Social changes leading to rationalisation of sport

Pre – Industrial Post – Industrial

OTHER REASONS FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT IN SPORT

INITALLY THE UPPER & MIDDLE CLASSES WANTED TO KEEP THEIR SPORTS TO THEMSELVES.

They did not want the working classes involved for two mains reasons:

1.

2.

The rules governing a sport were often made to exclude the working classes. Only the gentleman amateur was permitted to play.

Fewer opportunities for working class to participate

Fewer opportunities for working class to participate

• Lack of leisure time/free time• Lack of money• Lack of facilities• Restrictive membership regulations• Limited demand for professional sport• Encouraged to become spectators • Traditional working class sports frowned upon/banned

What sport did not extend to the separation of classes?

Ex-public school boys formed most of the original teams/clubs who dominated the F.A. Cup

BUT in the industrial north & midlands. Teams of working class players were beginning to emerge• One of the problems of urbanisation was the lack of SPACE to

play sports• Often only land available was land belonging to the local factory

owner or church

The use of this land lead to:• Many factory- and church –based teams• Reduction of the working week to permit a half-day on Saturdays

Church groups – Everton, Bolton, Fulham, Aston Villa & Barnsley

Old Boys teams – Leicester

Employee's team – Manchester City

Early Closure team – Sheffield Wednesday

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FA_Cup_winners

Mob games

Public schools

University melting pot

F.A formed

Gentlemen Amateurs

Working Class Professionals

Professionalism• Workers having a half day would pay and watch their local

football team

• Paying spectators gave the teams money which they then used to bring in better players

NOT ALL SPORTS became professional at this time. Rugby League was quick to follow in the north of England.

Many sports remained strictly amateur until quite recently, WHY?

• Public Schools & development organised

Jan 05 – Q2 (i & ii)

• Factors affecting rationalisation

June 03 – Q3 (b)

Jan 04 – Q2

Qu 2 – JAN 05(a) (i)1 boys brought activities from villages and schools;2 played regularly in free time;3 devised initial rules/individual schools versions;4 (this allowed) inter House competitions;5 later adopted standardised rules;6 (this allowed) inter-school competitions;7 structural changes boundaries/time limits/numbers on teams/strategies/roles/skills/ techniques/kit;8 Leadership/captain roles/games elite. (3 marks)(do not credit fair play) (ii)1. British Empire/colonising other cultures/exporting British traditions;2. Officers;3. Teachers to schools/blues/colours;4. Clergy through church;5. Employers through employees;6. Establishing the modern sport club structure/regional/national;7. Creating National Governing bodies/administration structures;8. Ex public school boys high status/jobs/influential/government;9. University 3 marks

(do not credit old boys on their own/armed forces)

June 03 (b) Formation1. Increase in number of fixtures/competitions;2. more widespread playing of sport required nationally agreed rule structure/regulations;3. different versions developed by different schools;4. to set up competitions/leagues;5. deal with professionalism/commercialism. Prevention6. Desire to maintain control of sport;7. preservation of amateur ideals;8. maintain exclusivity of sport/not mix with lower classes;9. did not like losing to professionals. 5 marks 

Jan 04 Qu 2

At the beginning of the 20th Century, the extent and nature of a person’s participation in sport were influenced by their social class and gender.

(b) Discuss the reasons why people from the working class had fewer opportunities to participate than those from the upper and middle classes. (4 marks)

b)• Lack of leisure/free time;• Lack of money/resources/diet/health/facilities;• Restrictive membership schemes/regulations;• Amateur regulations;• Limited demand for professionals in sport;• Traditional working class (animal/cruel) sports frowned

upon/considered uncivilised/banned;• Encouraged to become spectators;

Group Eliminator

1. Characteristics of 19th century public schools

2. Characteristics of mob games

3. Reasons for the rationalisation of sport

4. Key points of what athleticism is

5. Technical development that aided how games were played