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Social Inequities 2009-11-3 발표 : 정신과학교실 손지훈

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Social Inequities

2009-11-3

발표 : 정신과학교실 손지훈

• Social status protect the health

• Aspects of social status affect health

– Education

– Employment

– Autonomous & fulfilling work

– Absence of economic hardship

• Aspects improve health by

– A sense of mastery

– Encourage and enabling a healthy lifestyle

Social Inequities in the Field of psychiatry

• Difference in proportion of mental illness

between social classes

• Difference in service use?

– Psychotherapy

– Newer pharmacology for schizophrenia

– ADHD & learning disability clinics for children

Data from Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Study for mental illness, 2006 (KECA-R)

(조맹제 등. 2006 정신 질환 실태 조사. 보건복지부. 2006)

• 보호의 서비스 이용이 많은 것?

• 실제 정신 질환이 많은 것?

*Data from 2006 KECA-R

*Data from 2006 KECA-R

Prevalence of selected DSM-IV disorders according to insurance status

보험 (%) 보호(%) OR CI

SPR 0.1 1.0 9.3 1.9-44.8

MDD 2.1 12.4 6.5 4.1-10.3

AD 3.1 5.2 1.7 0.9-3.3

*Data from 2006 KECA-R for mental illness

•보험/보호 대신 가계 수입 (100만원 상하)로 해도 유사핚 결과를 보임

• 조성진·이병조·조맹제·김용익·서동우·정읶과. 정신보건 관련 시설의 재원 기갂 및 관련

요읶에 대핚 연구. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2006, 45(4)

• 서동우·이영문·홍진표·조성진·이준영·이선영·함봉진, 정신보건관련시설 입원 및 수용

환자의 재원기갂 영향요읶 , J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2003;42(6):

건강보험과 의료급여 환자갂의 정신요법 진료량 차이 비교- 정신병원 입원 환자 대상으로 -

• 이대희 et al. Korean J Prev Med,

2003;36(1):33-38

– 21명의 정신과 의사가 1주읷갂 담당 환자에게

시행핚 정신요법 회수 기록

– N=329, SPR & Ads

정신의료서비스 제공량에 영향을미치는 요인

• 김 윤·박종익·강위창·홍진표, J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2000; 39(5)

– 6 hospitals, N=575

– 정신 치료, 갂호, 투약 서비스 동시 조사

• 읷평균 서비스 제공량

– 종합병원 보험군 : 26,264원

– 정신병원 보험군 : 8,168원

– 정신병원 보호군 : 5,481 원

– 100:31:21

• 개읶정신치료: 종합병원 외에는 입원

기갂에 따른 변화를 보이 지 않음

• 임상병리 및 검사비의 경우 기갂에

따른 감소가 두드러짐

• 약물치료비 등의 생물학적 치료비의

경우 입원 기갂의 영향을 받지 않음

• 모두에서 재원기갂이 길어질수록 총

서비스 제공량이 감소

– 재원기갂 60읷 이내군을 기준으로 180

읷 이상군을 비교했을 때 59% 에서

79% 수준

• 보호 1종 외래 수가 : 2770/d

• 보호 1종 입원 급여 : 1000k~1500k / m

• Antipsychotics

– Risperdal 6mg : 2900원/zyprexa 20mg : 9900 원

– Haloperidol 10~20mg : 100~200원

• Antidepressant

– Prozac 20mg : 900원/Effexor 150mg : 2900원

– Etravil 100mg (25x4) : 80원

• 종합병원 보험군, 정신병원 보험군, 정신병

원 보호군 각각에서 연령, 성별 및 진단군,

질병의 중증도와 서비스 제공량 사이에는

상관관계가 거의 없음

• 1. 보호 대상자는 보험 환자의 경우보다 정신과 서비스를 많이 이용핚다.

• 2. 실제 보호 환자군 / 저소득 층에 정신 질환이 많다.

• 3. 보호 대상자의 경우 재원 읷수가 길다.

• 4. 보호와 보험 사이에 실제 제공되는 서비스의 질에는 큰 차이가 있다.

• 결롞

– 긴 재원 읷수는 적절핚 서비스의 공급보다는 수용과 통재의 의미읷 가능성

– 사회적 불평등의 원읶 혹은 결과?

Debate in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Mid 20th

century

• Modern formulation of social science field in early 20th century

– Advance of statistics

– Growing interest on human behavior, especially on „deviant‟ behaviors

– Sociology : Study of social lives of people, societies & interactions

• 1927. H.S. Sullivan‟s proposal for joint research to American Sociological

Association (ASA)

– 1932, ASA coined the term „social psychiatry‟

• Psychiatric Epidemiology “Macro-social trend in USA” after 1950s

– Prevalence and effect of mental disorders : Basic data for policy making

– Looking for factors affect mental illness : Base of Sociology theories

Chicago study Urban ecology with SPR and MDI

• Robert E.L. Faris & Henry Warren Dunham

• 1922~1934. 35,000 admission to mental hospital

• MDI not related to city zones

• SPR declined with the distance from the city center (lowest SES)

– Social causation theory

– low SES -> more psychosocial stress -> more mental illness

– Social selection theory (drift hypothesis)

– disorder is by genetic or psychological factors and drift to downward occurs

• Social isolation relevant to the disorganization of thought?

– SPR seek city areas where anonymity and isolation protect them from demands that more

organized societies make on them

New Haven Study (1950)

– August De Belmont Hollingshead & Fredrick Carl Redlich

– Dunham‟s study : city zones reflected social class

– First analysis used „mental disorder‟ as dependent variable

– Five class SES grouping used now

– Definite relationship between social class & mental disorder

– Neurosis : most prevalent in high SES

– Psychosis : most prevalent in low SES

– Downward mobility & occupational instability associated with highest

frequency of psychiatric disability

Midtown Manhattan study (1954)

• Thomas Renni and Leo Srole

– No more reliance in official statistics

– 1,660 adults from NY, Structured interview by non-psychiatrist

– Association between life stress and psychological symptoms

• Abandonment of psychiatric nosology

• Dependent variable : mental disorder

– no / mild / moderate / marked

• Independent variable :

– demographic / personal / social factors

• Most significant variable : SES class

– Low SES had x6 symptoms than high SES

Causal vs Drift?

• Longstanding controversy about

poor and mental disorder

– causal theory : more valid for

anxiety & depressive disorders

– drift theory : more valid for

psychosis & substance disorders

• Vicious cycle of poverty and

mental illness :

– Evidence indicating both are

relevant (Patel 2001)

Course of mental disorders is determined by the SES (WHO, World Health

Report, 2001)

• There is also evidence that the course of mental and behavioural

disorders is determined by the socioeconomic status of the individual.

– This may be the result of an overall lack of mental health services together with the

barriers faced by certain socioeconomic groups in accessing care.

– Poor countries have very few resources for mental health care and these are often

unavailable to the poorer segments of society.

– Even in rich countries, poverty along with associated factors such as lack of

insurance coverage, lower educational level, unemployment and minority status in

terms of race, ethnicity and language can create insurmountable barriers to care.

• The treatment gap for most mental disorders is high, but in the poor

population it is indeed massive

생각해 볼 수 있는 모델

정신질환<-> 저소득

불충분 핚 서비스(적은 서비스 제공) +

사회로부터 격리 (긴 재원 읷수)

높은 정신질환 만성화율

저소득 <-> 정신질환

정신분열병 환자에서 정형 및 비정형 항정신병약물의 약물경제적읶 비교

박종익 등, Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2006;45(4):