social determinants of health: personal health practices ... · social determinants of health:...

Northern Saskatchewan

Health Indicators

August 2016

Social Determinants

of Health:

Personal Health Practices and

Personal Resources

Northern Saskatchewan Health Indicators

Social Determinants of Health: Personal Health Practices and Personal Resources August, 2016 2

Table of Contents

Key Messages .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Personal Health Practices .................................................................................................................................. 5

Personal Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 14

Appendix A – Data Notes ................................................................................................................................. 16

1. Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................... 16

2. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................... 16

Appendix B – Glossary of Acronyms ........................................................................................................... 18

Appendix C – Index of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 19

Refer to A Guide to the Reports: Understanding the Presentation of Data for an explanation of the variety of

ways data is presented.

Suggested reference: Irvine J, Quinn B. Northern Saskatchewan Health Indicators, Social Determinants of

Health: Personal Health Practices and Personal Resources. Athabasca Health Authority, Keewatin Yatthé

Health Region and Mamawetan Churchill River Health Region. Population Health Unit, La Ronge, 2016.

Copies of this document and related reports can be downloaded from the Population Health Unit website

www.pophealthnorthsask.ca

http://www.pophealthnorthsask.ca/



Key Messages

Personal Health Practices

Smoking

Smoking rates in Northern Saskatchewan females and males have remained high over the last

number of years, ranging from 42 to 49% in females and 33 to 46% in males. In 2013-2014, the

Northern Saskatchewan female rate of 49% was significantly greater than the provincial female

rate of 20%, while the Northern Saskatchewan male rate of 33% was substantially higher than

provincial male rate of 23%. The overall smoking rate of Northern Saskatchewan in 2013-2014

was 41%, which was elevated in comparison to many other northern regions in Canada.

Non-smoking individuals in Northern Saskatchewan are more likely to be exposed to second-

hand smoke in vehicles/public places or at home compared to their provincial counterparts. In

2013-2014, 21% and 14% of non-smoking individuals in Northern Saskatchewan reported being

exposed to second-hand smoke in vehicles/public places or at home, compared to 17% and 4%

of Saskatchewan residents.

Heavy Drinking

Northern Saskatchewan has similar rates of heavy drinking compared to Saskatchewan and

other northern regions in Canada. In 2013-2014, 18% of females and 26% of males in northern

Saskatchewan reported heavy drinking compared to 13% and 25% of their provincial

counterparts, respectively.

Physical Activity

The rates of active or moderately active physical activity levels in Northern Saskatchewan have

ranged between 50% and 58% between 2007-2008 and 2013-2014. Corresponding rates in

Saskatchewan have ranged between 48% and 53%.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

The proportion of the northern population that reports consuming 5 or more fruit and

vegetables a day has remained fairly stable between 2007-2008 and 2013-2014, ranging

between 35% and 41%. During the same time period the provincial rate ranged between 35%

and 39%. In 2013-2014, the northern rate of 39% was very similar to many other northern

regions in Canada.

Breastfeeding Initiation

The proportion of women who reported initiating breastfeeding in northern Saskatchewan

ranged between 71% and 82% between 2007-2008 and 2011-2012. Saskatchewan rates ranged

between 86% and 90% during the same time period.



Personal Resources

Sense of Community Belonging

Between 2007-2008 and 2013-2014, the proportion of the Northern Saskatchewan population

that reported a strong or somewhat strong sense of belonging to their local community, ranged

between 77% and 81%. This was higher than the provincial rate during the same time period,

which ranged between 71% and 73%. Northern Saskatchewan had similar results in this

indicator compared to other northern regions in Canada in 2013-2014.

Life Satisfaction

The proportion of the Northern Saskatchewan population that reported being satisfied with

their life, ranged between 88% and 94% between 2007-2008 and 2013-2014. This was similar to

the Saskatchewan rates which ranged between 92% and 94%, as well as many other northern

regions in Canada.



Personal Health Practices

Figure 1: Females aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

33.4 41.2 45.5 33.6 27.8 24.2 22 22.9 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

mal

es

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

rep

ort

ing

curr

en

t d

aily

or

occ

asio

nal

sm

oki

ng NorthSask Saskatchewan

Source: Statistics Canada (CCHS) Table 105-0502, Prepared by PHU, July 2015

47.6 42.4 44.6 49.2 23.6 20.2 21.7 20.4 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

fe

mal

es

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

rep

ort

ing

curr

en

t d

aily

or

occ

asio

nal

sm

oki

ng NorthSask Saskatchewan


Figure 2: Males aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014



Figure 3: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking, by northern region, 2013-2014

18.2

18.7

21.1

21.6

24.3

25.5

26.1

29.4

33.3

41.1

60.6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NWHSDA, BC

Canada

NWHU, ON

Saskatchewan

LGRIHA, NL

North Zone, AB

Yukon

Northern RHA, MB

NT

NorthSask

Nunavut

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over reporting current daily or occasional smoking




26.2 22.1 27.9 21.1 14.6 13.1 13.9 16.6 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

rep

ort

ing

exp

osu

re t

o s

eco

nd

-han

d s

mo

ke

in p

ast

mo

nth

in v

eh

icle

s o

r p

ub

lic p

lace

s NorthSask Saskatchewan


Figure 4: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month in vehicles or public places, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

15.2 10.3 14.4 14.1 8.1 6.6 5.4 4.3 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

rep

ort

ing

exp

osu

re t

o s

eco

nd

-han

d s

mo

ke

in

pas

t m

on

th a

t h

om

e

NorthSask Saskatchewan


Figure 5: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month at home, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014



Figure 6: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month in vehicles or public places, by northern region, 2013-2014

Figure 7: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month at home, by northern region, 2013-2014

11

15.1

16.2

16.4

16.6

18.9

19

20.9

21.1

24.8

24.9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Yukon

NWHSDA, BC

LGRIHA, NL

Canada

Saskatchewan

Nunavut

NWHU, ON

North Zone, AB

NorthSask

Northern RHA, MB

NT

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month in vehicles or public places


4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

5.5

6.2

6.3

6.4

8

11.1

14.1

0 5 10 15 20 25

NWHSDA, BC

Canada

Saskatchewan

Yukon

North Zone, AB

NT

NWHU, ON

LGRIHA, NL

Nunavut

Northern RHA, MB

NorthSask

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past month at home




18.2 25.6 21.9 13.4 24.6 19 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Females Males Both sexes

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

rep

ort

ing

he

avy

dri

nki

ng

on

on

e o

ccas

ion

,

at le

ast

on

ce a

mo

nth

in t

he

pas

t ye

ar



Figure 8: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting heavy drinking on one occasion, at least once a month in the past year, by sex, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2013-14

13.9

15.6

18.4

19

21.2

21.4

21.9

23.1

27.5

30.1

32.8

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

NWHSDA, BC

Nunavut

Canada

Saskatchewan

NWHU, ON

North Zone, AB

NorthSask

LGRIHA, NL

Northern RHA, MB

Yukon

NT

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over reporting heavy drinking on one occasion, at least once a month in the past year


Figure 9: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting heavy drinking on one occasion, at least once a month in the past year, by northern region, 2013-2014



53.1 57.3 58.1 50 48 51.2 53.1 53.1 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r w

ho

re

po

rte

d p

hys

ical

act

ivit

y le

vels

cla

ssif

ied

as

act

ive

or

mo

de

rate

ly a

ctiv

e



Figure 10: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported physical activity levels classified as active or moderately active, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

43.6

47.9

50

53.1

53.6

54.4

55.2

57.1

58.8

59.8

65.3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Nunavut

LGRIHA, NL

NorthSask

Saskatchewan

Northern RHA, MB

Canada

North Zone, AB

NT

NWHU, ON

NWHSDA, BC

Yukon

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over who reported physical activity levels classified as active or moderately active


Figure 11: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported physical activity levels classified as active or moderately active, by northern region, 2013-2014



46.9 42.7 41.9 50 52 48.8 46.9 46.9 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r

wh

o r

ep

ort

ed

ph

ysic

al a

ctiv

ity

leve

ls

clas

sifi

ed

as

inac

tive



Figure 12: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported physical activity levels classified as inactive, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

34.7

40.2

41.2

42.9

44.8

45.6

46.4

46.9

50

52.1

56.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Yukon

NWHSDA, BC

NWHU, ON

NT

North Zone, AB

Canada

Northern RHA, MB

Saskatchewan

NorthSask

LGRIHA, NL

Nunavut

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over who reported physical activity levels classified as inactive


Figure 13: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported physical activity levels classified as inactive, by northern region, 2013-2014



23.5

24.7

32.4

34.6

35.7

37

37.2

37.4

38.9

40.2

41.7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Nunavut

LGRIHA, NL

Northern RHA, MB

NT

North Zone, AB

Yukon

Saskatchewan

NWHSDA, BC

NorthSask

Canada

NWHU, ON

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over who reported consuming fruit and vegetables, 5 times or more per day


35.2 41 37.5 38.9 38.8 38.5 35.3 37.2 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r w

ho

re

po

rte

d c

on

sum

ing

fru

it a

nd

ve

geta

ble

s,

5 t

ime

s o

r m

ore

pe

r d

ay



Figure 14: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported consuming fruit and vegetables, 5 times or more per day, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

Figure 15: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported consuming fruit and vegetables, 5 times or more per day, by northern region, 2013-2014



82.4 71 82.1 87.5 90.1 86 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

fe

mal

es

age

d 1

5 t

o 5

5 w

ho

h

ad a

bab

y in

th

e la

st 5

ye

ars

and

wh

o

rep

ort

ed

init

iati

ng

bre

astf

ee

din

g NorthSask Saskatchewan


75.3

78.1

82.1

86

87.8

89.4

95.1

96.3

96.5

96.8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Northern RHA, MB

Nunavut

NorthSask

Saskatchewan

North Zone, AB

Canada

NT

Yukon

NWHSDA, BC

NWHU, ON

% off-reserve females aged 15 to 55 who had a baby in the last 5 years and who reported initiating breastfeeding


Figure 16: Females aged 15 to 55 years, off-reserve, who had a baby in the last 5 years and who reported initiating breastfeeding, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2011-2012

Figure 17: Females aged 15 to 55 years, off-reserve, who had a baby in the last 5 years and who reported initiating breastfeeding, by northern region, 2011-2012



Personal Resources

77 81.1 80.2 78.2 70.5 71.4 73 73.2 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r w

ho

re

po

rte

d t

he

ir s

en

se o

f b

elo

ngi

ng

to t

he

ir lo

cal

com

mu

nit

y as

ve

ry s

tro

ng

or

som

ew

hat

str

on

g NorthSask Saskatchewan


Figure 18: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported their sense of belonging to their local community as very strong or somewhat strong, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

66.2

67

73.2

73.3

73.6

76.4

78.2

78.8

79.6

85.3

83.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Canada

North Zone, AB

Saskatchewan

Yukon

Northern RHA, MB

NWHSDA, BC

NorthSask

NWHU, ON

NT

Nunavut

LGRIHA, NL

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over who reported their sense of belonging to their local community as very strong or somewhat strong


Figure 19: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported their sense of belonging to their local community as very strong or somewhat strong, by northern region, 2013-2014



88.3 89.5 89 93.9 92.4 93 92.6 93.9 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007-2008 2009-2010 2011-2012 2013-2014

% o

ff-r

ese

rve

po

pu

lati

on

age

d 1

2 a

nd

ove

r w

ho

re

po

rte

d b

ein

g sa

tisf

ied

or

very

sat

isfi

ed

w

ith

th

eir

life

in g

en

era

l NorthSask Saskatchewan


Figure 20: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their life in general, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

86.9

90.2

90.4

90.9

91.6

92

92.8

93.1

93.9

93.9

94.6

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Nunavut

NT

NWHSDA, BC

NWHU, ON

Yukon

Canada

North Zone, AB

Northern RHA, MB

NorthSask

Saskatchewan

LGRIHA, NL

% off-reserve population aged 12 and over who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their life in general


Figure 21: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their life in general, by northern region, 2013-2014



Appendix A – Data Notes

1. Data Sources

Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) – The CCHS is a national cross-sectional survey that collects

information related to health status, health care utilization and health determinants for the Canadian

population. The CCHS covers the population 12 years of age and over living in the ten provinces and the

three territories. Excluded from the survey's coverage are: persons living on reserves and other

Aboriginal settlements in the provinces; full-time members of the Canadian Forces; the institutionalized

population and persons living in the Quebec health regions of Région du Nunavik and Région des Terres-

Cries-de-la-Baie-James. Altogether, these exclusions represent less than 3% of the Canadian population

aged 12 and over. In Northern Saskatchewan, Mamawetan Churchill River Health Region, Keewatin

Yatthé Health Region and the Athabasca Health Authority are grouped together to provide one north-

wide off-reserve estimate. Data from 2007 onwards from the CCHS can be obtained from either a yearly

file or from a combined two-year file. Due to the small sample sizes in northern regions, only the two-

year file is presented (CANSIM Table 105-0502 - Health indicator profile, two year period estimates, by

age group and sex, Canada, provinces, territories, health regions (2013 boundaries) and peer groups).

2. Definitions

Current Daily or Occasional Smoking – This refers to the population aged 12 and over who reported

being a current smoker. Daily smoker refers to those who reported smoking cigarettes every day. It does

not take into account the number of cigarettes smoked. Occasional smoker refers to those who

reported smoking cigarettes occasionally. This includes former daily smokers who now smoke

occasionally. Data collected for this indicator is based on the question referring to smoking of cigarettes,

only.

Exposure to Second-hand Smoke in the Past Month, in Vehicles and/or Public Places – This refers to

the non-smoking population aged 12 and over who reported being exposed to second-hand smoke in

private vehicles and/or public places on every day or almost every day in the past month.

Exposure to Second-hand Smoke at Home – This refers to the non-smoking population aged 12 and

over who reported that at least one person smoked inside their home every day or almost every day.

Smoking inside the home excludes smoking inside the garage, whether attached or detached.

Heavy Drinking – A definition change was implemented in 2013 to conform to the World Health

Organization (WHO) and Health Canada guidelines for heavy drinking. Heavy drinking refers to males

who reported having 5 or more drinks, or women who reported having 4 or more drinks, on one

occasion, at least once a month in the past year. While this indicator remains comparable for males to

the 5 or more drinks indicator published in previous years, it is no longer comparable for females.

Physical Activity during Leisure-time, Moderately Active or Active and Inactive Classifications – This

refers to the population aged 12 and over who reported the nature, frequency and duration of their

participation in leisure-time physical activity. Respondents are classified as active, moderately active or



inactive based on an index of average daily physical activity over the past 3 months. For each leisure

time physical activity the respondent is engaged in, an average daily energy expenditure is calculated by

multiplying the number of times the activity was performed by the average duration of the activity by

the energy cost (kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per hour) of the activity. The index is

calculated as the sum of the average daily energy expenditures of all activities. Respondents are

classified as follows: 3.0 kcal/kg/day or more = physically active; 1.5 to 2.9 kcal/kg/day = moderately

active; less than 1.5 kcal/kg/day = inactive.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, 5 Times or More per Day – This refers to the population aged 12

years and over that reports consuming fruit and vegetables 5 times or more per day. It indicates the

usual number of times (frequency) per day a person reported eating fruit and vegetables. The measure

does not take into account the amount consumed.

Breastfeeding Initiation – This is based on information provided by females aged 15 to 55 who had a

baby in the last 5 years. Initiated breastfeeding refers to mothers who breastfed or tried to breastfeed

their last child even if only for a short time. This indicator is derived from data collected from an optional

content module. Only provincial and sub-provincial estimates are available for years when the module

was selected by a given province.

Sense of Belonging to Local Community, Somewhat Strong or Very Strong – This refers to the

population aged 12 and over who reported their sense of belonging to their local community as being

very strong or somewhat strong.

Life Satisfaction, Satisfied or Very Satisfied – This refers to the population aged 12 and over who

reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their life in general. In 2009, the question on life

satisfaction was changed from a five-point answer category to an eleven-point scale. A grouped variable

was developed to provide a concordance between the two scales and is now the basis for this indicator.



Appendix B – Glossary of Acronyms

AB

Alberta BC

British Columbia

CCHS

Canadian Community Health Survey LGRIHA

Labrador-Grenfell Regional Integrated Health Authority (NL)

MB

Manitoba NL

Newfoundland & Labrador

NRHA

Northern Regional Health Authority (MB)

NT

Northwest Territories NWHSDA

Northwest Health Service Delivery Area (BC)

NWHU

Northwestern Health Unit (ON) ON

Ontario

PHU

Population Health Unit QC

Quebec

SK

Saskatchewan



Appendix C – Index of Figures

Figure 1: Females aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking,

Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014 ..................................... 5

Figure 2: Males aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking, Northern

Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014 .................................................... 5

Figure 3: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting current daily or occasional smoking, by

northern region, 2013-2014 ....................................................................................................... 6

Figure 4: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting exposure to second-hand smoke in past

month in vehicles or public places, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to

2013-2014 ................................................................................................................................... 7


month at home, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014 ......... 7


month in vehicles or public places, by northern region, 2013-2014 .......................................... 8


month at home, by northern region, 2013-2014 ....................................................................... 8

Figure 8: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting heavy drinking on one occasion, at least

once a month in the past year, by sex, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2013-14 . 9

Figure 9: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, reporting heavy drinking on one occasion, at least

once a month in the past year, by northern region, 2013-2014 ................................................ 9

Figure 10: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported physical activity levels classified as

active or moderately active, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-

2014 .......................................................................................................................................... 10


active or moderately active, by northern region, 2013-2014 .................................................. 10


inactive, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014 .................... 11


inactive, by northern region, 2013-2014 .................................................................................. 11

Figure 14: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported consuming fruit and vegetables, 5

times or more per day, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014

.................................................................................................................................................. 12

Figure 15: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported consuming fruit and vegetables, 5

times or more per day, by northern region, 2013-2014........................................................... 12

Figure 16: Females aged 15 to 55 years, off-reserve, who had a baby in the last 5 years and who

reported initiating breastfeeding, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to

2011-2012 ................................................................................................................................. 13

Figure 17: Females aged 15 to 55 years, off-reserve, who had a baby in the last 5 years and who

reported initiating breastfeeding, by northern region, 2011-2012 .......................................... 13

Figure 18: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported their sense of belonging to their local

community as very strong or somewhat strong, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan,

2007-2008 to 2013-2014 .......................................................................................................... 14



Figure 19: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported their sense of belonging to their local

community as very strong or somewhat strong, by northern region, 2013-2014 .................. 14

Figure 20: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with

their life in general, Northern Saskatchewan and Saskatchewan, 2007-2008 to 2013-2014 . 15

Figure 21: Population aged 12 and over, off-reserve, who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with

their life in general, by northern region, 2013-2014 ................................................................ 15

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