Social Development (Chapter 13)Lecture Outline:

Emotional developmentThe “self” and personality

Temperament

Differentiation theory

Excitement

Positive emotions Negative Emotions

joy anger sadinterest

surprisepain

Other theories of emotion

Discrete emotions theory: • Innately disposed to experience emotions

Behavioral and cognitive approaches: • Emotions are learned through experience and

represented cognitively• Labels are applied to physiological states: Eat

two chocolate bars and go to the movies

Paul Ekman: Facial Action Coding

Which of these neutral faces do you prefer? A, B, or C?

Emotions have adaptive evolutionary function Joy: About to achieve a goal Anger: Confronted by an obstacle Sadness: A goal is unattainable Disgust: Something distasteful is

happening All of these emotions lead to motivation for

some kind of action or reaction

Children must learn to read emotional cues: Is this person modeling genuine warmth or concealed irritation?

The “Self”

Self concept What am “I” Physical, active,

social, psychological components are related to progression across ages

Self-esteem Evaluative component How valued am I? People internalize the

evaluative judgements made by others

Erik Erikson and Personality Development Trust vs. mistrust: Birth to 1 year Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (1-3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult) Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

Temperament Disposition, intensity, and duration of emotional

experience• Easy: Playful, adaptable, regular in sleep and eating

cycles• Difficult: Fusy, irregular, unadaptable to new situations• Slow-to-warm up: Avoid/ shy with novelty

Temperamental assessment:• Behavioral observations• Physiological reactivity

Goodness-of-fit: person X environment interaction

Irritable Baby

Parenting: Stable Unstable

Baby: More Fussy Less Fussy

Parent: Poor coping Good coping

Toddler: Negative Happy

Fussy Calm