or1/ !odes 8ith a

high betweenness centrality measure are often the single connection 2oint bet8een t8o

clusters of sub net8or1s/ These nodes ha5e control o5er the flo8 of information in an

entire net8or1/ In the 1ite net8or1 abo5e' the &eather node has high betweenness

centrality/ If she 8ere remo5ed from the net8or1' the other t8o nodes' I1e and 3ane

8ould be com2letely se2arated from the rest of the net8or1/C"o&e%e&& ce%tra"it,measures the nearness as o22osed to the distance from an

agent to all other agents/ !odes 8ith shorter 2aths to all other nodes in a net8or1 ha5e a

higher degree of closeness centrality/ These nodes can monitor and distribute information

throughout the net8or1 in a ra2id and efficient manner and ha5e the best 5isibility of the

entire net8or1/ In the net8or1 abo5e' I1e and Fernando are in close 2ro4imity to each

other' as they are only se2arated by a single connection/ 3ane and -e5erly 8ould ha5e a

lo8 closeness score' as they are se2arated by three connections/Ca a$i"it, 0 The degree 5alue com2ared to other entities/ This measurement is

relati5e to the nodes in the net8or1/ The formula for ca2ability discounts for the fact that

most nodes ha5e mutual connections and assumes that there is a discount to ha5ing large

numbers of connections/ In the net8or1 abo5e' Diane has the highest ca2ability score/

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Net-or Reac1 Q Research indicates that nodes o2erate 8ith limited node

a8areness of their 2osition in the net8or1' and are not directly 1no8ledgeable of nodes

greater than t8o connections a8ay from itself/ !et8or1s contain hori9ons' 8hich

diminish the le5el of influence a node has on other nodes as the number of connections

increases/ Essentially' nodes are able to influence their immediate connections 8ith a

high degree of effecti5eness' their secondary connections 8ith a moderate degree of

effecti5eness and their tertiary connections 8ith a 5ery limited degree of effecti5eness/ In

the net8or1 abo5e' the influence' information or 2o8er of a node at the to2 of the

net8or1' Andre for e4am2le' diminishes as it mo5es further a8ay from that node and isunli1ely to reach nodes at the bottom 3ane for e4am2le/

Net-or I%te(ratio% Q Influence and information tra5eling along net8or1s do

not flo8 sim2ly along the shortest 2ath' that is' from one node to the ne4t closest node/

Rather' influence and information tra5el along established connections andGor 2ree4isting

2aths' e5en though they maybe longer or inefficient' until a more efficient 2ath is

established/ For nodes to achie5e a high degree of influence among both close and distant

2arts of the net8or1' it must be in a 2osition to connect to may efficient 2aths/ In the 1ite

net8or1' certain nodes may ha5e 2reference for communicating or 2assing information or

e4erting influence/ The Carol node may not 8ish to directly communicate 8ith Diane' so

it 8ill communicate 8ith the Ed node' 8ho 8ill then communicate 8ith Diane/Bo)%2ar, S a%%er& Q !odes that connect t8o seemingly dis2arate sections of a

net8or1 often ha5e high le5els of net8or1 metrics/ "i1e a 5al5e' they can control and

quarantine information and influence tra5eling from one net8or1 cluster to another/

!odes that form connections bet8een sub net8or1s are 8ell 2ositioned to obtain ne8

information before most other sections of the entire net8or1/ In the 1ite net8or1' the

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&eather node functions as an informational bottlenec1 bet8een the main body of the

net8or1 and the other t8o nodes belo8/ If the &eather node is un8illing or unable to

communicate 8ith one of these grou2s in the net8or1' the integrity of the net8or1 is

diminished/3eri 1era" No2e& or 3e%2a%t No2e& Q !odes' 8hich reside on the 2erimeter of

the net8or1 are often erroneously 5ie8ed as being of limited im2ortance/ These nodes

generally ha5e fe8 connections and are many connections a8ay from the center of the

net8or1/ -ecause of this' they ha5e lo8 centrality scores and are seen as being au4iliary

to the o5erall net8or1/ &o8e5er' as ne8 nodes or clusters of nodes enter the entire

net8or1' these nodes often function as boundary s2anners' and connect to ne8 clusters

before other highly centrali9ed nodes RA /

$an S"A &e used in Business Applications#

Social net8or1 analysis is an e4tremely effecti5e tool to aid decision ma1ers in

understanding the nature of relationshi2s of a 2articular mar1et/ As s2ecified 2re5iously'

S!A is a highly malleable methodology' and can be ada2ted to fit the needs of

go5ernment offices' the military and 2ri5ate sector/ 3ust as elements of the national

security industry 8ould in5estigate connections bet8een e4tremist grou2s' com2anies

regularly in5estigate the connections of their ri5als/ Military intelligence agencies already

construct 5isual re2resentations of an ad5ersaryJs leadershi2 hierarchy Shachtman' )*+) '

much in the same 8ay 2ri5ate com2anies regularly construct organi9ation charts to better

understand 8ho controls a cor2oration and ho8 information mo5es bet8een bottom le5el

em2loyees and senior e4ecuti5es =asserman Faust' + ; /

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These are common e4am2les of S!A a22lications that can be found relati5ely

easily in 2o2ular culture/ The 8ebsite theyrule/netJ allo8s users to create social

net8or1ing charts of organi9ations' and then find connections bet8een senior e4ecuti5es

at Fortune


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Source. 7/ #ustafson' )*+,

Pri5ate sector net8or1 analysis is not necessarily limited to sim2ly finding

connections bet8een t8o com2anies/ A more holistic a22roach to understanding 2ri5ate

sector ecosystems is not necessarily geared to8ards the connection bet8een t8o actors'

but rather the connection bet8een one 5ery 2o8erful actor a 2arent com2any' and many

smaller actors/ This ty2e of net8or1 analysis is similar to a military intelligence outfit

identifying maHor actors in multi2le acti5e insurgency grou2s' or a 2olice tas1 force

in5estigating the narcotics distribution net8or1 of the largest 1ing2ins in a single city

Scott' )*** /Ta1e for e4am2le the follo8ing net8or1 analysis.

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Fi()re *.4: !et8or1 of MaHor cor2orations and their subsidiaries

Source. htt2.GG888/ritholt9/comGblogG)*+)G*


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structure' origins and de5elo2ment of a net8or1 of #erman com2anies/ #erman

com2anies 8ere organi9ed in a unique hierarchy of cor2orate go5ernance for se5eral

generations Martin & 2ner' The Politics of the #erman Com2any !et8or1' )**, / 5er

time' as mar1et conditions shifted the structure of the connections bet8een #erman firms

shifted as 8ell' reacting to changes in the nature of the global and domestic economic

conditions/f the entire #erman cor2orate net8or1' &o2ner and Re2el )**, obser5ed' KIn

its heydays' the net8or1 established a quasi cartel ' internally organi9ing' 2rotected

against influence from the outside' and 2ro5ide its core 2artici2ants abo5e all' the large

ban1s 8ith a common share and macroeconomic orientation/L Their study calculated the

degree of in5ol5ement by combining Kacti5e net8or1 2artici2ationL the quantity of a

com2anyJs share holdings in other com2anies and the K2assi5e net8or1 2artici2ationL

the shares a com2any holds in other com2anies / They obser5ed an a22arent dissolution

of economic ties bet8een com2anies and 2ostulated that the economic conditions of the

KheydayL are o5er' and that the quasi cartel relationshi2 has eroded Martin & 2ner' The

Politics of the #erman Com2any !et8or1' )**, /The term cartelJ is used to describe the

cor2oratist tendencies of inter grou2 collaboration' 8here com2anies can band together to

ha5e enhanced bargaining 2o8er bet8een the go5ernment and their cartel/ This can be an

effecti5e method of influencing economic 2olicy Martin' + @, /In + >' &o2el and 7remel obser5ed that #erman com2anies effecti5ely

established a single large entity' as >* of the +** largest #erman com2anies had some

le5el of connection/ They contrast this to the 2ractices of cor2orations in 3a2an' the

keiretsu, 8hich establish' smaller more isolated net8or1s' 8ith no true center/ The

#erman Com2any !et8or1 of + > has not only an identifiable core in Allian9' a

)*


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com2anies agreed on a coo2eration contract that set Munchner Ruc1Js Alian9 Ca2ital

2artici2ation to )< 2ercent/ An e4am2le of this is the fact that at least three managers of

each com2any 8ere allo8ed to sit on the board of the other/ Similar to the net8or1s on

theyrule/netJ' connections bet8een senior e4ecuti5es of maHor com2anies are not

2articularly difficult to ascertain/ In a dee2er historical analysis' the authors e42lain.In the =eimar Re2ublic' mar1ets 8ere re2laced by com2any coordination in order

to 2re5ent o5er2roduction' stoc1 2rices from decreasing in times of reduced

demand and guarantee a 2redictable share of 2rofits to large number of firms e5en

in times of crisis' 8hich 8as es2ecially im2ortant for creditors Martin & 2ner'

The Politics of the #erman Com2any !et8or1' )**, /Ecosystems' ho8e5er' are not static/ Their relationshi2s change and react to both

internal and e4ternal factors/ Social and 2olitical changes in 2ost =orld =ar II #ermany

sought to reorgani9e the 8ay that businesses connected 8ith each other that is to say' the

business community 8as forced to become more decentrali9ed/ -et8een + > and )***'

Ka huge number of restructurings' mergers and acquisitions too1 2lace' 8hich ma1es only

), of the net8or1 2artici2ants in + > and )*** directly com2arable/L In the year )***'

;+ com2anies had established connections com2ared to >* in + >/ The number of

ca2ital ties bet8een the +** largest #erman com2anies has decreased by more than half'

from +>@ to @*/ The number of ca2ital ties bet8een the com2anies around the centrali9ed

node has fallen at a similar rate' from +;, to B)/

))


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Fi()re *.6: The #erman Com2any !et8or1 of )***

Source. htt2.GG888/m2i fg 1oeln/m2g/deGUl1Gnet5isGnet5isG#ermanyInc/html

In a 2eriod of four years' the relationshi2s bet8een #erman com2anies became

drastically more centrali9ed around Allian9' as Deutsche -an1 lost 2o8er/ In the )***

net8or1' a substantially greater number of 2endant nodes e4isted' as 8ell as small t8o

node net8or1s that 8ere unconnected from the 2rimary net8or1/ This indicates an o5erall

decentrali9ation of the net8or1' as old alliances fractured or 8ere nullified/ -y

com2aring the net8or1 images from + > and )***' enormous amounts of information

can be inferred about the nature of #erman domestic economic 2olicy' the state of the

#erman economy and the 8a4ing and 8aning of influence of certain actors in the

en5ironment Martin & 2ner' The Politics of the #erman Com2any !et8or1' )**, /Social net8or1 analysis 2ro5ides the user 8ith more than sim2le 2ictures and easy

to follo8 gra2hs/ The mathematical out2uts of social net8or1ing tools 2ro5ide 2recise

),


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measurements to su22lement their 5isual de2ictions of net8or1s/ =hile decision ma1ers

and those see1ing to quic1ly gain a 8or1ing 1no8ledge of a s2ecific net8or1 may 2refer

the images generated by social net8or1ing soft8are' the mathematical out2uts offer

intricate elucidations to more com2le4 net8or1s/ =asserman and Faust state.The methods of net8or1 analysis 2ro5ide e42licit formal statements and

measures of social structural 2ro2erties that might other8ise be defined only in

meta2horical terms/ Such 2hrases as 8ebs of relationshi2s' closely 1nit net8or1s

of relationshi2s' social role' social 2osition' grou2' clique' 2o2ularity' isolation'

2restige' 2rominence' and so on are gi5en mathematical definitions by social

net8or1 analysis Furthermore' net8or1 analysis allo8s measurements of

structures and systems 8hich 8ould be almost im2ossible to describe 8ithout

relational conce2ts and 2ro5ides test of hy2otheses about these structural

2ro2erties 2/ +, .The study of interorgani9ational relations 2ro5ides the most 2recise intersection

bet8een social net8or1 analysis and interstateGintercor2orate alliances/ In the field of

interorgani9ational relations' the three 2rimary fields identified by #alas1o8it9 are'

Karenas of resource 2rocurement and allocation' 2olitical ad5ocacy' and organi9ational

legitima9ation #alas1ie8ic9' + @< /L Traditionally' cor2orations and states create

alliances 8hich are in their immediate interest and' as described abo5e' 8or1 to K2roduce

the most o2timal resultsL in a relationshi2/ This 8ould essentially mean that all

connections are limited and that they are e2hemeral single occurrences/ #alas1o8it9

further e42lains.If gi5en the o2tion' organi9ations 8ould 2refer not to establish interorgani9ational

relations in as much as these relations can constrain a subsequent action/ This

gi5es rise to an interesting caricature of the reluctant organi9ations stri5ing to

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maintain its inde2endence from others' 8ill 1no8ing that it must engage in

interorgani9ational relation in order to 2rocure the resources it needs 2/ )@)So long as cor2orations and states 2lay on an unequal field' they 8ill be forced to

de5elo2 connections 8ith other actors' lest they fail to sur5i5e/ States and cor2orations

engage in 2redatory beha5ior' and com2ete 8ith one another for territory' goods'

resources and clients/ &o8e5er' states or cor2orations that ha5e entered into a mutually

agreed u2on noncom2etition 2act are no longer com2eting against one another' but are

no8 interde2endent/ #alas1o8it9 describes three 2rimary ty2es of interstateGcor2orate

interde2endence.

I/ &ori9ontal Interde2endence. rgani9ations com2ete 8ith each other in obtaining

similar resources and dis2osing of similar goods and ser5ices/ These organi9ations

are usually equal to one another/II/ Symbiotic Interde2endence. rgani9ations com2lement each other in that they

2ro5ide ser5ices to each other and do not control dis2uted resources/III/ (ertical Interde2endence. The direct' 2ositi5e lin1ing of organi9ations so that as

the status or 2osition of an organi9ation changes' its affiliates also change and

mo5e in the same direction 2/ )@B

All three le5els of interde2endence are 2resent in this thesis' as multinational

cor2orations of e5ery state com2ete for the same resources or mar1ets/ &o8e5er'

cor2orations may be forced to' or mutually agree to not com2ete 8ith each other o5er the

same resources or mar1ets/ As cor2orations of different nations 8or1 together or to8ards

a unified goal' certain cor2orations or go5ernment agencies 8ill become or correctly or

erroneously be 5ie8ed as ha5ing greater 2o8er or authority/ As cor2orations' states or

generic actors mo5e to8ard a unified obHecti5e' leaders 8ill emerge/ #alas1o8it9

obser5ed.

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A number of studies ha5e found a strong 2ositi5e association bet8een

organi9ationsJ net8or1 centrality and their re2uted influence in community

affairs/ The more the other organi9ations are de2endent u2on the focal

organi9ation for the resources they need' the more li1ely that organi9ations are

going to 5ie8 the focal organi9ation is being influential/ Furthermore' because

central actors are 2ercei5ed as more 2o8erful' they are li1ely candidates for other

2o8erful actors to be' lined 8ith/ This' in turn' ma1e central actors a22eared e5en

more 2o8erful 2/)@; /Po8erful interstate or intercor2orate alliances are not sim2ly made o5ernight/

They require an en5ironment that nurtures the common narrati5e that brings together

other8ise dis2arate entities/ Interstate alliances li1e the #@' the $!' or inter cor2orate

structures li1e those of the 3a2anese keiretsu require members to subscribe to a unified

2ur2ose/ As obser5ed by =alter =/ Po8ell + * in Neither Market Nor Hierarchy . !et8or1s should be most common in 8or1 settings in 8hich 2artici2ants ha5e

some 1ind of common bac1ground the ethnic' geogra2hic' ideological' or

2rofessional/ The more homogeneous the grou2' the greater the trust' hence the

easier it is to sustain net8or1 li1e i/e/ 2ersonal arrangements/ =hen the

di5ersity of 2artici2ants increases' trust 2roceeds' as does the 8illingness to enter

into long term collaborations/ Calculati5e attitudes re2laced coo2erati5e ones'

and formal arrangements either contractual or bureaucratic su22lant informal

understandings 2/ ,)> /Establishing national alliances bet8een countries 8ith differing ethnic heritages'

geogra2hic se2aration' and general de5elo2mental differences may increase the

li1elihood of failure/ This lea5es only one other o2tion to construct an alliance and to

adhere to a common ideology or 2olitical 2hiloso2hy/

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International 2olitical alliances' li1e the KS2ecial Relationshi2L bet8een the

$nited States and the $nited 7ingdom' or the dissol5ed alliance established by the

=arsa8 Pact' require ongoing social maintenance/ These relationshi2s require constant

contact and reaffirmation of common ideology bet8een members or bet8een su2erior

and subordinate members/ Po8ell 8rites further.=hen 2artners are in5ol5ing ongoing' com2lementary acti5ities such as 2ooling

of research staffs are Hoint 2roduction arrangements the relationshi2 is more

li1ely to lead to the sharing of critical information and the de5elo2ment of some

measure of trust in one another 2/ ,)* scholars

from all fi5e nations in a 5ariety of academic disci2lines/ The 2ur2ose of the forum 8as

to generate 2olicy 2ro2osals and recommendations that 8ould be gi5en to attending heads

of state during the actual -RICS Summit for consideration/ A total of +@

recommendations 8ere agreed u2on to im2ro5e effecti5eness and cohesion of the -RICS

grou2 ;th -RICS Academic Forum. Recommendations to the ;th -RICS "eaders

Summit in !e8 Delhi' )*+) /=hile the Hoint statement issued at the )*+) summit in5o1ed themes similar to the

2re5ious Hoint statements sustainable de5elo2ment' combating climate change'

2romoting 2eaceGsecurity' trans2arency' multilateralism' 2olicies designed to 2rotect the

8orldJs 2oor ' the faltering global financial reco5ery and the ongoing 2olitical and

economic strife en5elo2ing the Euro Area o5ershado8ed it/ The statement 8as again

critical of global financial institutions and their inability to recogni9e the ad5ancement of

the de5elo2ing 8orld/ Portions of 1ey 2oint eight stated.=e call for a more re2resentati5e international financial architecture' 8ith an

increase in the 5oice and re2resentation of de5elo2ing countries and the

establishment and im2ro5ement of a Hust international monetary system that can

ser5e the interests of all countries and su22ort the de5elo2ment of emerging and

de5elo2ing economies Fourth -RICS Summit. Delhi Declaration' )*+) /7ey 2ro5ision thirteen goes e5en further' suggesting that if global financial

institutions International Monetary Fund' =orld -an1' etc/ are unable due to the

ongoing financial turmoil or un8illing for reasons 2olitical or other8ise to adHust their

;+


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reality V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ /%et more than a decade after 3im J!eill coined

the conce2t' these nations seem to ha5e 2ros2ered 8here others ha5e faltered and

emerged from a decade of turmoil in 2osition to launch themsel5es into the 2olitical and

economic forefront of the )+ st century/The economic and 2olitical success of the -RICS nations and the cohesi5eness of

their alliance 8ere far from certain/ 3im J!eill himself ac1no8ledged that in the first

fe8 years of coining the term his colleagues critici9ed him and derided the 2ro2osal as

being a sim2le concoction for media consum2tion and lac1ing in rigorous forethought/

The sim2licity and accessibility of the acronym made the conce2t seem o5erly sim2lified

and the inclusion of certain countries most notably Russia a22ear to be a shortcut in

order to achie5e catch2hrase notoriety/&o8e5er' those 8ho 8ere critical of the -RIC acronym at its ince2tion' and

remain critical today' hold criticisms that are fact based' and bac1ed u2 by economic

statistics/ The fact that -ra9il' India and South Africa are functioning democracies 8hile

China and Russia remain dee2ly entrenched authoritarian oligarchies li1ely fueled the

most criticism for 3im J!eill/ The sheer si9e of China and India out8eighing the other

three nations and all other nations in the 8orld is often cited as an obstacle for anyone

thin1ing of subscribing to the theory of 2otential de5elo2ment among the -RICS

nations V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ / Massi5e dis2arities also e4ist in total #DP'

PPP' &DI scores' access to information' education and quality healthcare are 5astly

different bet8een the -RICS nations and 8ithin the nations themsel5es/

Bra il

"i1ely the most di5erse -RICS member' -ra9il 2ossesses a 8ide 5ariety of both

2eo2le and resources/ -ra9ilJs standing on the 8orld stage undulated 8ildly in the second

;,


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half of the t8entieth century' cycling bet8een a thri5ing democratic state 8ith 5ibrant

economic 2ros2ects to authoritarian rule 8ith abHect 2o5erty and then bac1 again/ It 8as

once one of the largest and most frequent clients of the IMF/ Since + ;)' -ra9il has used

a total of nine different currencies' often introduced at time of 2olitical' economic and

social unrest and designed to curb inflation and control 2rices/ ften times' these

measures e4acerbated the 2roblems they 8ere trying to curb/ %et today -ra9il is

considered by many to be a model of successful economic and 2olitical reformation' and

one of the largest creditors to the IMF Rohter' )*+* /ne of the -RICSJs three democracies' many economists consider -ra9il to be in

one of the best 2ositions to ca2itali9e on the economy of the )+ st century/ "arry Rohter

summari9es the current situation of -ra9il best by stating.-ra9il can also boast of being the 8orldJs fourth largest democracy' eighth largest

economy -ra9il is a robust 2roducer and e42orter of both manufactured goods

and food stuffs and ra8 materials/ That includes gro8ing large amounts of energy'

than1s to maHor disco5eries of oil and gas beginning in )**B and the coming to

fruition of a ,* year effort to de5elo2 a rene8able fuel industry based on ethanol

made from sugar cane Rohter' )*+* /&o8e5er' the history of -ra9il is made u2 of 2eriods of boom and bust/ During

the 2eriod 1no8n as the -ra9ilian Miracle + > + B, ' the -ra9ilian economy e42anded

at ten 2ercent or more for four consecuti5e years as both e42orts and foreign in5estment

s1yroc1eted Sharma' )*+) /&o8e5er' at the end of this 2eriod' maHor economic and

2olitical turmoil struc1 the -ra9ilian economy/ The military dictatorshi2 in 2o8er at the

time found a unique solution to the nationJs endemic inflation 2roblem/ An economic

in5estigation team headed by Minister of Finance Antonio Delfirm !eto ad5ised the

creation of a system of inde4es in 8hich interest rates' and to some e4tent' salaries and

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other assets 2eriodically increased in order to 2rotect citi9ens against inflation Rohter'

)*+* /&o8e5er' the economic 2roblems of the -ra9ilian economy 8ere far from o5er/

-et8een + @> and + *' si4 go5ernment 2lans to curb inflation 8ere introduced/ All of

the 2ro2osals failed and inflation reached )'B** 2ercent bet8een + @ and + * Rohter'

)*+* /Today' -ra9ilJs economy is far from fragile and no longer rac1ed 8ith the

financial 2roblems that once cri22led it/ It is the second largest reci2ient of foreign

in5estment of the -RICS' causing its economy to boom across all sectors/ Its 5ast mineral

de2osits' oil and gas reser5es and other natural resources' allo8 its economy to create a

thri5ing e42ort industry Roett' )*+* / Des2ite ha5ing a substantially smaller domestic

economy and 2otential 8or1 force com2ared to the giant nations of Asia' -ra9il started its

moderni9ation 2rocess at a much higher initial le5el' and remains higher on most 1ey

metrics than all other nations of the -RICS alliance Rohter' )*+* /

Russia

Initially derided as the 8ea1est of the -RICS nations' Russia has maintained a

2recarious 2osition in the -RICS alliance/ 3im J!eill ac1no8ledges that the inclusion

of Russia in the -RICS 8as a ris1 in itself V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ / =hile

officially a de5elo2ed economy' Russia is still de5elo2ing/ "i1e China' it is a nation of

enormous si9e' and li1e -ra9il' it 2ossesses abundant natural resources/ %et for se5eral

generations' and 2articularly after the dissolution of the So5iet $nion' Russia has notmade substantial economic gains li1e other -RICS members Friedman' )** /

In the third cha2ter of J!eillJs e4amination of de5elo2ing economies' he stated

KRussiaJs unfa5orable demogra2hics' e4cessi5e de2endence on energy and ra8 materials'

and its 2oor record in go5ernance and legal structure ma1e it an un8orthy reci2ient of the

;


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2o8er besto8ed by its status as a -RIC V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ /L Indeed'

Russia has a much older 2o2ulation than the rest of the de5elo2ing 8orld' it has a much

shorter life e42ectancy and a lo8er quality of life than the de5elo2ed 8orld/ Russia is

effecti5ely in a state of limbo bet8een economic de5elo2ment 2hases that diminish the

benefits of being de5elo2ed or de5elo2ing 3ose2h S/ !ye' )*++ /The Russian strategy of economic 2ros2erity has also significantly shifted/ #eorge

Friedman' CE of Stratfor' summari9ed the Russian de5elo2ment strategy.-et8een their geo2olitical' economic' and demogra2hic 2roblems' the Russians

ha5e to ma1e a fundamental shift/ For a hundred years' the Russians sought to

moderni9e their country through industriali9ation' trying to catch u2 8ith the restof Euro2e/ They ne5er managed to 2ull it off/ Around )*** Russia shifted its

strategy/ Instead of focusing on industrial de5elo2ments as they had in the 2ast

century' the Russians rein5ented themsel5es as e42orters of natural resources'

2articularly energy' but also minerals' agricultural 2roducts' lumber and 2recious

metals Friedman' )** /&o8e5er' this shift is not 8ithout consequences/ &a5ing an economy e4clusi5ely

de2endent on the e42ortation of nonrene8able natural resources means the nation is at

the mercy of commodity mar1ets 8hich can shift unfa5orably and un2redictably in short

2eriods of time/ Furthermore' the e42loitation of natural resources can be connected to

the deterioration of institutions and the foundation of the endemic corru2tion across the

de5elo2ing 8orld/ The increasing 2o8er of the Russian oil and gas industry o5er the last

decade has led se5eral economists and 2olitical scholars to conclude the Russian

economy is ailing from KDutch DiseaseL a slang term meaning that as natural resource

e42loitation increases nations ha5e lesser incenti5e to establish and in5est in

manufacturing and other highly 2roducti5e industries Collier' )**B /

;>


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multinational cor2orations/ J!eill 8rites' KSince )***' Indian trade 8ith the 8orld has

ballooned/ Its share of 8orld e42orts has risen from /> 2ercent in + , to +/< 2ercent in

)*+*///L V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ The tri2ling of Indian e42orts o5er such a short

2eriod of time 2ut India in the forefront of international business/=hile India certainly does not ha5e an e42ort mar1et share li1e China' IndiaJs

main resource remains its 2eo2le/ Although India does not ha5e the largest 2o2ulation of

all the -RICS nations' it has the youngest 2o2ulation and one of the youngest gro8ing

2o2ulations in the 8orld 3ose2h S/ !ye' )*++ /-ecause of its demogra2hics' the Indian

economy 8ill not reali9e the full 2otential of its labor force until after many countries

most notably older' smaller countries in the =est ha5e 2ea1ed' and much of their

2o2ulation retires and is remo5ed from the 8or12lace/&o8e5er' India is still the most unde5elo2ed of the -RICS nations/ Po5erty is

endemic and millions do not ha5e access to basic necessities li1e clean 8ater' housing

and sanitation/ =hile India maybe a leader in com2uter 2rogramming and technology'

millions of Indians do not ha5e the same access to technology' communication de5ices

and the Internet as citi9ens of the other -RICS nations Collier' )**B / Further

com2ounding the 2roblem of trying to moderni9e across the entire society is the fact that

India and China' the t8o most 2o2ulous nations in the 8orld' are on the same continent'

share dis2uted borders' and must com2ete for the same finite resources to continue to

gro8 at the same rate =atts' )*+* /The history of the Sino Indian relationshi2 is a hostile one and the direct

com2etition for resources on the Asian continent in the future is unli1ely to diminish

tensions/ The Chinese and the Indians are in direct com2etition for the 8ater resources

that lay bet8een their nations and the issue of rerouting 5ital irrigation and drin1ing 8ater

in either direction 8ould li1ely s2ar1 a conflict in the future =atts' )*+* /

;@


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&o8e5er' Sino Indian relations hold much more 2ositi5e 2otential for both

nations/ If China and India manage to 8or1 together' either through the -RICS grou2 or

inde2endent of the grou2' the t8o nations could see massi5e trade bet8een them'

resulting in 8hat 8ill li1ely be the most 2rofitable bilateral trade in the 8orld/ The

continued dialogue of the annual -RICS Summits is certainly mo5ing to8ards this

2otential outcome/

$hina

-y far the most tal1ed about emerging economy o5er the last t8o decades is

China/ Since the o2ening of China to the =est and the rest of the 8orld in the + B*s and

the initial embrace of free mar1et ca2italism under the guidance of Deng Yiao2ing' China

has attracted more business from around the 8orld than any other nation &essler' )**> /Critics of the -RICS grou2 say that China is artificially 2ro22ing u2 the other

members' as it is so dis2ro2ortionately enormous in terms of 2o2ulation' #DP' labor force

and domestic mar1et that it neither needs the other nations nor should be considered

analogous to other emerging economies/ Many Hournalists and economists agree that the

2olitical and economic im2ortance of -RICS 8ould be highly diminished if the grou2 did

not include the Chinese/ Indeed' the residual nature of the collecti5e -RIC economies can

li1ely be attributed to the ability of the Chinese to allocate domestic resources in order to

maintain stability during times of uncertainty Friedman' )** /Although the Chinese economy is li1ely to become the largest in the 8orld by

midcentury some estimates say earlier ' these 2roHections are anything but certain The

Economist' )*+) / The e42onential economic gro8th o5er the last decade has come at

tremendous de5astation/ The ra2id industriali9ation of the nation has come at tremendous

cost to both human and ecological life/ -ecause China has limited access to domestic oil

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and gas reser5es' it simultaneously turns to the unmitigated e42loitation and burning of

lo8 quality coal/ This literally casts a 2er2etual ha9e o5er much of the nation/ A remedy

for this is the installation of high tech' often times dubiously gotten' solar 2anels =atts'

)*+* /f all the -RICS nations' China is the largest reci2ient of foreign direct

in5estment V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ / This in5estment has 2roduced ra2id

industriali9ation' 2utting much of coastal China on equal de5elo2mental le5els 8ith many

cities in the =est/ $sually 8ith greater connection to the 8orld mar1ets and foreign

business dealing traditionally a greater o2enness follo8s/ This is not true 8ith China

V!eill' The #ro8th Ma2' )*++ /=hile ChinaJs economy has enHoyed many years of double digit #DP gro8th' it is

largely e42ort dri5en/ &o8e5er' as seen during the #FC' 8hen nations im2ort less or

2urchase less Chinese 2roduced goods' the Chinese economy 8ill subsequently decline

as 8ell/ Com2ounding this 2roblem is the fact that the ra2id industriali9ation of China

has led to massi5e im2orts of ra8 materials' 2articularly commodities used for

construction 2roHects li1e steel' aluminum and co22er Sharma' )*+) / If these su22ly

chains 8ere to be disru2ted or if commodity 2rices 8ere to s2i1e suddenly' the gigantic

Chinese economy 8ould be in a 2recarious 2osition/ f all the nations of -RICS' China

has the most 2o8er to affect 2olicy both in the grou2ing and at the $!/ Moreo5er' it has

the most clout in the eyes of the =est' the most to gain if many of these 2olicies are

reali9ed/

South Africa

The last nation to Hoin the -RICS grou2' South Africa 8as not 2art of the initial

amalgam of 3im J!eillJs first 8hite2a2er/ It 8as not until )*+* that South Africa began


64/161

lobbying for a 2osition in the grou2ing and 8as not a 2art of the first -RIC summit in

)** ' and only 2artici2ated in bilateral meetings 8ith other -RIC nations during the )*+*

summit/ &o8e5er' since its formal in5itation to the grou2 in December of )*+*' South

Africa has been a 1ey 2layer in the -RICS alliance and it is slated to host the )*+,

-RICS Summit in Durban/The choice to include South Africa in the grou2ing 8as li1ely an easy one/ South

Africa' -ra9il and India ha5e been a 2art of an international Ksouth southL alliance since

)**,/ The India' -ra9il' South Africa Dialogue Forum I-SA ' established after the failed

=T meetings in )**,' holds many of the same goals and 2rinci2les as the -RICS

alliance/ The formal I-SA Dialogue meetings' held annually since )**>' regularly

discusses the im2ro5ement of agro business' access to education' de5elo2ment of

rene8able and green sources of energy' coo2eration in de5elo2ing and sharing medical

technology s2ecifically for the eradication of &I(GAIDS' tuberculosis' and malaria ' and

eliminating tariffs and other boundaries to o2en trade bet8een the three nations Roett'

)*+* /=hile South Africa may be the ne8est addition to the -RICS acronym' the

Chinese ha5e been e4tremely eager to e42loit South Africa as a conduit into the African

continent in ho2es of obtaining access to its ra8 materials 3ose2h S/ !ye' )*++ /

&o8e5er' the relationshi2 bet8een the t8o nations is e4tremely ne8 and highly tenuous/

The business dynamic bet8een the t8o nations is ac1no8ledged to be unequal at 2resent

and many in South Africa and around the continent are 5ery sus2icious of e42loiting

natural resources for another foreign state/


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MET& D " #%

'ntroduction

The goal of the research is to e4amine and identify the 1ey relationshi2s bet8een

maHor com2anies in the -RICS nations' and determine 8hich com2anies' if any' are the

most critical nodes in the net8or1/ The cor2orate net8or1s' consisting of both nodes and

lin1s' e4amined in this thesis' include com2anies from -ra9il' Russia' India' China and

South Africa and connect them by their current' ongoing business relationshi2s/ The

research design aims to 5isuali9e the international cor2orate net8or1 and determine each

com2anyJs centrality and other metrics/T8o hundred and forty fi5e com2anies from the fi5e -RICS nations a22ear on

Forbes Maga9ineJs list of the largest )'*** com2anies in the 8orld/ Each com2any is

lin1ed to the nation 8here it 8as founded i/e/ Chinese com2anies are directly lin1ed to

China Russian com2anies are directly lin1ed to Russia / After each com2any 8as lin1ed

to its o8n nation' connections 8ere made bet8een com2anies of other nations based on

their current ongoing business relationshi2s/ If a com2any had o2erations in another

country' but no cor2orate counter2art to host it' then it 8as lin1ed directly to the other

country/ After all relationshi2s 8ere established and ma22ed on the net8or1' centrality

scores 8ere generated using RA analysis soft8are/

Research 0esign

This study 2erformed a social net8or1 analysis using the meta net8or1

assessment and analytic tool' RA' from Carnegie Mellon $ni5ersity/ ) The 2rogram) RA is a dynamic meta net8or1 assessment and analysis tool de5elo2ed by CAS S at Carnegie Mellon$ni5ersity/ It contains hundreds of social net8or1' dynamic net8or1 metrics' 2rocedures for grou2ing


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calculates do9ens of measurements and attributions of actors and lin1s in a net8or1/ The

metrics this study 8ill focus on are bet8eenness' closeness' total degree centrality and

ca2ability/ The 2rogram automatically generates bar charts for these measurements so

users can quic1ly and easily identify 1ey nodes in a net8or1/ Fi5e 2rimary nodes e4ist as

hubs in this net8or1/ These fi5e nodes are the nations of -ra9il' Russia' India' China and

South Africa and they are re2resented by their res2ected flags/The lin1s bet8een com2anies of different nations illustrates a coo2erati5e

agreement bet8een the com2anies and by e4tension their res2ecti5e nations / These

lin1s are non directional because the relationshi2 bet8een the com2anies is of mutual

benefit to both organi9ations as they both 2ro5ide in2ut resources' business decisions

for the collaboration and recei5e an out2ut monetary gain' technological e42ertise / The

lin1s are also un 8eighted' as the e4act monetary 5alue of the collaboration is usually not

equal for both 2arties and often times un1no8n/For e4am2le' a Chinese com2any may collaborate 8ith a -ra9ilian com2any to

com2lete an industrial 2roHect/ The -ra9ilian com2any 8ill usually recei5e an estimated

5alue of the Chinese com2anyJs contribution i/e/ $SD


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Selection of $ases

!ations 8ere selected based on their successful incor2oration into the -RICS

alliance/ =hile South Africa 8as not a 2art of the initial grou2ing in )**+' its go5ernment

successfully lobbied for its incor2oration after the organi9ation had already met se5eral

times before/ Re2resentati5es from the Palestinian Authority PA also 2artici2ated in the

)*+* -RIC Summit' yet the PA 8as not incor2orated into the alliance and had not held a

seat at subsequent summits/The com2anies from the fi5e -RICS nations 8ere selected from Forbes

Maga9ineJs list of the )'*** largest com2anies in the 8orld/ This data 8as com2iled by

Forbes from Thomson Reuters Fundamentals' Interacti5e Data and =orldsco2e databases

through FactSet Research Systems/ Forbes e4amined the com2anies on four metrics.

2rofits' assets' mar1et 5alue and sales DeCarlo' )*+) / Also included are the national

de5elo2ment ban1s of each nation/

'nstrumentation

All calculations to determine the influence in the net8or1 8ere 2erformed using

the o2en source 2rogram called RA!etScenes ,/*/*/)/ This 2articular 2rogram allo8s

users to. Kdetect ris1s or 5ulnerabilities of an organi9ationJs design structureL

RA /The design structure of an organi9ation is defined as Kthe relationshi2 among its

2ersonnel' 1no8ledge' resources' and tas1s entitiesL RA / !odes are 2ut into a Meta

Matri4 8here the 2rogram is ca2able of 2erforming o5er +** measurements to detect ris1

in the structure of the organi9ation/ RA also automatically generates formatted re2orts

and gra2hs based on the in2uts of the Meta Matri4/


68/161


69/161

Fi()re 4.+: E4am2le of CS( Source File in E4cel

Source. 7/ #ustafson )*+,

After researching e5ery com2any on the list and mar1ing their res2ecti5e Hoint

5entures' the E4cel s2readsheet 8as sa5ed as a /cs5 file/ This /cs5 file 8as loaded into

RA as an agent by agent meta net8or1/ The net8or1 8as then 5isuali9ed on an o2en

t8o dimensional 2lane/ Centrality measures 8ere then a22lied to the net8or1 to more

easily identify 1ey nodes in the net8or1/

Limitations of the Research 0esign

The sco2e of the research design only e4amines a small number of com2anies

and therefore their connections 8ithin the -RICS nations/ -ecause the list of

com2anies 8as ta1en from Forbes Maga9ineJs list of the largest )'*** com2anies in the

8orld' many small but influential com2anies 8ere not researched/ Many small state

o8ned enter2rises' 2articularly in -ra9il' South Africa and Russia 8ere not included' as

8ell as 2ri5ate com2anies and organi9ations headed by influential businessmen or

members of the go5ernment/ (ery large com2anies in one country 8ould occasionally

ha5e agreements and dealings 8ith 5ery small com2anies in another country/ So5ereign


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8ealth funds 8ere also not included' des2ite ha5ing ongoing relationshi2s 8ith many of

the com2anies on the Forbes )'*** list/

'nternal 3alidity

The 2rimary threat to internal 5alidity is the selection of com2anies/ For this

study' only the largest com2anies in the 8orld 8ere researched' rather than the largest

com2anies in the -RICS nations/ -ecause of this' larger countries most notably India

and China ha5e a larger 5isual 2resence in the net8or1s com2ared to -ra9il' Russia and

South Africa' 8hich can be misinter2reted as automatically ha5ing more or su2erior

influence in the o5erall net8or1/Another threat to internal 5alidity is o2en source data used to connect com2anies

to each other/ -ecause these com2anies are headquartered abroad' they are subHect to

different and 2otentially less stringent re2orting requirements/ Many com2anies'

2articularly large holdings com2anies' only 2ro5ide a limited amount of information 8ith

regard to 8hich other com2anies they are significantly connected to/

%1ternal 3alidity

E4ternal 5alidity is threatened by the limited sam2le si9e' 8hich is une5en for

each country/ Smaller com2anies 8ere deliberately not included in the Forbes listing/

&o8e5er' small com2anies in the three smaller nations -ra9il' Russia' South Africa

a22eared regularly throughout the course of the research/ &ad the sam2le been com2rised

the )** largest com2anies in each country totaling +'*** com2anies this threat could

ha5e been ameliorated/


71/161


72/161

RES$"TS

'ntroduction

The data is com2rised of )


73/161

Fi()re 5.+: Full -RICS Com2any Matri4


Ta$"e 5.+: All Measures Re2ort. Analysis of Full Agent 4 Agent !et8or1

>*


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!ode "e5el Measure A5g Stdde5 MinGMa4 MinGMa4 !odesCa2ability */*+< */*B> */**B +@ nodes B@ */< China Rail8ay #rou2+* ChinaE4clusi5ity' Com2lete */**, */*)< * );B nodes @\ ha5e this

5alue*/,*) China

Interloc1ers */*,) */+B< * );; nodes >\ ha5e this5alue

+ @ nodes ,\ ha5e this5alue

Radials * * * all nodes ha5e equal 5alue*

>+


75/161

Fi()re 5.*: Centrality' Total Degree Scores


=ith regard to total centrality' the fi5e go5ernments out score all cor2orate

entities by a 8ide margin/ Much of this same 2attern can be obser5ed in other

measurements including ca2ability and e4clusi5ity/ These measurements indicate that the

nodes of the net8or1 are highly concentrated around the fi5e nation states' and the nodes

in the stateJ category are the most im2ortant 2art of the o5erall net8or1/ This is li1ely a

characteristic of both the nature of social net8or1 analysis itself' and the fact that many

of the com2anies e4amined transacted business 8ith smaller com2anies outside the sco2e

of this thesis/

>)


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Fi()re 5.4: Ca2ability Scores


Fi()re 5.5: E4clusi5ity Scores


The to2 ten highest scoring nodes in terms of total degree are also some of the

8ealthiest nodes in terms of mar1et 5alue or in the case of states' #DP / The to2 eight

>,


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8ealthiest nodes mar1et 5alue of cor2orations and #DP for states are among the to2

nine highest 2erforming nodes in terms total degree/ The only t8o outliers are Sberban1

and the State Cor2oration -an1' t8o Russian financial institutions 8hich are the t8enty

first and t8enty second 8ealthiest nodes' but the tenth and eight highest scoring total

degree nodes' res2ecti5ely/

Fi()re 5.6: Table of !ode (alue and !ode Centrality Scores


The 8ealthiest nodes in the o5erall net8or1 ha5e substantially higher

measurement scores than those 8ith less mar1et ca2itali9ation/ The highest centrality

scores and therefore the highest degree of influence are concentrated among the states

and their 8ealthiest entities/ &o8e5er' this is due to the fact that the states' 8hile being

dis2ro2ortionately 8ealthier also function as net8or1 hubs for their res2ecti5e

com2anies' many of 8hich are 2endant nodes/If the 2endant nodes are remo5ed' a concise net8or1 becomes more e5ident/ This

net8or1 re2resents the current relationshi2s bet8een the largest cor2orations of the

-RICS nations and the go5ernments of the -RICS nations themsel5es' 8hile remo5ing

the nodes that artificially inflate the state nodes/

Fi()re 5.9: -RICS Com2any Matri4 minus Pendant !odes

>;


78/161

So)rce: K. G)&taf&o%


79/161

Fi()re 5.>: Centrality Ran1ing of -RICS Com2any Matri4 Minus Pendant !odes


>>


80/161

Ta$"e 5.*: All Measures Re2ort. Analysis of Truncated Agent 4 Agent !et8or1

!ode "e5el Measure A5g Stdde5 MinGMa4 MinGMa4 !odesCa2ability */*, */++; */**@ +; nodes +@\ ha5e this

5alue*/ , ChinaCentrality' Column Degree */*;; */*>> */*+, +) nodes +> */*+, +; nodes +@\ ha5e this

5alue*/> */*) )* nodes ) nodes @\ ha5e this

5alue*/+ China

Interloc1ers */* + */)@B * B* nodes *\ ha5e this5alue

+ B nodes \ ha5e this 5alueRadials * * * all nodes ha5e equal 5alue

*

>B


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As stated abo5e' the Chinese go5ernment still scores higher measurements than

the other nodes but Russia also e4hibits higher measurements in terms of total degree'

ca2ability and bet8eenness/ As 8ith the 2re5ious matri4' the go5ernmental nodes ta1e

most of the to2 2ositions/ &o8e5er' in the measurements of total degree centrality'

bet8eenness and ca2ability' cor2orate entities begin to emerge in the to2 locations/

Fi()re 5.?: Centrality' Total Degree Scores of -RICS Matri4 Minus Pendant !odes


>@


82/161


83/161

Adding an industrial attribute to the o5erall net8or1 allo8s users to add nuance to

the net8or1 and grou2 similar nodes together/ =hen the net8or1 is bro1en do8n into

industrial categories ele5en in total ' greater distinction of the full net8or1 becomes

more a22arent/ Certain industries clearly occu2y more 2rominent locations in the

net8or1' 8hile other industries are more li1ely to be 2endant nodes/

After assigning an industrial attribute to each node' they can be grou2ed into their

res2ecti5e categories/ In the industrial attribute net8or1 belo8' nodes are si9ed by their

5olume ho8 many distinct nodes they encom2ass and 2laced according to centrality/

Industrial nodes that are small encom2ass fe8er distinct nodes larger industrial nodes

encom2ass more distinct nodes/ !odes 2laced closer to the center of the net8or1 ha5e

higher centrality scores 8hile nodes 2laced on the outside of the net8or1 ha5e lo8er

centrality scores and therefore fe8er connections and diminished influence/

Fi()re 5.+*: Industry Matri4

B*

Fi()re 5.++: -RICS Com2any Full Matri4 8ith Industry Attribute



84/161


85/161


86/161

Fi()re 5.+5: Industrial Attribute Matri4 Minus Pendant Industries


The Chinese state is so 2o8erful in this net8or1 that it is 8hat =asserman and

Faust describe as a hub =asserman Faust' + ; / =hile each indi5idual state is a hub

in that it acts as a center 2oint for that stateJs res2ecti5e cor2orations' China functions as

a hub for the entire net8or1/ The outsi9ed centrality measurements of the Chinese state

ma1e it clear that it is essentially the only node that can be described as a hub for the

entire net8or1/ &ubs of this nature e4ert tremendous influence on net8or1s and large

2ercentages of the o5erall net8or1 2o2ulation/-ecause of its status as a hub' the s2here of influence of the Chinese state is

substantial/ The Chinese go5ernment connects to almost e5ery other node in the entire

net8or1 in three degrees of se2aration or fe8er/ =ithin one degree of se2aration' the

Chinese go5ernment connects to +*> other nodes' 8ithin t8o degrees' +)B nodes and

8ithin three degrees' + < nodes' or B@ 2ercent of the entire net8or1/

B,


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Fi()re 5.+6: Chinese #o5ernment First Degree Connections


ne degree of se2aration yields mainly Chinese com2anies and a fe8 com2anies

from other countries/ -ecause of the nature of the -RICS alliance' all fi5e -RICS nations

are connected to each other after one degree of se2aration/ After t8o degrees of

se2aration' the Chinese s2here of influence increases' although not drastically/

Fi()re 5.+9: Chinese #o5ernment Second Degree Connections


B;


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-ecause of its initially larger structure' the number of second degree connections

to the Chinese node is substantially larger than any other go5ernment/

Fi()re 5.+>: Chinese #o5ernment Third Degree Connections


At three degrees of se2aration' the Chinese state nodeJs s2here of influence is

nearly total/ All go5ernments and national de5elo2ment ban1s are included in this

net8or1/The Chinese go5ernment directly controls many of the com2anies in its

immediate net8or1 through the State o8ned Assets Su2er5ision and Administration

Commission SASAC / The SASAC o5ersees roughly ++;'*** state o8ned enter2rises

S Es and authori9es e4ecuti5e a22ointments' mergers and financial transactions/ The

maHority of ChinaJs largest com2anies are under the control of the SASAC 8ith +), of

the largest S Es controlling * 2ercent of critical industrial sectors/ E4ecuti5es at these

com2anies ha5e a direct connection described as a red tele2honeJ to the go5ernment

hierarchy Fenby' )*+) / This tele2hone li1ely connects them to the director of the

SASAC and former chairman of PetroChina' 3iang 3iemin #uo' )*+, /

B


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=ith regard to state o8ned enter2rises' each of the fi5e -RICS nations ha5e their

o8n methods of scrutini9ing and authori9ing to 5arying degrees the beha5ior of the

S Es under their control/ In -ra9il' S Es are considered 2ro2erty of the go5ernment and

under their res2ecti5e ministries/ Russian S Es are in a similar 2osition/ In India the

De2artment of Public Enter2rises' headed by Shri Praful Patel o5ersees S Es/ In China'

as mentioned abo5e' the SASAC' 8hich tightly controls S Es' is headed by 3iang 3iemin/

In addition' in South Africa' the De2artment of Public Enter2rises is headed by Malusi

#igaba/These agencies and the 2eo2le chosen to head them li1ely ha5e substantial of their

nationJs S Es' and by e4tension' the multinational net8or1 established in this thesis/

This is to say' the beha5ior of one agency can influence multi2le S Es at one time' thus

changing the nature of connections of not only their com2anies' but their 2artner

com2anies as 8ell/&o8e5er' 8hen large hubs are remo5ed from the o5erall net8or1' the integrity of

that net8or1 deteriorates substantially/ This is certainly the case 8ith the China node/ If

the single node re2resenting the Chinese go5ernment 8ere remo5ed from the 8hole

net8or1 an enormous reorgani9ation of the entire net8or1 and massi5e 2o8er shift 8ould

occur/

B>


90/161

Fi()re 5.+?: Remo5al of Chinese State !ode Matri4


Instead of ha5ing a single node dominate e5ery centrality metric' this ne8

net8or1 has multi2le nodes 8ith the highest 2ossible centrality scores/ India scores the

highest on most centrality metrics but E4im -an1' China Coal Energy' 3iang4i Co22er'

China De5elo2ment -an1 Cor2/' Agile Pro2erty &oldings' -ra9ilian De5elo2ment -an1

and the De5elo2ment -an1 of Southern Africa a22ear in the All Measures Re2ort of the

ne8 net8or1/ In the 2re5ious t8o All Measures Re2orts' these entities did not a22ear

e5en once/Ta$"e 5.4: All Measures Re2ort. Analysis after China Remo5al Agent 4 Agent !et8or1

!ode "e5el Measure A5g Stdde5 MinGMa4 MinGMa4 !odes

BB


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-oundary S2anner */*;; */)*< * );* nodes nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/*++ China Coal EnergyCentrality' ColumnDegree

*/**> */*) * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/);@ IndiaCentrality' In Degree */**> */*) * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/);@ IndiaCentrality' In Closeness */** */**; */**; B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/*+) 3iang4i Co22er Centrality' In5erseCloseness

*/+,+ */* > * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/,> India

Centrality' ut Degree */**> */*) * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue*/);@ India

Centrality' Ro8 Degree */**> */*) * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue*/);@ India

Centrality' Total Degree */**> */*) * >; nodes )\ ha5e this5alue

) China De5elo2ment -an1 Cor2/Cogniti5e Demand */**> */*) * >; nodes ) B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/) * */**< E4im -an1

*/**B IndiaCogniti5e Resemblance */ @@ */*) */B;@ India

*/ ; B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

B@


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Cogniti5e Similarity */*@, */*@@ * @; nodes ,,\ ha5e this 5alue*/))@ + +> nodes >B\ ha5e this5alue

B+ Agile Pro2erty &oldingsConstraint' -urt */ nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

+ +)> nodes * */**< E4im -an1

*/**B IndiaCorrelation'Resemblance

*/ @@ */*) */B;@ India

*/ ; B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alueCorrelation' Similarity */*@, */*@@ * @; nodes ,,\ ha5e this 5alue

*/))@ ) IndiaE4clusi5ity */**) */*+B * B> nodes ,*\ ha5e this 5alue

*/))B IndiaE4clusi5ity' Com2lete */**) */*+> * ),; nodes ,\ ha5e this

5alue*/)+ India

Interloc1ers */*); */+ nodes )\ ha5e this 5alueRadials * * * all nodes ha5e equal 5alue

*Shared SituationA8areness

*/**; */*+, * @@ nodes ,


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Simmelian Ties * */**) * );> nodes @\ ha5e this5alue

*/*+> < nodes +\ ha5e this 5alueTriad Count */)< +/B; * );; nodes B\ ha5e this

5alue

+; China De5elo2ment -an1 Cor2/

!ot only does the a22earance of the net8or1 change drastically' but the centrality

metrics of the ne8 net8or1 illustrate com2letely different 2o8er relationshi2s/ In terms

of total degree centrality' the ne8 net8or1 has a deminished o5erall distance bet8een the

highest scoring node and those 8hich follo8 it/ -y this same metric' there is a dissolution

of influence among the Chinese state other high scoring Chinese nodes' including

PetroChina and China Merchant Securities/

Fi()re 5.+ . Total Degree Centrality Scores including Chinese #o5ernment !ode

@*


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Source. 7 #ustafson )*+,

Fi()re 5.*;: Total Degree Centrality Scores Minus Chinese #o5ernment !ode

Source. 7 #ustafson )*+,

@+

8/11/2019 Sna and the Brics Using Social Network Analysis to Construct Models of Internationa

sna and the brics using social network analysis to construct models of international economic...

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