Sorsogon State CollegeSCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIESSummer 2014

Social Issue: Revolution

Discussant: Marian A. Habla

MAEd - English

Revolution

• a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revolution)

• a radical and pervasive change in society and the social structure, especially one made suddenly and often accompanied by violence.(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revolution )

Three (3) Phases of Education

Apprenticeship (19th Century)Universal Schooling (20th Century)Life Long Learning (21st Century)

- Allan Collins and Richard Halverson

The Apprenticeship Era

Education was largely the responsibility of parents. Learned the skills they needed, whether it was reading and counting or plowing and sewing, from their parents or other kin. Individual children were taught all they needed to know by those close to them.

Where people took up other occupations, such as crafts or midwifery, apprenticeship was the way they learned these occupations. Often, they were apprenticed to a friend or relative of the family, if not to their parents. They learned by observation, imitation, and guided practice.

The Apprenticeship Era

As Lawrence Cremin states,

” In general the pedagogy of household education was the pedagogy of apprenticeship, that is a relentless round of imitation, explanation, and trial and error.”

Universal Schooling

Horace Mann led a movement toward Universal Schooling that shifted the responsibility of educating children from the family to the state.

Universal Schooling

This movement resulted mainly from a chain of events that included:

a. The invention of the printing press, b. the Reformation, c. the American Revolutiond. the Industrial Revolution

Universal Schooling

The school structures and institutions that evolved in the first 100 years of Universal Schooling solved a set of problems facing a growing an urbanizing country in very efficient and effective ways.

Main pieces that constructed the interlocking system of universal schooling and that also solved many of the educational problems faced in the process of creating this system.

Compulsory Attendance: This was the main thrust of the universal schooling. Its goal was to ensure that the populace was educated enough to make wise political decisions since the control of the government at that period was turned over to the public.

Graded Schools: This was a response to the problems created by the huge increase in students brought on by compulsory attendance. Working with students of the same age reduced the amount of curricular knowledge for teachers and made it easier to control classes.

Tests:Tests were used to sort students into classes where they have the same ability. They were used to track the progress of students through the system so that they would advance to the next grade based on demonstrating that they had mastered the material covered in the current grade.

Textbooks: Textbooks were introduced to solve the problem of what students should learn. This was necessary to provide some uniformity in what students were learning in the different schools across the country.

Comprehensive High Schools: These allowed schools to offer a diversity of courses to suit different kinds of students. They were part of the solution to the problem of how to meet the learning needs of a wide variety of students.

The system that evolved from all of the aforementioned features proved to be very effective in educating a highly diverse population. But the society has continued to change, while these features have been locked in place for over 100 years. So the pressures are building for new solutions to the problems of education.

Life Long Learning Era

With the advance of technology and telecommunications the seeds of a new educational system started to blossom giving birth to what is now called Life-Long Learning.

These seeds can be seen ina. the explosive growth of home schoolingb. workplace learningc. distance education d. adult educatione. learning centersf. educational television and videosg. computer-based learning softwareh. technical certifications i. Internet Cafes

Many of these seeds will affect the learning of children, but many others will affect people of all ages, as learning becomes a lifelong enterprise. The face of education is changing rapidly and it remains to be seen exactly what form it will take.

Difference between the three (3) eras of education

a. Who was responsible for children’s education?b. What was the purpose and the content of their education?c. How were they to be taught and assessed?d. What did we expect them to learn?

Factors Apprenticeship Era

Universal Schooling

Life-Long Era

Responsibility parents the state individuals and parents

Expectations social reproduction

success for all individual choice

Content practical skills disciplinary knowledge

learning how to learn

Pedagogy apprenticeship didacticism interaction

Assessment observation testing embedded assessment

Location home school anywhere

Culture adult culture peer culture mixed-age culture

Relationships personal bonds authority figures Computer-mediated interaction

Thank you For

Listening!