social cohesion interventions in sub-saharan africa
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Social Cohesion Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Elisabeth King Cyrus Samii Columbia University. Synthetic Review. Systematic review on existing studies on a topic Find out what works? Goal of informing policy. Motivation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Social Cohesion Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Elisabeth KingCyrus Samii
Columbia University
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Synthetic Review
• Systematic review on existing studies on a topic
• Find out what works?• Goal of informing policy
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Motivation
• Studies suggest that social cohesion is important for development outcomes and for post-conflict peacebuilding.
• For these results to be meaningful for policy we need to know…
• Is social cohesion manipulable? Can you grow it?
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Focus
• Development, reconstruction, and peacebuilding interventions in sub-Saharan Africa aiming to generate social cohesion.
• Interventions have beginning and end• Intervention types include: community-driven
development, social funds and education or media programs.
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What is social cohesion?• “affective bonds between citizens” (Chipkin
and Ngqulunga 2008), “local patterns of cooperation” (Fearon et al 2009) and “the glue that bonds society together, promoting harmony, a sense of community, and a degree of commitment to promoting the common good” (Colletta et al 2001).
• Social cohesion (rather than “social capital”) to emphasize that we are talking about attributes of groups
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Social cohesion: inter-personal
• Inter-personal: relations between different groupings of individuals
• Behavioural measures of collective action, group membership & participation
• Attitudinal measures of participants’ feelings of trust, harmony and solidarity with other community members.
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Social cohesion: inter-group
• Inter-group: relations across group lines• Behaviourally, the more socially cohesive the
society, the less sub-group identities are likely to delimit networks of regular cooperation and exchange.
• Attitudes of group members express feelings of trust, harmony and solidarity with members of other groups.
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Questions
What scientific evidence exists on the effectiveness of social cohesion interventions in Africa?
1. Minimum standards for inclusion2. Types of interventions, measures &
evaluation of effectiveness3. Moving forward
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Pre-Post Comparison
Pre-Post 2 3 4 5
Post only 1
None
Not random
or conditioned
Conditioned,
but not random
Randomized
Comparison
Criteria for Inclusion
Borrowed from Maryland Scientific Methods Scale (SMS)
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Pre-Post Comparison
Pre-Post 2 3 4 5
Post with pre controls or
retrospective at post
3 4
Post only 1
None
Not random
or conditioned
Conditioned,
but not random
Randomized
Comparison
Modified Criteria for Inclusion
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Pre-Post Comparison
Pre-Post 2 3 Staub et al.;
Pronyk et al.
Post with pre controls or
retrospective at post
Chase & Sherbur
ne-Benz;
Kumar; Vajja & White
Fearon et al.; Levy-
Paluck;
Gugerty &
Kremer
Post only 1
None
Not random
or conditioned
Conditioned,
but not random
Randomized
Comparison
Studies to Include
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8 Included interventions
CDD CurriculumInter-group Vajja & White Levy-Paluck; Staub
Inter-personal Chase & Sherburne-Benz; Fearon et al; Gugerty & Kremer; Kumar; Vajja & White
Levy-Paluck; Pronyk; Gugerty & Kremer
Interventions in: Benin, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa & Zambia
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Effectiveness
• “Effective” means that the intervention had a positive effect on social cohesion
• √: effective. There is sufficient evidence to reject null hypothesis (that is ineffective)
• X: ineffective or insufficient evidence. We can’t reject the null hypothesis (that is ineffective)
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Effectiveness: inter-personalmeasures CDD Curriculum
Inter-personal Attitudes Chase & SB XKumar √Vajja & White X
Pronyk et al. √
Behaviour (self-reported)
Chase & SB X Kumar XVajja & White X
Pronyk et al. √
Behaviour (activity organized by intervention)
Fearon et al. √ Levy-Paluck √
Behaviour (routine activity )
Gugerty & Kremer X
Gugerty & Kremer X
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Effectiveness: inter-groupmeasures CDD Curriculum
Inter-group Attitudes Vajja & White X Levy-Paluck √Staub √
Behaviour (self-reported)
Behaviour (activity organized by intervention)
Behaviour (routine activity )
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Moving forward
• Heterogeneity in findings• None of cells are full – evidence thin• Esp. inter-group• Inconsistency in outcome measures
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Moving forward
• If had to make summary judgment, CDD are potentially ineffective
• Moving forward, want more on mechanisms, mediators. CDD too much on incentives & not enough on process/capacity-building?
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Moving forward
• If had to make summary judgment on curriculum, potentially effective.
• Moving forward, what is it about curriculum that works? Mechanisms & mediators? Specific messages? Context in which message delivered? Manner in which message delivered?
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Moving forward
• Useful exercise• What we know & what we don’t know – help
set a research agenda
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Shukran
Elisabeth King [email protected]
Cyrus [email protected]
*Pls send us your relevant studies to include*
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Types of MeasuresAttitudes Behaviour
Self-reported (through questions about behaviour)
Observed – activity organized by intervention
Observed – routine activity
Chase & Sherburne-Benz; Kumar; Levy-Paluck; Pronyk et al.; Staub et al.; Vajja & White
Chase & Sherburne-Benz; Kumar; Vajja & White
Fearon et al.; Levy-Paluck
Gugerty & Kremer;
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Type of InterventionCommunity participation project (CBD, CDD, social fund, etc.)Most involve setting spending priorities
Chase & Sherburne-BenzFearon et al.Gugerty & Kremer (PTA intervention)KumarVajja & White
Group training or message/curriculum delivery
Gugerty & Kremer (women’s group)Levy-PaluckStaub et al.Pronyk
Microfinance Pronyk
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Types of outcomes
Inter-personal Both Inter-group
Chase & Sherburne-Benz; Fearon et al.; Gugerty & Kremer; Kumar; Pronyk et al.
Levy-Paluck; Vajja & White
Staub et al.
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Intervention Types & Outcomesmeasures CDD Curriculum microfinance
Inter-group Attitudes Vajja & White Levy-Paluck; Staub
Behaviour (self-reported)
Vajja & White
Behaviour (activity organized by intervention)
Levy-Paluck
Behaviour (routine activity )