Social Cognitive Social Cognitive TheoryTheory

A theory of learning that focuses on changes in behavior that result from observing others.

The role of expectationThe role of expectationBelieve that reinforcement and

punishers create expectations that in turn influence behavior.

People respond to their expectation means they are aware of which behavior will be reinforced or punished.

As teacher, we must clearly specify the behavior you will reinforce and provide students with clear feedback so they know what behavior have been reinforced.

Reciprocal causationReciprocal causationBehavior, the environment, and

personal factors, such as expectations, are interdependent.

Each influences the other two.

ModelingModelingBehavior, cognitive, and affective

changes deriving from observing one or more models.

Teachers play a very important role in demonstrating skills and displaying courtesy and respect for others, tolerance for dissenting opinions, motivation to learn, and other attitudes and values.

Andy’s case studyAndy’s case studyMs Wong does not demonstrate

the right skills: critical thinking skills, study strategies.

Ms Wong does not display respect to Andy and does not motivate him to study.

Cognitive ModelingCognitive ModelingThe process of incorporating

demonstrations together with verbalization of model’s thoughts and reasons for performing the given actions.

Learners benefit from the thinking of experts.

Andy’s case studyAndy’s case studyMs Wong does not put her thinking

into words and does not encourage students to share their thoughts.

No specific, concrete examples of how to think about and solve problems.

No demonstration in thought process, students cannot think critically when sitting for tests and exams. Only have factual knowledge.

Vicarious learningVicarious learningThe process of people observing

the consequences of other’s actions and adjusting their own behavior accordingly.

Nonoccurrence of expected Nonoccurrence of expected consequencesconsequencesBee Chu was not reprimanded for

laughing at Andy. This act as a reinforcement to Bee Chu, and she will continue to laugh at Andy.

Andy studied for the science test, but his effort was not recognized. In fact Ms Wong scolded him for not doing well. nonoccurrence of reinforcement act as punisher. Andy is less likely to work hard in the future.

Function of modelingFunction of modelingLearning new behaviorsFacilitating existing behaviorsChanging inhibitionsArousing emotions

Processes involved in Processes involved in learning from modelslearning from models

Attention: a learner’s attention is drawn to the critical aspects of the modeled behavior.

Retention: the modeled behaviors are transferred to memory by mentally verbalizing or visually representing them.

Processes involved in Processes involved in learning from modelslearning from models

Reproduction: learners reproduce the behaviors that have been stored in memory.

Motivation: learners are motivated by the expectation of reinforcement for reproducing the modeled behaviors.

Self-regulationSelf-regulationThe process of accepting

responsibility for and taking control of one’s own learning.

Includes: setting goals, monitoring progress, self-assessment and self-reinforcement.

Andy’s case studyAndy’s case studyAndy can set achievable goals

that focus in helping him to increase in skills and abilities.

Monitor his progressSelf-assessSelf-reinforcement: reward

himself when he achieve his goals.

4 Processes involved in 4 Processes involved in learning from modelslearning from modelsAttention: observe critical aspects

of model’s behaviorRetention: transfer information to

memoryReproduction: imitate model’s

behaviorMotivation: learners are motivated

by the expectation of reinforcement for producing the modeled behaviours.