1

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background This document is a brief socio-economic profile of Kilwa district. Specifically, it contains in a summary form a historical overview of the district, information on demography, social sector services and economic sector activities. In ease, there is an attempt to indicate trends of occurrence in relation to national statistics.

Like in many other districts in the country, the social sector of Kilwa district is constituted of education, health, water and energy. There services in many cases fall short of the actual demand and are also unevenly distributed. The imbalance in the distribution of services is attributed to uneven distribution of population, which is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the district, particularly in the wards surrounding Kilwa town.

The economy of Kilwa district hinges on crop production, livestock keeping, fishing, trade and to a very limited extent on industrial activities. Like in most districts in Tanzania, Kilwa residents and their District Council draw a substantial amount of income and food from small holder cultivators. The most popular crops are cashew nuts, simsim and coconuts. There is not much cash generated from maize, cassava and rice as these are the main food crops in the district. On the other hand, livestock keeping, particularly dairy cattle, is on the increase. Marginal contribution in council revenue comes form seaweed farming, an activity that is attaining economic significance as the market grows.

After the implementation of the trade liberalization policy, trade in crops, especially cashew nuts and coconut, has made Kilwa town very active in terms of providing support services to local people. Transport entrepreneurs, hotel and guest house owners and telephone services in Kilwa town benefit alot from the trade. With such trade opportunities and benefits, given time, the district as a whole is likely to demonstrate a higher rate of development than before.

Associated with the growing trade in agricultural products, fertile lands have acquired more value than before and land ownership conflicts have also increased. Institutions responsible for administering and managing land which include clan leaders and the district council are in place, but they lack sufficient data on the available land resources. For instance, the extent of land utilization in the district is not fully known by

2

the ward development committees and the district council. It is hoped that the district council, among others, will use this social-economic profile as a tool for informing district development. 1.2 Historical Overview of Kilwa District Kilwa’s wealth came from trade. Its location on the coast, with one of the finest harbors in East Africa, allowed it to develop key role in the extensive commercial networks of the region. Caravans came to Kilwa bearing valuable commodities. From the long and dangerous pathways which snaked westwards into the great. African interior, porters emerged weighed down with ivory, resins, ambergris, wax, rhinoceros horn, skins tortoise shell. Slaves also arrived in their chains and were bought and sold on the island, though the trade in slaves was not substantial until the late eighteenth century. From the inland Zimbabwe plateau far to the south came a rich supply of gold. It was carried to Sofala (now in Mozambique) on the coast, and then continued on by sea to Kilwa and northern ports.

Kilwa acted as a depot for these goods and stored the others it needed for exchange. To the mainland traders, Kilwa supplied the products prized in the interior – cowries shells, local cotton fabric and beads, as well as items from abroad, especially Indian cloth. From the north and north east of the India Ocean – from Southern Arabia, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and India, woodes dhows sailed southward with products form the Islamic world and Far East. These merchants sought first, from Kilwa’s bounty, gold and ivory, then purchased from among its other merchandise. Kilwa received India fabrics and precious ceramics in linked to its ability to dominate this trade. Kilwa’s early history goes far back in time. The island was settled long before it became involved in India Ocean trade. Travelers from the north who visited the East African shores in the Roman period (on the evidence of one first-century trader’s manual. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and several recent archaeological finds) encountered sizable settlements. On Kisiwani itself, late Stone Age and early Iron Age artifacts have been discovered showing the presence of an industrious, indigenous community in the fourth century. Experts have established that, at the beginning of the ninth century, there was a settlement on the island consisting of wattle-and-daub architecture similar to that found in the area today. It was during the ninth century that Kilwa’s connection with the India Ocean trade became significant: by the eleventh century, the island was regionally prominent. Indications of Islamic influence begin as this commercial relationship with the outside world developed and as the

3

growing stream of foreign, chiefly Arab, traders and migrants mingled with the island community, sometimes settling. Kilwa’s first Sultanate appears to have been founded around 1050 by a group of Islamic political refugees from Shiraz in Persia: coins minted by these rulers link the town with the island of Pemba, Mafia and Zanzibar. The earliest standing ruins on Kilwa – principally the first structures of the Great Mosque-also date associated with this Shiraz element of Kilwa’s community. On the whole, according to available traveler’s accounts, the coastal settlements mostly held to traditional beliefs until the thirteenth century – the point when Islam really began to take hold. Only then did the cosmopolitan, but fundamentally Muslim, Swahili civilization of today start to emerge. The town surrounding this mosque grew in political and commercial power. During the first half of the twelfth century, Kilwa secured control of the gold trade from Sofara and became the chief power of the coast. Shortly afterwards, the world demand for gold soared to unprecedented levels in Europe as Renaissance city-states flourished, as well as Asia and the Middle East. The traveling merchants of the India Ocean became greedy for and Kilwa grew fat. The Mahdali dynasty from Hadramaut, Yemen, ruled the city at this time, having ousted the Shirazes in 1277 for the citizens of their island kingdom, the year’s from 1300 to 1330 was an era of exceptional wealth. The lifestyle of Kilwa’s elite became luxurious. They developed a taste for fine Persian and Chinese ceramics and expensive India fabrics, and wore imported jewelers and beads. Islamic scholars form the Neal East came to visit. Royal family members of the Kilwa Sultanate traveled to Mecca and Yemen. These fourteenth-century rulers are the only power on the coast known to have minted gold coins. Kilwa’s unrivalled prosperity in this period is reflected in it ambitious, monumental architecture. The domed extension built on to the early prayer hall of the Great Mosque by the reigning Sultan, Al-Hasan bin Sulaiman (who ruled c. 1310-1335), and his magnificent palace Husuni Kubwa, are unique along the coast. These building reflect the influence of the distant regions with the city traded – Persia, the Indus Delta, Gujarat and the Desscan, Malabar, Oman and Yemen. A fourteenth-century Moroccan traveler, in Battuta, described Kilwa as “one of the most beautiful and well-constructed town in the world”. Dependent as it was on fluctuating world markets, Kilwa was nevertheless vulnerable and its time of prosperity was short-lived. In the 1340 the

4

island’s economy was devastated by a sharp fall in the world price of gold, probably exacerbated by an outbreak of the Black Death which ravaged Europe in 1346 – 1349. This, a virulent form of bubonic plague, had spread to Europe form the east. Following the trade routes with the help of ships’ rates, it then had an impact on the Indian Ocean parts. Husuni Kubwa was abandoned, apparently before it was finished. The island’s Great Mosque (the roof of which had collapsed shortly before) Iay in fragments on the ground, unrepeated. Kilwa was clearly shaken. Evidence suggests on new construction work was attempted on the island for some time.

The beginning of the fifteenth century heralded Kilwa’s recovery. In the early 1400s, Kilwa began to reassert its control over the ocean’s commerce. The city continued to prosper throughout the century, though its monopoly of trade was increasingly challenged by competition form the northern ports of Mombasa and Malindi.

The level of building activity in this period is again an indication of the health of the island’s economy. A new site, most probably for the Sultan, was developed to the west of the main town at Makutani. The Great Mosque was repaired – its fallen domes reconstructed – and an adjacent residence, now known as the Great. Survivors of what was in fact likely to have been a considerable growth in the urban structure. Around this time, a new, finely-built set-tlement also went up ion the nearby island of Songo Mnara, which appears to have been a satellite town. The wealth of the occupants of these associated settlements is illustrated by the quality of the stonework of their buildings and the remnants of their lives they left behind. The sophistication of Kilwa’s fourteenth and fifteenth-century society is confirmed by the reaction of the Portuguese – a new force in the region that first sailed into the ocean’s waters in 1498. In their accounts of Kilwa, they registered surprise at the superiority of the islanders, style of living, which on occasion was compared not unfavorably with their own. The Portuguese writings provide the first extensive descriptions of this island city-state and its people. It a pears to have had a population of between 5,000 and10, 000 inhabitants when the first significant contingent arrived. They were impressed by its range of influence, which to them appeared comprehensive – as Joao de Barros wrote in Da Asia, “for nothing was left for it to conquer, as it was mistress of Mombasa, Melinde (Malindi), the island of Pemba, Zanzibaa, Monfia (Mafia), Comoro (Comoros Islands), and many other settlements which rose form the power and wealth it acquired after becoming sovereign of the mine of Sofala” – at least till

5

shortly before they come. For at that point it appears the Kilwans were in some disarray – compromised by a conflict over royal succession and the interference of Mombasa and Malindi which was weakening their hold on trade. The combination of factors was unfortunate, but Kilwa’s were in any case a mercantile, not a military people. Outclassed by the Portuguese firepower, they were quickly routed. The aim of this seafaring nation was to grasp control of the Ocean’s trade routes and take Sofala for its own Kilwa) if we are to take the word of the victors) was left in ruin. A fort was quickly constructed and a company of soldiers left i snide to keep the island subdued. Further up the coast, Mombasa also suffered, though the Portuguese stronghold there, Fort Jesus, was not built until 1593. The Portuguese on Kilwa Island lasted only till 1512, but their disruption to the established patterns of trade in the region was more permanent. They were dominant in the Indian Ocean for nearly two hundred years. Kilwa was affected more seriously than the northern coastal towns because of its greater reliance on the Sofala trade. The Portuguese built forts at Sofala and Mozambique Island to strengthen their position. Kilwa’s rule of the seas was finally broken, and its former prominence would never be regained. Later in 1586 – 7, the Zimba, a marauding, reputedly cannibal, tribe form southern Africa, paid a visit and wreaked further havoc on the island as it did in other coastal towns. A growing challenge to Portuguese dominance emerged during the seventeenth century in the form of a new dynasty of rulers from Oman. By the mid-century the Omanis were already attacking Portuguese holdings in Southern Arabia. In 1698 they captured Fort Jesus, the European intruder’s most important base. The Oman expulsion of the Portuguese form Indian Ocean waters allowed for the renewal of former commercial relationship. There was a resurgence of seaborne trade. Kilwa, once more independent, slowly began to re-establish its position. However, on significant recovery came for the island until the late eighteenth century, this time as a result of the lucrative sale of slaves to both Oman and French trades. A boom in the slave trade occurred at this time as new markets opened up in Europe and America, though Kilwa’s main customers were nearer to hand. The French in particular, intent on securing a regular supply of free labour for their sugar plantations on the India Ocean islands de France and Bourbon (now Mauritius and Reunion) pressed for a monopoly on Kilwa’s supply – an arrangement advantageous to both.

6

The revitalization of Kilwa’s commercial activities, chiefly through this trade in slaves, brought sufficient economic confidence for Kilwa’s Sultanate to initiate a new building programmed at their base to the west of Kilwa’s town. The large palace in the Makytani enclosure went up at this time and further building were erected within it new perimeter wall. The palace design echoes that of Hususni – a Kubwa – a residential section and large yard are joined in a single complex – the Sultan perhaps anticipating the return of Kilwa’s former glory. Despite this seeming promise of a new Golden Age, the revival in Kilwa’s fortunes was brief. The French agreement failed on the death of its chief instigator Mosieur Morice. Soon after, in 1784, the Omanis moved in and subjugated the island. Late, c. 1800, they rebuilt and re-manned the old Portuguese fort to make certain their hold. Kilwa’s economy appears to have rapidly disintegrated. This formerly power-ful city-state, once jewel of the East African coast, was described as a petty village by a visiting sea captain, James Proir, in 1811. In 1840 the last Sultan of Kilwa was deported to Oman. Kilwa’s humiliation seemed complete. The explorer Richard Burton, who came to Kilwa on his travels in the late 1850s, found the island in the grip of cholera. He painted a picture of seedy poverty and general desolation: the town in ruins, and the bodies of slaves lying around. Yet still further demoralization awaited the island as the German presence in East Africa grew and Kilwa was once again subordinated to a colonial power. Smarting from this final blow, the islanders joined a vigorous local resistance to the Germans in the form of the Maji Maji rebellion, but ultimately to no avail. The relocation of the German’s district headquarters to Kilwa Kivinje in the 1890s was the island’s last dishonor, removing even the residual influence it had on local affairs.

7

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 Location Kilwa district is located in Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. It lies on latitude 8020 to 9056 and longitude 38036 to 39050 east of Greenwich. To the north it borders with Rufiji district, Coast region, Lindi and Ruangwa districts in the south, Liwale district in the west and to the east, it borders with Indian Ocean. The total district area is 13, 347.50 squire Kilometers (1,334,750 ha) of which 12, 125.9 squire kilometers is surface land and 1,221.52 squire kilometers is the ocean. The tatol population in 2002 was 171, 057 living in 36,549 households. It is administratively divided into 6 divisions, 20 wards and 97 registered villages (Masoko and Kivinje urban areas inclusive). 2.2 Climate Kilwa district has a coastal climate which is hot and humid with the average temperature range between 220C to 300C. Humidity is high, nearly 98-100% during the long rains. The district receives a total rainfall of 800-1400 mm/year and its distribution varies according to locality. The land north of Kilwa Masoko receives 1000-1400 mm, while that to the south receives less, about 800-1400 mm/year. The period of rainfall coincide with the onset of each monsoon; the long rains (Masika), from about Mid-march to May, and the short rains (Vuli) from about late October to December. Climate data available from Meteorological department in Kilwa have summarized in table 1, 2, 3 and 4 below. Table 1: Maximum and Minimum Temperature Period: December 2005-November 2006 Year Dec.

2005 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov.

Max Temp

31.7 31.5 31.3 30.5 30.0 29.1 28.5 28.0 28,2 28.8 29.8 30.8

Min. Temp.

26.0 25.0 24.7 22.7 23.6 22.6 21.0 20.7 21.3 22.1 23.82 5.5

Table 2: Relative Humidity Period: December 2005-November 2006 Year Dec.

2005 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov.

R/Hum idity

67 69 72 77 78 75 72 70 69 67 70 74

8

Table 3: Sun shine hours Period: December 2005-November 2006 Year Dec.

2005 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov.

S/Shine 11.0 9.1 7.4 5.3 6.8 7.3 8.1 8.4 9.2 9.6 7.7 9.4 Table 4: Relative Humidity Period: January 2006-November 2006 Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. 2005 - 1.8 5.3 7.6 4.6 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.6

2006 3.2 3.6 4.8 7.3 6.8 3.2 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8

Source: Meteorological department, 2007 2.3 Geology The geological formation are deposits dated from recent (alluvial and marine) to permo- Triassic. The oldest formations which include sedimentary rocks dominated by sandstones and shale’s of various hardness occur in the coastal uplands. The coastal plain is covered by a large and long strip of pleisyoceno deposits of the coral reef (coral limestone, sand stone, shale and marl) and a strip of recent (quaternary) alluvium. Zones under direct influence of the main rivers are characeterized by river deposits (clays) and remnants of marine deposits (clays, silts and sand). North of Kilwa Masoko the continental shelf widens to about to about 30 km offshore and several small islands such as Rukila, Nyuni Fanjovi, Songosongo, Rukala and Simaye are situated on its extension, surrounded by shallow water 10 to 40 m in depth and coral reefs. 2.4 Landform, Hydrology and Soils 2.4.1 The major Land form The land forms in Kilwa district are described briefly as follows 2.4.1.1 Coastal Plain This is near-continuous plain, 10 km wide on average, along the coast of Kilwa district. The geology is Paleocene terrestrial, marine Neogene, quaternary-limestone, sandstone and marl. The soils have red clays on limestone, deep well-drained sands, dark cracking clays and other undifferentiated soil types.

9

2.4.1.2 Coastal Hills This is a north –south oriented hill zone extending from Kilwa Bay to Mbwemkuru river inland of the coastal plain, although it is itself coastal. Where it is dissected into land units by estuaries of the major rivers its width varies from 5 to 12 km and hill top heights increase southward. The geology is Paleocene limestone and marl with coastal dipping beds. Dark cracking clays soils are dominated over wide areas with shallow soils over limestone occurring in the steeper areas in the south. 2.4.1.3 Coastal Dissected Plain This is north-south oriented plain, extending from the north to the south occurring between the coastal hills and the plateau and dissected plateau to the West. It is variable in width extending to 20 km. It is constricted in the center where it is intersected by river valleys and arms of the plateau and Dissected Plateau. The geology is predominantly marine upper cretaceous marl forming dark clay soils. 2.4.1.4 Northern Hills This area occurs north of the Matandu River in the most strongly dissected part of the district. The highest point is 730m above sealevel. The geology is mainly marine Jurassic sandstone, Limestone, shale and other sediments, producing a variety of soils, many of them shallow. 2.4.1.5 Plateau and Dissected Plateau This is the most western part of the coastal sedimentary zone, extending from Matandu River southwards. The East/West dimension in Kilwa district reaches 40km and the high ground elevation reaches 480m. The geology is terrestrial lower cretaceous and Neogene Sandstone with some Jurassic Inclusions. The soils, excepting Jurassic areas, are almost exclusive deep, well drained sands, Loamy sands and sandy Loams. 2.4.1.6 Central Plain Undulating interfluves and valleys with varying degree of dissection and structural control are punctuated by scattered isolated hills (inselbergs) and occasional larger hill masses. The plain lies at a general level of 300-400 m soils include red clays. In the northwest the soils are coarse textured with an impeded drainage. 2.4.2 Drainage pattern There are three major rivers draining in Kilwa district. These are Matandu, Mavuji and Mbwemkuru rivers. There are also some 10 seasonal streams draining Kilwa district. The rivers and the streams generally flow in the East –Southern direction into the Indian Ocean. Due to the underlying rocks and excessive Evapo-transpiration most of the rivers are seasonal and

10

most of the ground water sources are too saline for human consumption or agricultural use (irrigation). The settlements obtain water from less saline streams and wells as well as from boreholes. 2.4.3 Soils The information on soils is based on E. de-Paw 1984 soils, Physiography and agro-ecological zones of Tanzania report and the southern zone survey report by J.G Bennett et-al 1979. The larger part of Kilwa district is covered by dominantly brownish-grey alluvial sandy soils. Clay soils with imperfect drainage, characterized by cracks, micro-relief and black coloration exists. Alluvial soils are found along Mavuji, Matandu and Mbwemkuru rivers. The detailed description of major soils types is given below. 2.4.3.1 Cambic Arenosols-Sand Soils (Mchanga) These are bleached sands and loamy sands developed on colluviums of granite and gneiss. They are moderately well to imperfectly drained, deep brown pale, yellow light grey or white mottled sands and loamy sands. The soils have a poor structure and profile development. The natural fertility is very low (clay %1-10; Ph 5-7, OC 5-1.5% 13S 20-60) and they have poor moisture storing properties (Awe 30, smax 30-60). The soils are widely spread in all villagers in the coastal plains. 2.4.3.2 Eutric Fluvisals-Sand Loams (Tifutifu or Njacha) These are moderately leached grayish, mottled sandy loams to sandy clays. They are imperfectly to poor drained, deep non-calcareous grey or brown sandy loams to sandy clays. The soils are strongly mottled and have a compact sub soils but with more sandy, more friable and darker top soils. The natural fertility is moderate (clay % 15-40; Ph 5-8.5, OC 53% teb 5-15, Bs 40-100; CES 15-55). There are no weather able minerals and they have favorable moisture storing properties (AWC 70-100; S Smax 30-100). This soil type is dominantly found and southern parts of the district. 2.4.3.3 Alluvial Soils – (Dawe) These are stratified alluvium fine sands to sandy clay loam of levees alluvial fans and deltas. They are well to moderately well drained, deep, brownish fine sands the sandy clay loams with high textural variability over short distance and highly stratified with more sandy or more clayey layers. They have a high natural fertility (clay 12-25%, Ph 5.5-7, OC, 1-3; TEB 5-25, BS 75%). They contain abundant weather able minerals and they have no harmful levels of sodium or soluble salts with good moisture storing properties (AWC 80 – 120; Sma 150 – 225). The soil type is dominantly found along Matandu, Mavuji and Mbwemkuru river valleys.

11

2.4.3.4 Chromic Cambisols-Red sandy loams (Ngunja) These are reddish or brown sandy loams developed on granites and acid granites. They are well drained moderately deep to deep re or brown, often gravely sandy loams and sandy clay loams. They have a weak structure and weak profile development, with a low natural fertility (Clay 15-55; Ph 5-7; OC 5-12%; TEB 3-8, BS 30-70, CEC 15-30) and moderately to good moisture storing properties (AWC 100, SMAX 100 – 300) without surface capping) and Smax 50-150 with surface capping. The soils are dominantly found in the western and central parts of the district. 2.4.3.5 Chromic Vertisols – Clay soils (Wiwa) These are shallow to deep dark cracking clays. They are moderately well to imperfectly drained, shallow to deep usually calcareous, black, dark grey or brown cracking clays often overlying paler subsoil with ephemeral structure and good natural fertility (clay 40 – 80%; Ph (TS) 5.5-7(S) 7 – 9; OC 1-3%; TEB 30 – 60; BS 90 – 100; CEC 60 – 100). They have moderate moisture storing properties (effective soil depth restricted by impervious subsoil. AWEC 130 Smax 75 – 150). The soils are dominant in Kilwa dissected plain, Kilwa fringe bay and Kiswere dissected plain an area between the coastal plains and the plateau. 2.4.3.6 Greyic Solonchak – Alkali and Saline Soils (Kapa) These are salt affected soils of varying colours, texture, structure consistence and drainage. However these are adversely affected by presence of exchangeable sodium or Soluble Salts with levels which are high enough to interfare with growing of most crops (ESP 715, Ph 7 – 8.5; EC 74). The soil type is dominant in all mangrove areas. 2.5 Vegetation Kilwa district falls under 2 major vegetation zones. Along the low lying Coastal strip, the vegetation is characterized by the East Africa Coastal forest and thickets, which however much of it have been greatly reduced by human activities. The vegetation is thus predominantly deciduous scrub with scattered trees. The uplands parts of Kilwa district is on the eastern edge of the central African Miombo belt; the vegetation is heterogeneous, with a variety of vegetation types associated with the miombo region and other types of vegetation associated with the coastal strip of East Africa. Most of the Miombo lies to the west of the coastal forest and is interspersed with bush land and seasonally flooded open areas of grassland. The vegetation type has been detailed classified by Hunting Technical Services as follows.

12

Table 5: Vegetation Classification in Kilwa District Major Class Classification Total

Cover Ha % Cover

Forests Natural Forest Mangrove Plantation

2,826 28,421 0

0.21 2.13 0.00

TOTAL 31,247 2.34 Woodland Woodland(Unspecified Density)

Closed Woodland Open Woodlands Woodland with Scattered Cropland

0 255,010 328,220 142,323

0.00 19.11 24.59 10.66

TOTAL 725, 553 54.36 Bush land Bush land (Unspecified Density)

Dense Bush land Open Bush Land Bush land with Scattered Cropland Bush land with Emergent Trees Thicket Thicket with Emergent Trees

0 139 0 108,820 77,902 299 12,209

0.00 0.01 0.00 8.15 5.84 0.02 0.91

TOTAL 199,369 14.94 Grass land Wooded Grassland

Bushed Grassland Open Bush land Bush land with Scattered Cropland Bush land with Emergent Trees Thicket Thicket with Emergent Trees

133,920 78,566 624 24,162 49,560 12,490 5,385

10.03 5.89 0.05 1.81 3.71 0.94 0.40

TOTAL 304,707 22.83 Cultivated Land Mixed Cropping

Cultivation with Tree Crops Cultivation with Tree Crops (With Shade trees Cultivation with Herbaceous Crops

21,846 47,413 0 0 0

1.64 3.55 0.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 69,259 5.19 Open Land Bare Soil

Salt Crusts Rock Outcrops Ice-Cap/Snow

3,928 0 0 0

TOTAL 3,928 0.29 Water Features Ocean

Inland Water Swamp/Marsh (Permanent)

TOTAL 529 0.04

13

OTHERS Urban Areas (Include Airfields) 158 0.01 TOTAL OTHERS 158 0.01 TOTAL FOR DISTRICT 1,334,750 100.00 Source: IRA-Land Use/Land Cover Map 1995 2.6 Marine Resources 2.6.1 Types of marine resources available in Kilwa Kilwa district is endowed with valuable marine resources which include a variety of fish (350 species) including lobsters, mangrove Crabs, Prawns both belongs to crustacean family, where as squids and octopus belongs to Cephalepods. Furtherance to the above, the following are also grouped as part of marine sea products. These are Red cameo, Green snails, Sea cucumbers and good number of sea shells. The other marine resources include sea mammals e.g. whale, sharks, Dung -Gong, Dolphin, notably seaweed, coral reef, sea grass, beds and mangrove trees. 2.6.2 Present use of marine resources About 20% of Kilwa people depend directly on the use of marine resources for their livelihood through artisan fishing; fish and sea weed farming, lime obtained from burning corals and harvesting of mangrove for business and domestic purpose apart from medicine. Zone number 3 in Kilwa is famous for commercial prawns fishing basically for industrial trawling and carried out by foreign investors for export. The shrimp farming and fish cages have not yet started in Kilwa, but on are on the way to start soon. Other things which are on the way to start include construction of harbours, shipping and tourism development. Demands of marine resources use have increased in recent years due to population increase. Illegal fishing and fishing mongers from Dar es Salaam, this has leaded to over harvesting and degradation of the habitats. Concerted efforts are required to protect the marine environment and promote sustainable utilization of marine resources.

14

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Administration Kilwa District is administratively divided into six (6) divisions, twenty (20) wards, 96 villages and 276 harmlets. (Table no. 13). The district headquarters is located at Kilwa Masoko which has recently been upgraded into a towmnship authority. The District has a district court, 9 primary courts, and 20 ward tribunals which are however not yet in operation due to various administrative short falls. The ward land Tribunals and the village land Tribunals have not been formed. As far as land conflicts are concerned, this is a very serious shortfall since primary courts are not allowed by law to attend land disputes. Table 6: Administrative Divisions Division Sn Ward Ward Hq

qq1 Sn Village No of

Hamlets 1 Masoko 2 2 Kisiwani 2 3 Mpara 3 4 Mkwanyule 2

1

Masoko

Masoko

5 Mnazimmoja 2 6 Magengeni 3 7 Mgengeni 3 8 Singino 3 9 Nangurukuru 3

2 Kivinje

10 Matandu 2 11 Kikole 2 12 Ruhatwe 2 13 Migeregere 2

3 Kikole

14 Kisangi Kimbalambala

2

1. PWANI

4 Songosongo 15 Songosongo 2 16 Mtoni 4 17 Mtukwao 4 18 Tilawandu 5

5 Miteja

19 Miteja 4 20 Njianne 3 21 Tingi 3

2. MITEJA

6 Tingi Njianne

22 Mtandango 2 23 Kililima 4

7

Mingumbi

Mingumbi 24 Naipuli 4

15

25 Chapita 5 26 Nambondo 3 27 Nampunga 3

28 Mingumbi 4 29 Somangandumbo 2 30 Kinjumbi 5 31 Somangandumbo 3 32 Pungutini 4 33 Mtyalambuko 4 34 Marendego 2

8 Kinjumbi Kinjumbi

35 Miumbu 3 36 Kipatimu 3 37 Mt. Kimwaga 4 38 Mkarango 3 39 Nandembo 3 40 Nandeta 4 41 Mtende 2 42 Kibata 4 43 Mwengei 4 44 Hanga 2

9 Kipatimu Kipatimu

45 Darajani 2 46 Kandawale 5 47 Ngarambi 2 48 Mtumbei

Mpopela 4

10 Kandawale Kandawale

49 Namatewa 2 50 Chumo 6 51 Namayuni 4 52 Hongwe 2 53 Ingirito 4 54 Kinywanyu 3 55 Nahama 3

3. KIPATIMU

11 Chumo Chumo

56 Ngorongoro 1 57 Njijo 3 58 Kisima Mkika 2

12 Njinjo Njinjo

59 Kipindimbi 2 60 Zinaga Kibaoni 4 61 Miguruwe 3 62 Mtepela 1

4. NJINJO

13 Miguruwe

Zinga Miguruwe

63 Naking’ombe 2 64 Mitole 4

14 Mitole Mitole

65 Ngea 1

16

66 Mkoma 1 67 Likawage 3 68 Nainokwe 2

15 Likawage Likawage

69 Liwiti 1 70 Pande Plot 5 71 Malalani 4 72 Nang’ookiwalo 2 73 Mtitimira 2 74 Namwendo 4 75 Songomnara 2

16 Pande Pande

76 Mikoma 5 77 Mandawa 55 78 Mchakama 1 79 Kiwawa 2 80 Hoteli Tatu 2 81 Mavuji 2

17 Mandawa Mandawa

82 Mkondaji 1 83 Rushungi 3 84 Namakongoro 2 85 Lihimalyao North 3 86 Lihimalyao South 4 87 Kisongo 5

18 Lihimalyao Lihimalyao

88 Ruyaya 2 89 Kiranjeranje 3 90 Makangaga 5 91 Mtandi 2 92 Kiswere 1 93 Mbwemkuru 2

5. PANDE

19 Kiranjeranje Kiranjeranje

94 Mirumba 2 95 Nanjirinji A 1 96 Nanjirinji B 1

6. NANJIRINJI 20 Nanjirinji Nanjirinji

97 Nakiu 2 Source: Administration and Human Resource Department, 2007. 3.2 Demography 3.2.1 Total population In the last national census of 2002 Kilwa district had 171,057 people of which 82,322 were males and 88, 835 were females. This represented a net increase of 20,845 people over the 1988 district population which was 150, 212 and a growth rate of 0.9%. In 1978 the district had 114,032 while the

17

projected population for the year 2007 was 193,294, assuming the same growth rate. This increase is attributed more to the natural increase. Table 7: Population distribution by ward

Population (Number) Household SN Ward Type Male Female Total Number A/Size

1 Tingi Rural 2,861 2,944 5,805 1,235 4.7 2 Miteja Rural 2,643 2,913 5,556 1,182 4.7 3 Mingumbi Rural 4,915 5,597 10,512 2,237 4.7 4 Kinjumbi Rural 6,084 6,432 13,516 2,876 4.7 5 Chumo Rural 7,795 8,935 16,730 3,560 4.7 6 Kipatimu Rural 11,081 11,797 22,878 4,855 4.7 7 Kandawale Rural 2,413 2,581 4,994 1,063 4.7 8 Njinjo Rural 2,742 3,175 5,917 1,259 4.7 9 Mitole Rural 1,753 1,790 3,543 754 4.7 10 Miguruwe Rural 1,277 1,299 2,576 548 4.7 11 Likawage Rural 1,661 1,744 3,405 724 4.7 12 Nanjirinji Rural 2,665 2,857 5,522 1,175 4.7 13 Kiranjeranje Rural 3,585 3,978 7,563 1,609 4.7 14 Mandawa Rural 5,126 5,656 10,782 2,294 4.7 15 Pande Rural 5,589 6,007 11,596 2,467 4.7 16 Kivinjesingino Rural 6,418 6,876 13,294 3,409 3.9 17 Kikole Rural 2,085 2,184 4,269 908 4.7 18 Songosongo Rural 1,515 1,054 2,569 547 4.7 19 Masoko Rural 6,007 6,229 12,236 3,137 3.9 20 Lihimalyao Rural 4,107 4,687 8,794 1,871 4.7 TOTAL 82,322 88,735 171,057 36,549 4.6 Source: 2002 Population and Housing Census 3.2.2 Population Density Kilwa district covers an area of 13,920 km2 is surface land and 1794.02 km2

is the ocean. The average population density is estimated to be 13.9 people/ km2. The highest density is recorded in Songosongo ward (453.89), followed by Pande, Mingumbi and Tingi wards. In general, the district is still virgin as far as human occupation is concerned. Table below shows the population density for each ward. Table no. 8: Population Density by Ward SN WARD TOTAL

POPULATION AREA (KM2) DENSITY =

POPULATION/KM2 1 Tingi 5,805 90.44 64.19 2 Miteja 5,556 218.85 25.39 3 Mingumbi 10,512 147.61 71.21

18

4 Kinjumbi 13,516 281.98 44.39 5 Chumo 16,730 283.97 58.91 6 Kipatimu 22,878 1080.62 21.17 7 Kandawale 4,994 854.24 5.85 8 Njinjo 5,917 419.29 14.11 9 Mitole 3,543 578.17 6.13 10 Miguruwe 2,576 1169.64 2.20 11 Likawage 3,405 2613.01 1.30 12 Nanjirinji 5,522 1119.97 4.93 13 Kiranjeranje 7,563 551.07 13.72 14 Mandawa 10,782 1388.53 7.77 15 Pande 11,596 150.62 76.99 16 Kivinjesingino 13,294 318.25 41.77 17 Kikole 4,269 470.62 9.07 18 Songosongo 2,569 5.66 453.89 19 Masoko 12,236 199.87 61.22 20 Lihimalyao 8,794 183.57 47.91 Total 171,057 12,125.98 14.1 3.2.3 Age and Sex Population Structure The 2002 population census indicated high fertility as well as mortality rate and death rate. The age distribution shows a young population. Children below 5 years, constituted 16% of the total population, those under19 years put together constituted 55% of the total population. Old people above 60 years made up a mere 7.32%. The dependent population below 15 and above 60 years constitutes 52% of the total population. When looking on the age group between 20 years and 39 years a sharp drop from 55% to 26% is noticed. This indicates an out migration among this age group. 3.2.4 Sex Ratio About 48% of Kilwa district population is composed of males while 52% are females (2002 census). The overall sex ratio was 93 males for every 100 females. 3.2.5 Household size and Structure The district had a total of 36,549 households, with an average size of 4.6 persons per household. The average household size in 1988 was 5.2, this indicate shrinkage in size. This could be attributed to success in the effects of family planning. Most of these households (32,979) (90.2) were in rural areas and 3,570 were in Urban areas. Rural households were bigger in size (4.7) than urban households (3.9).

19

3.3 Housing Generally, the house conditions in Kilwa district are poor. Between 80% and 90% of the houses built of mud and pole. The roofing material for about 86% of the houses is grass. The poor state of houses is an indication of poverty. 3.4 Social Infrastructure Social infrastructures discussed here, includes education, health facilities and water supply 3.4.1 Education Facilities Every village in Kilwa District has at least one primary school, according to data collected in 2002; currently there are 109 primary schools in the district. This data revealed that 58% of female compared to 44% of male aged 5years and above have never attended school. 53% of rural population compared to 35% of urban population 5 years and above had never attended school while drop outs in rural and urban was 8 and 9% respectively. The percentage that was attending and had completed school was higher in urban than rural areas. 3.4.1.1 School Enrolments Net enrolment rate is defined as a number of children aged 7 – 13 who are attending school divided by the number of children in that age group i.e. 7 – 13 years is the official primary school age in Tanzania. There has been increase in the net enrolment rate since 1998, which was 36% compared to 47% in year 2002. Urban enrolment rate also had risen from 44% in 1988 compared to 62% in 2002. Net enrolment rates were also significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. 3.4.1.2 Educational Attainments Table 9: Population aged 5 and above by level of education attainment in Kilwa

Population Percentage Education Attainment Total Male Female Total Male Female Primary School 29,781 16,419 13,820 93.76 94.42 96.15 Training after Primary

9 3 6 0.00 0.02 0.04

Secondary school 1,372 898 473 4.32 5.16 3.29 Training after Secondary

34 17 17 0.11 0.10 0.12

Universities and others

21 16 5 0.07 0.09 0.03

Source: United Republic of Tanzania 2002, Population and Housing census

20

The above table shows that about 94% of male population aged 5 and above years and 96% of the female population who attended school had attained secondary level education. Only 4% of the population had attained the level of primary education. The percentage of those who had completed Higher education was less 1%) 3.4.2 Health Facilities There are 39 dispensaries in Kilwa District and two of them are under religious organization, 4 government health centers, and two hospitals, out of which one belongs to the government and the second one belongs to missionaries. There’s no specialist doctor in the whole of Kilwa district. There are 19 clinical officers in the dispensaries and four in health centers. There are also 39 nurses and midwives distributed in various dispensaries and heath centers supported by a number of 76 auxiliary nurses distributed in the whole district both female and male nurses. 3.4.2.1 Infections Diseases The common diseases in Kilwa district are:- Tuberculosis (TB), Malaria, Anemia, Pneumonia (Lungs), diarrhea and HIV/AIDS. Records show as down below:- Table: 10 Admissions, Outpatients and type of diseases. S/N DISEASES ADMISSION OUT PATIENTS 1 Tuberculosis (TB) 58 - 2 Malaria 1696 39,095 3 Anemia 494 4,347 4 Pneumonia 810 6,309 5 Diarrhea 287 4,492 Source: Health Department Kilwa, 2007 3.4.2.2 HIV/AIDS Infections There are reported cases of HIV in Kilwa District totaling to 372, where as male patients are 191 while female are 181. Kilwa district like other districts is facing a number of problems as far as health facilities are concerned. They include lack of qualified and skilled workers, insuffient budgets, and lack of awareness which can have made people conscious with the dangers of the epidemic disease and therefore take measures to change their habits. 3.4.2.3 Water Supply The demand of water supplies in the district is met mostly through a multitude as shallow wells, most of which are open with no pumps fitted.

21

The amount of precipitation for water harvesting and ground water recharge is reliable. Ground water supplies are plentiful and favourable for the installation of shallow wells. The number of rivers flowing throughout the year is very small, and thus very little people depend on surface water from rivers. In summary the source of water for domestic use are:-

o Shallow wells o Springs o Boreholes o Rain water.

Table 11: Water supply installation and distribution in Kilwa district S/N TYPE OF

INSTALLATION NUMBER CONDITION LOCATION

1 Shallow wells 335 200 135 All villages 2 Bore holes 18 6 12 Masoko, Mnazimmoja, Mpara,

Nangurukuru, Njianne, Namakongoro, PandePlot, Migeregere, Mandawa, Kilwa Kisiwani

3 Piped scheme 19 9 10 Masoko, Kivinje, Songosongo, Nangurukuru, PandePlot, Kiranjeranje, Kipatimu, Njinjo, Likawage, Nanjirinji, Kisiwa mkuka, Namakongoro, Migeregere, Kiwawa, Mandawa, Singino, Lihimalyao

Source: Water Department – Kilwa, 2006 3.5 Economic Infrastructure 3.5.1 Sanitation The disposal of household, human waste for health reasons and protection of the environment is an every day necessary in all communities, but in reality the district lack the place for waste disposal like Damping place and Abattoirs, things which create the major problems in environmental conservation in the entire district and the project area. According to the 2002 census 94% of households were covered with adequate sanitation facilities. 3.5.2 Commercial and Trade Facilities Commercial and trade facilities are run by the private sector. Private businessmen operate shops of various merchandise, restaurants, hotels, guesthouses, bars and kiosks. Supplies are obtained from Dar es Salaam

22

and Zanzibar by sea and road. There are also markets where people meet daily to buy and sell essential commodities for day consumption. 3.5.3 Energy The main source of energy is firewood obtained from wood forests and mangrove forests. Firewood is used for cooking and drying fish. Electricity is also available in Masoko, Singino, Kivinje and Songosongo areas; also generators do produce energy to various capable persons as well as solar powers. Construction of power station at Somanga to generate electricity from Songosongo gas and transmission lines is nearing completion. This project will provide the district with a reliable electricity supply. 3.5.4 Transport and Communication Kilwa district is accessible by a tarmac road from Dar es Salaam about 320 kilometers away. However a stretch of 60 kilometers from Ikwiriri to Somanga is still a rough earth surface road and a trouble shooter during the rain season. All feeder roads are seasonal, passable only by four wheel drive vehicle during the rain season. Transport by sea comprise of boats from Dar es Salaam Via Lindi to Mtwara, there also small boats, dhows and all sorts of sea transport equipment sailing from various townships such as Mafia and Zanzibar to Kilwa District. Kilwa is also accessible by air through chartered Cessna flights. The airstrip is small and has an earth surface runway; as such it cannot accommodate private companies such as Coastal air and tropical air, just to mention a few. 3.5.5 Telecommunication Kilwa is well served with telecommunication facilities which include those of TTCL, Zain, Vodacom, Tigo and Zantel. There’s also a post office at Kilwa, with internet facilities. 3.7.5 Commercial and Trade Facilities Commercial and trade facilities are run by private sector. Private businessmen operate shops of various merchandise, restaurants, hotels, guest houses, bars and kiosks. Supplies are obtained from Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar by sea and road. There are also markets where people meet daily to buy and sell essential commodities for day to day consumption. 3.6 Employment and Labour availability From the 2002 census report, the working population excluding those below 15 years and those above 65 years was 86,168, which is 50.37%. The figure indicates the labour force per household is 2.3.

23

Over 92% of land in the District is under agriculture use and the sector employs 81% of the population. The mean size of family land holding in 2005 was about 5.0 Ha. So far land availability is not considered to be limiting factor in the district. Table 12: Employment in Kilwa Sector Percentage Agriculture 81% Business 10.5% Fishing 3.0% Office work 2.6% Elementary occupation 2.4% Total 100% Source: National Census, 2002 3.7 Settlement distribution, pattern and hierarchy 3.7. 1 Distribution The Indian Ocean and the Kibiti-Lindi truck road are the main factors which have influenced the existing settlement distribution in Kilwa district. Thirty (30) settlements are situated directly along the shoreline of Indian Ocean, while about twenty five (25) settlements are situated along or just within 10 kilometers of the road, which itself is not far from the sea. Fertile soils and reliability of rainfall are responsible for the concentration of settlements in the Mbwemkuru plains and Matumbi hills in the western part of the district. 3.7.2 Village Patterns As it is for many fishing villages, coastal villages have developed a nucleated pattern with housing and services concentrated in the village centers, composed of a number of services such as fish landing sites and harbour, mosque, shops, village offices, primary schools, madrasas, dispensaries just to mention few. Farms and grazing area are located in the periphery. The settlements outside the coastal area have the similar pattern, but this one is influenced by the villagization programme of the seventies. Due to the development of this pattern, some village settlements such as Somanga, Masoko and Njianne are developing urban characteristics, including generation of solid and liquid waste to levels which are beyond the capacity of the village institutions.

24

3.7.3 Hierarchy of settlements Two different aspects are used to categorize the hierarchy. Settlements can be categorized from the administrative point of view or from service point of view. Administratively, settlements in Kilwa district are classified as:-

o District Headquarter o Divisional Headquarter o Ward Headquarter o Village center

The service based hierarchy classifies settlements as follows:- o City o Municipality o Town o Minor Settlement o Village

By service standards, only Kilwa Masoko qualifies to be a town, Kivinje, Singino, Nangurukuru, Mpara, Mnazimmoja, Kilwa kisiwani and Mkwanyule have been declared to be minor settlements. Plans are underway to combine the minor settlements of Masoko, Kilwa Kisiwani, Mnazi mmoja, Mpara and Mkwanyule to form a Township authority. The rest of the settlements in the District continue to be recognized as villages.

25

CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 THE MAIN ECONOMIC SECTORS 4.1 Introduction The economy of Kilwa district hinges on crop production, livestock keeping, fishing, trade and to a very limited extent on industrial activities. Like in most districts in Tanzania, Kilwa residents and their District Council draw a substantial amount of income and food from small holder cultivators. The most popular crops are cashew nuts, simsim and coconuts. There is not much cash generated from maize, cassava and rice as these are dairy cattle, is on the increase. Marginal contribution in council revenue comes form seaweed farming, an activity that is attaining economic significance as the market grows. The average per capital income is estimated to Tshs 150,000/= per year. 4.2 The main Economic Sectors 4.2.1 Agriculture Agriculture is the main economic activities in Kilwa district engaging 81% of the total labors force. Major crops grown are coconuts, cashew nuts and sesame/simsim, as the main cash crops, and sorghum, cassava, rice, sweet potatoes and cowpeas as main food crops. Other crops grown include pulses, mangoes, citrus and vegetables. Intercropping is widespread and often results in complicated cropping patterns. Yields for most crops are generally low compared to the land potential and climate. Following in the table below is the average yields. Table 13: Area cultivated and production of various crops

2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 Crop Area Acres

Production (Kgs)

Average Yield Kgs/area

Area Acres

Production (Kgs)

Average Yield Kgs/area

Area Acres

Production (Kgs)

Average Yield Kgs/area

Sorghum 12,060 310,621 26 11,309 284,966 25 10,608 219,114 21 Cassava 12,046 240,794 20 13,397 66,534 5 3,839 166,350 43 Rice 1,122 45,699 41 1,225 49,118 40 883 49,115 56 Maize 3,245 317,492 98 2,728 251,000 92 2,335 108,950 46 Cashew 24,500 4,996,422 20 147,991 12,348,860 83 272,610 302,445 1.1 Sesame 3,003 260,160 87 4,082 209,698 51 4,124 315,684 77 Coconut 8,264 177,000 21 7,472 114,700 15 7,470 92,800 12 Cowpeas 711 17,600 25 445 13,200 30 618 26,160 42

Source: Agricultural Department, 2007

26

4.2.2 Constraints to Agricultural Production The main constraints to agricultural production include inssufient agricultural extension officers, pests and insects (mainly aphids, stalk borers, cassava mill bugs), vermin (monkeys, warthogs, wild pigs and elephants) and low purchasing power of farmers. Unreliable rainfall does affect production from time to time. It is also true that lack of arable and fertile land is becoming a problem in the district especially in coastal areas. 4.2.3 Crop Markets Marketing of agricultural products is constrained mainly by bad roads particularly during the rain season and low prices offered by businessmen in the free market. 4.2.4 Irrigation The area with potential for irrigation is estimated to be 4332 ha, however only 80 (1.8%) Ha are currently irrigated. Matandu valley is one of the best agricultural areas which covers 3,552 Ha. With an exception of Makangaga, no reasonable attempts have been made to exploit the agricultural potentiality of this valley. 4.3 Livestock 4.3.1 Livestock Population Kilwa people are traditionally non livestock keepers save for small stock of goats and poultry kept by the local communities. In 1996, Kilwa district had 1,436 cattle, 4,879 goats and 5000 sheep. In the past two years pastoralist and agro pastoralist have migrated in Kilwa from the northern and western circuits in the country, bringing with them large herds of cattle. In 2006 alone Kilwa district received 11,902 cattle, 313 goats and 143 sheep from Mbeya region. This has brought the number of livestock kept in Kliwa today to be 12,336 catle, 5,192 goats and 5,143 sheep. 5,000 more cattle are on the way coming. Table below shows the distribution of newly received livestock in Kilwa district. Table 14: Livestock received and their distribution in Kilwa district SN Village Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys 1 Kivinje 1155 83 18 - 2 Matandu 520 47 18 - 3 Mavuji 3952 90 90 - 4 Somanga 496 5 - - 5 Nangurukuru 3509 28 - - 6 Nanjirinji 488 - - - 7 Tilawandu 782 - - -

27

Total 11,902 313 143 - Source: Agricultural and Livestock Department, 2007 4.3.2 Livestock infrastructure Meanwhile the livestock infrastructure existing in Kilwa district includes two dips, two crushes and two holding grounds located at Mtanga Prison detach and Marendego village. The latter was intended to be a check point for all livestock entering the district from the Coast region and else where in the country. In shot the level of livestock infrastructure in the district is very low compared to the existing number and distribution of livestock. 4.4 Forestry The physiognomic structure of the vegetation has been described earlier. Designated forest reserves in Kilwa district cover a total area of 207,590 Ha. This is 15 percent of the districts total land. Out of this 15,410 Ha are mangrove forest reserves. The reserves consist primary of miombo woodland, endowed with log gable tree species. The distribution of forest reserves in the district is shown in the table below:- Table 15 : Forest reserves in Kilwa District SN Name of reserve Location Area (Ha) 1 Mpindoro Makangaga 11,780 2 Ngarama South Mitole 2,070 3 Ngarama North Kiranjeranje 39,630 4 Mitundumbea Mandawa 8,550 5 Kitope Kinjumbi 3,370 6 Mitarure Kikole/Mitole 60,480 7 Tong’omba Kinjumbi/Kipatimu 2,510 8 Rungo Likawage 22,580 9 Malehi Nanjirinji 38,850 10 Mbinga Kipatimu 2,360 11 Mangrove Coastal afrea 15,410 Total 207,590 Source: Forest Department, 2007 Exploitation of the forestry resource is primarily for fuel. Estimated annual consumption of fuel wood and charcoal in the district is 1600m3 cubic meters. Logging is becoming widespread following the flourishing market of timber within and outside the country. Preferred species for logging include Mninga, Mhongo, Mpangapanga, Mninga, Msekeseke, Pamosa, Msufi and Mtondo/Mtondoro. There is one small sawmill in the district. Most

28

of harvested timber is transported to Dar es Salaam by lories in form of logs and sawn timber. Less prospects in income generation offered by agriculture and fishing is instrumental in forcing the youths to look into logging and charcoal production as an alternative employment opportunity. 4.5 Fisheries Fish is the main sources of protein in the district. Virtually all production is from the marine fisheries. The coastal fisheries, which support around 1905 fishermen and 982 fishing vessels is almost entirely dependent on traditional methods and gear (artisans fishing) including boats, mashuas, daus, ngalawa and dung out Canoes. An estimate of fish catches from fisheries department in 2006 totaled 29,460 tons and is illustrated in the table below:- Table 16: Fish catches in Kilwa district

2002 2003 2004 2005 Type of fish Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Ordinary fish

282.456 65,431,000 291.548 70,243,260 1,091,300 305,982,906 1309.6 2,619,200,000

Octopus 270.2 187,176,400 252.34 252,348,000 242.2 240,232,000 252.4 252,400,000 Lobsters 42.112 105,275,000 35.432 88,575,000 33,242 99,726,000 30. 705 92,115,000 Crabs 25.241 25,241,000 34.259 34,259,000 30.215 45,322,500 42.705 85,410,000 Sea cucumber

85.240 85,240,000 79.790 72,407,000 72.420 144,840,000 48.71 243,550,000

Shells 864.203 67,321,000 760.404 74,267,000 840.421 96,215,000 870.111 100,254,000 Seaweeds 337.2 57,324,000 540.5 100,900,000 342.528 68,505,600 545.511 120,012,420

Source: Fisheries Department, 2007. Fish buyers from Dar es Salaam using engine boats with cooling facilities visit Kilwa fish landing sites to buy fish. Marketing of fresh fish is confined to coastal villages and urban centers of Kilwa district; otherwise the majority of fish caught is dried or smoked before being sold to upland villages within the district and Lindi region as a whole. Commercial fishing, particularly the prawn’s trawlers trawling along the Coastal waters of Kilwa district has specialized in prawns which are exported outside the country. 4.6 Wildlife The North West part of Kilwa district lies within Selous Game reserve. The reserve is under direct control of the central government. Outside the reserves the concentration of game occurs in Nanjirinji and Njinjo. Game controlled areas such as River Nyange famous for hippopotamus have been established in Kilwa district. Elephants and other big game such as hippo are found also along the coast particularly around Marendego

29

village and Kilwa bay. Wild pigs and monkeys are wild spread in villages and pose a significant constraint to agricultural production. 4.7 Beekeeping Beekeeping is becoming an income generating activity among small scale honey/bee wax producers in Kilwa district. Both the mangrove forests and Miombo forests have the potential to produce high quality honey and beeswax. 4.8 Tourism Kilwa district has a high potential for eco-tourism and game viewing tourism. The attractions under the legal authority of the Antiquities Department include all ruins and monuments found on Kilwa Kisiwani, Songo Mnara, and Sanje ya Kati, Kilwa Kivinje and other various areas found in the vicinity. In addition, the caves found at Kipatimu are also included as protected areas under the Antiquities Act. Other natural attractions, such as the “hippo pool” at River Nyange and the extensive mangrove forests throughout the area, are under different management regime. Marine resources including mangroves forests, coral reefs and sand beaches have attracted a number of tourist investments in Kilwa. Opportunities exist for local communities to participate directly in tourism. These include provision of transport services, food and beverages services, tour guide services, handcraft and cultural displays. Tourism development is both labor intensive and capital intensive. Provision of services by the local community shall be through family labor; however, high input investment is required to provide accommodation and tourist infrastructure including improvement of labor, airfield, roads, water supply and electricity. These at present are constraining development of the industry.