soc 204 goldberg chapter 5
DESCRIPTION
Goldberg Chapter 5 Pharmacology & Physiology of DrugsTRANSCRIPT
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THE PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGSGoldberg Chapter 5
SOC 204 Drugs & Society
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Pharmacology
• Different drugs produce different effects within the psyche and soma
• The interaction between drugs and living organisms is called pharmacology
• Drug pharmacology relates to the way it is administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
• Drugs that act quickly and produce intense effects are more likely to be abused than are drugs that act slowly
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Drug Actions
• Drugs affect various organs, including the nervous system.
• The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS), the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and is composed of nerve cells (neurons)
• Information is transmitted electrically within the neuron, and chemically between neurons
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Nervous System
• Homeostasis• Neurons• Glial Cells
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You have approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses in your brain. How long would it take to count to a trillion?
A. All day
B. A month
C. A trillion seconds
D. 32,000 years All day
A month
A trilli
on seco
nds
32,000 years
12%
19%
50%
19%
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Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System• Autonomic Nervous System• Central Nervous System
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The Brain
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Action Potential
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnKMB11ih2o
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Chemical Pathways
1. Dopamine (excitatory)• Found in basal ganglia and
other regions – behavior & emotions, including pleasure
• Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway• Related to muscle rigidity
• Mesolimbic dopamine pathway• Related to psychotic behavior• Possible component of the
“reward” properties of drugs
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Chemical Pathways
2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)• Found in the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia• Involved in Alzheimer’s disease, learning, memory
storage, movement
3. Norepinephrine (excitatory & inhibitory)• Regulates level of arousal and attentiveness, memory• May play a role in initiation of food intake (appetite)
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Chemical Pathways
4. Serotonin (inhibitory or excitatory)• Found in the brain stem raphe nuclei• May have a role in impulsivity, aggression, depression,
control of food, and alcohol intake• Hallucinogenic drugs influence serotonin pathways5. GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) (inhibitory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep, anxiety
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Chemical Pathways
6. Glutamate (excitatory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in long-term
memory
7. Endorphins (inhibitory)• Opioid-like chemical occurring naturally in the brain• Play a role in pain relief
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People who engage in strenuous exercise actually emit a neurotransmitter that contributes to a “high” feeling.
A. True
B. FalseTru
eFa
lse
0%
100%
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The neurotransmitter responsible for control of alertness and the fight-or-flight response is:
A. GABA
B. Dopamine
C. Serotonin
D. Norepinephrine
GABA
Dopamine
Seroto
nin
Norepinephrin
e
12%
81%
4%4%
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This neurotransmitter is the brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter
A. Serotonin
B. GABA
C. Endorphins
D. AcetylcholineSero
tonin
GABA
Endorphins
Acety
lcholin
e
23%
0%8%
69%
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This neurotransmitter has a huge influence on mood
A. Endorphins
B. Glutamate
C. Serotonin
D. Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Glutamate
Seroto
nin
Acety
lcholin
e
8% 8%
85%
0%
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This neurotransmitter is responsible for feelings of pleasure/reward.A. Glutamate
B. Serotonin
C. Dopamine
D. GABAGlutamate
Seroto
nin
DopamineGABA
0% 0%
100%
0%
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Lifecycle of a Neurotransmitter
1. Neurotransmitter precursors are found circulating in the blood supply
2. Uptake: Selected precursors are taken up by cells, a process requiring energy
3. Synthesis: Precursors are changed (synthesized) into neurotransmitters through the action of enzymes
4. Storage: Neurotransmitters are stored in small vesicles
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Lifecycle of a Neurotransmitter
5. When the action potential arrives, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse
6. Released neurotransmitters bind with receptors on the membrane of the next neuron
7. Neurotransmitters may have excitatory or inhibitory effects
8. Once a signal has been sent, neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse; may return or be metabolized
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Synaptic Gap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGINQ7xhPkM
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Drug Actions
• Alter neurotransmitter availability• Agonists - Mimic neurotransmitters• Antagonists = Occupy neurotransmitter and
prevent its activation
• Interference with reuptake• Video: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXREQnFGHGA
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Names of Drugs
• Chemical name: Complete chemical description of the molecule
• Example: N'-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-furyl] methylsulfanyl]ethyl]-N-methyl-2-nitro-ethene-1,1-diamine
• Generic name: Official (legal) name, listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• Example: ranitidine
• Brand name: Specific drug or formulation trademarked by manufacturer; can be patented for 20 years
• Example: Zantac®
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Classifications
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One’s mood while taking a psychoactive drug will affect the experience derived from the drug.
A. True
B. False
True
False
4%
96%
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I’m ready for the exam Friday!A. Completely
B. Not yet, but I will be
C. NOOOOOOOOOO
D. I’m going to be gone and need to take it Thursday
Completely
Not yet, b
ut I w
ill be
NOOOOOOOOOO
I’m going t
o be gone an...
13%17%
29%
42%
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Drug Effects
• Nonspecific effects• Set• Setting
• Specific effects
• Placebo effects • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGDMXvdwN5c • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_feOG94IAs
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Placebos are drugs that mimic other drugs.
A. True
B. False
True
False
63%
38%
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Double-blind procedure
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Double-blind procedures are important because:A. Drugs can have more than
one effect
B. Drugs might be ineffective
C. Drug effects are influenced by expectations
D. Drug effects aren’t measurable in single-blind studies
Drugs c
an have m
ore th
..
Drugs m
ight b
e ineffecti
ve
Drug effects
are in
fluenc..
Drug effects
aren’t
meas...
8%13%
58%
21%
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Dose-Response
• Dose-response relationship = correlation between the response and the quantity of drug administered
• Threshold = the dose at which an effect is first observed
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A threshold is:A. What you carry a
bride over
B. The maximum effective dose
C. The dose at which a response is first observed
What y
ou carry
a bride over
The maxim
um effective ...
The dose at w
hich a re
sp...
0%
100%
0%
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Dose
• Effective dose = the dose of a drug that produces a meaningful effect in some percentage of test subjects• ED50 refers to the effective dose for half the animal
subjects in a drug test
• Lethal dose = the dose of a drug that has a lethal effect in some percentage of test subjects• LD50 refers to the lethal dose for half the animal subjects in
a drug test
• Therapeutic index = LD50/ED50
• Always greater than one
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Older men are more affected by a drug’s effects than are older women.
A. True
B. False
True
False
96%
4%
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Dose
• Potency = measured by the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect
• Toxicity = capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse side effects
• Safety margin = difference between: • Dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in most
patients• Lowest dose that produces an unacceptable toxic
reaction
• Most drugs have an LD1 well above the ED95
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Safety margin is:A. Space you leave between
you and the next car while driving on the highway
B. Difference between therapeutic dose and dose that causes toxic side effects
C. Measuring the potency of drugs
Space you le
ave betw
ee...
Differe
nce betw
een the...
Measu
ring th
e potency
o...
0% 0%
100%
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Effective dose is the same as the threshold
A. True
B. False
True
False
92%
8%
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Drug Interactions
• Interactions can be hazardous• Drug-drug• Drug-food
• Effects can be• Additive• Antagonistic• Synergistic
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Mixing medications with wine causes more potential health problems than mixing medications with beer.
A. True
B. FalseTru
eFa
lse
96%
4%
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Routes of Administration
Forms and methods
of taking drugs
oral ingestion
inhalation
injection
topical application
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Distribution
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Mechanisms
• Transport in the blood• Blood-brain barrier• Effects on all neurons• Effects on neurotransmitters• Enzyme induction• Deactivation
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Tolerance
• Pharmacological• Behavioral• Cross-tolerance• Reverse tolerance
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When a ‘shroom user develops tolerance to LSD
92%
8%
0% A. Reverse tolerance
B. Behavioral tolerance
C. Cross tolerance