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College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 Origin and Emergence of Sociology Lecturer: Dr. Samson Obed Appiah, Dept. of Sociology Contact Information: [email protected]

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Page 1: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

College of Education

School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017

SOCI 221

Basic Concepts in Sociology

Session 2 – Origin and Emergence of Sociology

Lecturer: Dr. Samson Obed Appiah, Dept. of Sociology Contact Information: [email protected]

Page 2: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Session Overview

• Overview

• Sociology as a scientific study did not originate out of a vacuum. There were historical and social forces or factors which influenced the emergence and development of sociology. This section seeks to introduce students to the social and/or historical context in which sociology developed within Europe particularly France, Germany and Britain.

• Objective of Session: At the end of the session, the student will

• Understand the social conditions in Europe before the 18th and 19th century

• Identify the historical and social factors which influenced the origin of sociology

• Understand how the social forces particularly influenced the development of sociology

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Page 3: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Session Outline

The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows:

• Topic One : Social conditions in Europe before the 18th and 19th century

• Topic Two : The Political or French Revolution

• Topic Three: The Industrial Revolution

• Topic Four: The Enlightenment or Age of Reason

• Topic Three: Sociological Imagination

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Page 4: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Topic One: Europe before the 18th and

19th Century • Sociology as an academic discipline developed within

Europe particularly France, Germany and Britain.

• As a result, the political, economic and religious conditions within these European societies influences the origins of sociology

• Politically, European societies were monarchies ruled by kings who were considered divine and could not be challenged

• Economically, they were agricultural people with little or no division of labour

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Page 5: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Europe before the 18th and 19th Century Cont.

• Religiously, they were conservative, illiterate and superstitious living in traditional communities.

• However, by the beginning of the 19th century, Europeans begun to develop new ideas-

• This is beginning of the period of Renaissance about their societies and social life and begun questioning the political, economic and religious structures of society

• This lead to the social factors of the French and Industrial revolutions and the Enlightenment as social and intellectual factors influencing the origin of sociology

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Page 6: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Topic Two: The Political or French Revolution

• Before the revolution, France like other European societies were monarchies ruled by kings and a class-based society

• As a result of new ideas, some people questioned the divine right of the monarchy and there was a revolution in France.

• The revolution was positive as it brought about the end to the monarchy and class system leading to democracy

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Page 7: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

The Political or French Revolution Cont.

• The negative effects of the revolution were that it created disrespect for authority, social anarchy, disorder and disintegration of society

• It was these negative effects that influenced the emergence of sociology as some social philosophers were concerned about the chaos and anarchy in society.

• Their desire and interest in re-creating orderly and well-integrated societies led to the development of societies (Founding fathers like Auguste Comte).

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Page 8: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Topic Three: The Industrial Revolution

• The industrial revolution (1750-1850) resulted in the transformation of western world from a largely agricultural to an industrial system.

• As a result, the labour force that had hitherto worked on the farms left for industrial factories.

• The industrial revolution influenced the lives of people in many ways: migration to search for factory work

• The revolution brought about a new capitalist system with few individuals owned the means of production

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Page 9: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

The Industrial Revolution Cont.

• This brought about industrialization and urbanization and many social problems;

• Problems such as unemployment, overcrowding, lack of accommodation, social isolation, creation of slumps among others

• Social thinkers and early sociologist were concerned about these problems

• Their attempts to find solutions to these problems by studying them led to the emergence of sociology

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Page 10: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Topic Four: Enlightenment Period

• In France, the Enlightenment is often termed the Age of Reason because this was when the hold of religion, tradition and superstition were finally broken

• During this period, a number of long-standing ideas and beliefs about social life were overthrown and replaced with rational and empirical observation

• Social philosophers believed in using knowledge and reasoning to create a good society.

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Page 11: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

The Enlightenment Cont.

• It was these enlightenment ideas that brought about the changes in the political, economic and religious lives of European societies.

• In an attempt to understand the political, economic and religious changes in Europe at the time, and provide solutions to them;

• The French social philosopher Auguste Comte proposed that society should be studied scientifically through a new discipline called sociology.

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Page 12: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Sample Question

• In what ways did the following influenced the emergence of sociology as a scientific study of society?

1. The French or Political Revolution

2.The Industrial Revolution

3.The Enlightenment

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Page 13: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

Reading List

• Refer to students to relevant text/chapter or reading materials you will make available on Sakai

• Hughes, M., Kroehler, C.J. (2005). Sociology: The Core (7th Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Chapter 1, Pages 8-10)

• Henslin, J.M. (2007). Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach. Boston: Pearson Custom Publishing. (Chapter one, Pages 5-6)

• Robertson, Ian (1987). Sociology. New York: Worth Publications (Chapter one Pages…)

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Page 14: SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 – 2016/2017 SOCI 221 Basic Concepts in Sociology Session 2 – Origin and

References

• Hughes, M., Kroehler, C.J. (2005). Sociology: The Core (7th Edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Chapter 1, Pages 6-7)

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