snake bites - neglected disease

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SNAKE BITES

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Page 1: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

SNAKE BITES

Page 2: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

Distribution & Classification of Venomous Snake Anatomy of Venomous SnakeEpidemiology of SnakebiteClinical Manifestation of SnakebiteDiagnosis Treatment Prevention

OBJECTIVES

Page 3: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

DISTRIBUTION OF VENOMOUS SNAKE

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20091

Page 4: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

Viperidae Russell’s viper Saw-scaled viper

(Echis carinatus)Elapidae

Naja Naja Cobra Common Krait

Hydrophidae (Sea snake)

ColubridaeAtractaspididae

CLASSIFICATION OF VENOMOUS SNAKE

Cobra

Russell's viper

Sea SnakeReprinted from Wikimedia

Commons2Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20083

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20134

Page 5: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

ANATOMY OF VENOMOUS SNAKE

Proteroglypha

Solenoglypha

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20085

OpisthoglyphaReprinted from Wikimedia

Commons, 20086 Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20087

Reprinted from Biology Forums, 20129

Page 6: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

ANATOMY

Venom Composition

Venom EnzymeVenom

polypeptide toxins

(neurotoxins)

Zinc metalloprotei

nase haemorrhagi

ns

Procoagulant

enzyme

Phospholipase A2

(lecithinasae)

Acetylcholinesterase

Hyaluronidase

Non-toxic protein

Page 7: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SNAKEBITE

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 20099

Page 8: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

RISK FACTORS

Characteristics Details

Age 10 – 40 years old

Gender 2:1 male to female ratio

Target Farmers, plantation workers, herders, and fishermen

Time of Bite Diurnal: Viper and CopraNocturnal: Krait

Site of Bite 60%-80% on foot, legs or ankles. Head and trunk (while sleeping)

Transmission TimeReprinted from PMC, 201510

Page 9: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

Physical observation (bite marks)

Misidentify snake species Ineffective antivenom

Blood clotting testELISA test

DIAGNOSIS

Puncture of snake bitesReprinted from Wikimedia Commons,189512

Page 10: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF SNAKEBITE

Reprinted from Wikimedia Commons, 200911

Page 11: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

ParalysisNecrosisHemostatic AbnormalitiesRenal FailureFatal

COMPLICATIONS

Page 12: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

TREATMENTFirst Aid

Traditional First Aid

• Keep the victim calm.• Call for emergency• Remove jewelry and tight

clothing • Position the victim, so the

bite is at or below the victim’s heart level

• Clean the bite, don’t flush it with water

• Cover the bite with dry, clean dressing

Reprinted from PMC, 201013

Page 13: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

AntivenomAlbert Calmette

(1890s)Monovalent PolyvalentAdverse effects:

Anaphylactoid (10-180 mins)

Pyrogenic reactions (1-2 hours)

Late serum sickness (4-24 days)

TREATMENT

Venom Extraction

Venom Injection in

Animal Immunization

Blood collection

Antivenom

Page 14: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

Wear boots and long pantsStay way from tall grass or brushAvoid sleeping on the floorAvoid climbing on rocks where

snakes may be hidingInform about venomous snake and

health risksUsing flashlight/ torch during night

time

PREVENTION

Page 15: Snake bites - Neglected Disease

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REFERENCES