social media during emergencies: who am i? communicative ...€¦ · head, geosocial intelligence...
TRANSCRIPT
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 1
Social Media during Emergencies: Communicative Approaches to Systems
21st September 2016
A/Prof. Rodney Clarke Director, Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab),
SMART Infrastructure Facility,
University of Wollongong, Australia Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 2
Who am I?
A/Prof. Rodney J. Clarke PhD, Docent (KaU, SE), FBCS Foundation Discipline Leader (Operations),
Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong
Director, Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab)
Head, GeoSocial Intelligence Research Group (GSI4URL)
SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Australia
Co-Director, Centre for Responsible Organisations and Practices (CROP)
Manager, Business Research Laboratory (BRL)
Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong
Fellow, Information Systems, Karlstad University, Sweden
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 3
Agenda
PetaJakarta: Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
Some Lessons Learnt
Transitivity- the grammar of experience
Next Steps
Conclusions
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 4
PetaJakarta: Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 5 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 6
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 7 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 8
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 9 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 10
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 11 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 12
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 13 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 14
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 15 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 16
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 17
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
the PetaJakarta social informatics research
program
harvest social media build flood maps
is the result of use?
does PetaJakarta provide the best way of
doing it?
is there a ‘best’ way?
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 18
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 19
PetaJakarta Accolades …
it actually is supported by a Twitter Data Grant (2014) only 6
were ever given globally
social media commentators like Patrick Meier, famous US-
based Humanitarian Technologist, have lauded this system as
the exemplar of social media emergency system
research cited by AU House of Representatives and the US FCC
as the best example of citizen communication
the system has been showcased in Red Cross’s Global Report
2015
one of the state government experts Tony Sloan is of a view that
the best emergency system is the one that’s actually used
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 20
PetaJakarta Accolades
it has been consistently advocated as a defining Global
Challenges Program
its actually used as advertising on the sides of local buses
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 21
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
the fact that severe flooding is becoming a recurring and
intensifying disaster due to accelerated geomorphological
subsidence, intense precipitations and sea-level rise have
encouraged local authorities to trust citizens in helping them
to better prepare, adapt and respond to severe flooding
events.
during the next flooding season, it is expected that
PetaJakarta.org will access and treat data from automated
monitoring stations and drone-embarked cameras in order
to supplement citizen-driven information, reinforcing the
hybrid nature of this socio-technical system
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 22
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
during the flooding season 2014/2015
approximately 1.7 million impressions associated with @petajkt were
traced
69,000 users accessed PetaJakarta.org website to retrieve information
compared to 2,000 tweet confirmed contributions- this free-riding use of
a citizen-driven mapping system
perhaps best to target this behaviour with a media campaign before the
start of the next flooding season, unfortunately it is likely to be a
‘tragedy of the commons’
this use is way above any other flood information sources
available in Jakarta- rapid appropriation by BPBD DKI Jakarta,
decreasing their reporting time from 6 hours to 20 minutes
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 23
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
PetaJakarta has proven to be both robust and efficient at
providing relevant information to citizens and emergency
response officers
the project has achieved in one year more tangible operational
gains than previous attempts to equip BPBD DKI Jakarta with
more sophisticated analytical and visualization tools
these results were made possible by harnessing the most
effective ubiquitous sensing network in Jakarta: its residents and
their mobile phones.
Jakarta, with its ten million residents and one of the highest rates
of tweet per capita and per day in the world, was a perfect social
laboratory to implement the project Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 24
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
evaluating the quality of the engagement will need more time
observing whether the number of active contributors
increases and current active citizens maintain their
commitment to the system will constitute relevant
indicators.
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 25 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 26
PetaJakarta Social Media Citizen Flood Mapping
PetaJakarta.org is a web-based platform used to harness the
power of social media to gather, sort, and display
information about flooding for Jakarta residents in real time
two main components:
the first major subsystem is the Twitter harvester and it works in a
relatively simple fashion by identifying hashtags or parsing tweet
content for the existence of a small set of ‘hot terms’ like flooding,
inundation and pooling in both Bahasa Indonesia and English
open source software known as CogniCity- a GeoSocial Intelligence
framework developed at the SMART Infrastructure Facility- that
allows urban data to be collected and disseminated by community
members through their location-enabled mobile devices
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 27 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 28
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 29 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 30
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 31 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 32
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 33 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 34
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 35 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 36
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 37 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 38
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 39 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 40
Some Lessons Learnt
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 41
Some Lessons Learnt
PetaJakarta relies on the (cultural) socio-technical contexts-
some are unique to Jakarta (some of which have been
already described)
PetaJakarta’s (cultural) social-technical contexts are so
specific that for example, in order to apply this system in
Australian emergency contexts, the harvester subsystem
will need to change for use in lower message volume,
heterogeneous platforms mix environments like those to be
found in Australia
more effort will therefore need to be made in order to
actually analyse, rather than simply filter, the social media
content Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 42
Some Lessons Learnt
CogniCity employs statistical approaches to analyse
collected tweets centered on the analysis of word
frequencies to indicate significance and combined with
standard text mining approaches look for the occurrence
and collocation of key words associated with flooding
hazards in Jakarta
as useful as statistical approaches are, they can only
consider what was said; that is, they utilize only the lexical
(wording) aspects of social media messages
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 43
Some Lessons Learnt
the filtering approach employed by PetaJakarta is incapable
of determining the meanings of these messages
some examples are useful in demonstrating some of the
issues with a purely stop-list/filter problem:
pinned on the map as a flood report
it reminds me of the lead up to the flood of 1968 [recollections ≠ floods]
I imagine that this flood may be the worst [future imagination]
these are referring to floods but will not be used as a flood report
I hope that everyone will be safe [ + in the flood]
still the same [ = it’s still flooded]
and many, many more examples that could be constructed
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 44
Some Lessons Learnt
the use of hashtags in emergency contexts is particularly
problematic
it is simply not possible to assume that a hashtag is a reference to
the immediate situation faced by a social media user.
it is just as likely to be used as a theme to indicate solidarity with a
population conditioned to routine flooding events. In this case the
utility of hashtags to indicate emergency circumstances experienced
by social media users is very low
the problem with using this kind of approach is that no
attempt is being made to produce any form of semantics
associated with the use of the terms
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 45
Some Lessons Learnt Why Semantics is Important?
False Positives (not about flooding at all)
‘My heart is flooded with emotion!’
‘I am inundated with emails!’
‘There is a flood of interest in our produce.’
‘Pooling the debt together forms a new asset!’
False Negative (these really are about flooding)
‘Still the same’ (but the attached image shows deep flood waters)
‘Rising’ or ‘Falling’ (refer to a state relation associated with flooding)
‘Sure is damp here’
‘I need my gumboots’ (a behaviour suggestive of flooding)
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 46
Some Lessons Learnt Research Question: What does this mean?
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 47
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Experiential Metafunction
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 48
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Experiential Metafunction
much of the issues with PetaJakarta involve a complete lack
of understanding about how social media works as
communication
Initial work at the Collaboration Laboratory and SMART
Infrastructure Facility, is defining the conceptual
foundations for research work involving semantics of social
media
we need to focus on the grammar of experience if we are
going to try to use social media as a way of understanding
flooding
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 49
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Experiential Metafunction
from a functional linguistic perspective whenever we speak
or write there are three distinct kinds of meanings that can
be made simultaneously (language is designed to do this)
these distinct kinds of meanings are called metafunctions,
the one we are interested in here is called:
ideational metafunction: allows experiences to be represented in
language. The ongoing flow of experience can be described in
language as discrete changes to experience that are the ordered into
language. Therefore this metafunction has two corresponding
modes:
experiential mode (also known as the experiential metafunction) the
resources used to construe 'goings on'- well concentrate on this, and
logical mode the resources for creating 'complexes' of experience
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 50
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Processes: External, Consciousness & Relational
associated with is the grammar of experience called transitivity-
distinction between an ‘exterior world’ and an ‘interior world’- evident in
the first 3-4 months of life- reflected in the grammar in a distinction
between ‘processes of the external world’ and ‘processes of
consciousness’
processes of the external world are represented in terms of actions and
events a swells people or other entities (say sensors or machines) making
them happen
processes of consciousness involve the less discrete inner experiences of
perception, emotion and imagination-perhaps a self-conscious recording of
the unfolding of some event, recollection of past events, a reflection upon or
relation to them
needs a third component- relational processes that enable us to move from
instances of experience to generalisations about experience
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 51
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Some Preprocessing Steps …
to identify transitivity, several pre-processing steps are
required:
each social media message (post/comment) must be separated into
distinct modes and their associated workflows
we only want the language component for a transitivity analysis- note
that other compatible Systemic Semiotic methods can be applied to the
semantics of images, video etc (Al Mansour 2013, Mehmet 2014, Mehmet
and Clarke 2016a)
we need to excluded unneeded language which are not needed for a
transitivity analysis- generally @ accounts, #hashtags
break apart the remaining text into discrete messages or clauses by
performing a so-called clause boundary analysis (CBA)
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 52
Social Media Platform
Media Modalities
Semiotic Resources
Semiotic Methods
has
consists of
studied by
SMS Text (plus Hypertext, Hashtags, Handles); Image, Video (plus Streaming Video
additional Apps- eg. Meerkat, Periscope), plus optional Geo-positioning
SFL (Text): Transitivity- Grammar of Experience;
Social Semiotics (Image): Representational Meanings- Ideational Metafunction,
Interactive Meanings- Interpersonal Metafunction) and Compositional Meanings-
Textual Metafunction
SFL (Text): Figure- Processes, Participants and Circumstances;
Social Semiotics (Image): Narrative- Action Processes, Reactional Processes and
Circumstance; Symbolic- Salient Objects, Subjects, and Things
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Some Preprocessing Steps …
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 53
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Introduction
transitivity recognises
distinct kinds of experience
that can be represented in
language called process
types
transitivity consolidates a
huge diversity of possible
events into a small number
of generalised process types
six in all- major process
types have subcategories
material
relational
mental
verbal
behavioural
existential
clause
-
circumstance
attributive
identifying
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 54
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Descriptions 1
pr:material describe processes of doing and action
I'm crossing the flooded street
pr:mental involve related to the packaging of experience in the
form of cognition (verbs of thinking, knowing and understanding),
affection (verbs of liking and fearing) and perception (verbs of
seeing, hearing)
I hate crossing the flooded street
pr:verbal processes are processes of verbal actions- saying
I asked him for the situation report
pr:behavioural are considered 'half way' between material and
mental processes, for example, breathe, cough, look at, dream,
frown, grin, laugh, think on, watch etc (Eggins 2004)
We cried together
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 55
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Descriptions 2
material, mental, verbal and behavioural process types ‘encode action
meaning’ whereas existential and relational process types encode eating
about ‘states of being’ (Eggins 2004, 237)
pr:existential processes are process types “where things are stated to
exist” eg. arise, occur, exist etc
There was rubbish everywhere
pr:relational processes are things stated to exist in relation to other
things (assigned attributes and identities- two functions:
identifying relational processes- 'x serves to define the identity of y' and
attributive relational processes- 'x is a member of class a' or 'x carries the
attribute of a'
The best suburb in Wollongong is West Wollongong
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 56
Material Mental
RelationalB
ehavio
ural
VerbalExistential
Processes of the External World Processes of Consciousness
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Process Types- Diagrammatic View
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 57
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Circumstances 1
Circumstances can be associated with each process types.
extent
duration how long?; 'I've caught the train hundreds of times'
distance how far?; 'I stayed up all night'
location
time when?; 'I found out about the flooding last night'
place where?; 'It flooding in the park'
manner
means how?, with what?; 'We walked for ages'
quality how?; 'With new storm drains, the floods won't be so bad'
comparison what like?; 'Unlike Wollongong, I feel unsafe here?'
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 58
Transitivity- the grammar of experience Circumstances 2
cause
reason what for?; 'To avoid getting caught, the thieves don't go to
the CBD'
purpose why?; 'Thanks to the SES, Wollongong is safe'
behalf who?, who for?; 'You have to be strong for their sake'
accompaniment with whom? 'With or without you, it will
work!'
matter what about?; 'As for the insurance company, they
gave no support'
role what as?; 'As a resident, I was glad to see the progress'
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 59
Next Steps
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 60
Next Steps Emergency Semiospheres under Normal Conditions ...
examining transitivity processes enables social media
platforms traffic to be considered experientially
these methods are social media platform agnostic, so let's
just refer to them as abstract 'spaces' of meaning or
semiospheres (Lotman 1998, 2005)
this free us from being bogged down in the details and specificities
of any particular platform, and
as meanings are often shared across and between platforms, a
phenomenon called themed clusters (Mehmet 2013)
as communicated using social media platforms, experience
ebbs and flows as described using the communicative
resources of process type
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 61
Next Steps Emergency Semiospheres under Normal Conditions ...
by analyzing social media messages (tweets) for process
type, we can estimate the usual proportions of process type
in the semiosphere
in this way what counts as normal process activity in the
social media semiosphere can be characterized
there will be a degree of volatility in the occurrence of
particular kinds of processes in the semiosphere
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 62
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 63 Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 64
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 65
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
Preprocessing
initially separate the ‘language’ from the social
media platform artefacts eg. handles and
hashtags
apply Clause Boundary Analysis (CBA) this
can be a tricky processing step because of
clause complexes (rather than the simple ones
shown here) – its not just about full stops and
commas!
Use WordNet together with Python and NLTK
library and similar to provide candidate word
classes (parts of speech) to words
Functional Processing
Use the verbs to identify candidate processes
(underlined)- create our own process
dictionaries
Use the constituency pattern (realisation
statement) associated with processes to check
the interpretation or distinguish between
alternate interpretations if they exist.
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 66
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
Processes
Realisation Statements for processes
within the so-called Transitivity
System Network (left) means that a
material process consists of a
mandatory constituent called an Actor
[+ = has] with three optional
constituents Gaol, Range and
Beneficiary
probes or identity questions are asked
of the clause to determine if the
constituent exists or not- remember
there can be conflicting
interpretations) eg. What did It do?
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 67
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
Circumstances
these involve all the information relating to
processes and are considered a second
system from which we select when providing
ancillary information about processes
(although some circumstances are likely to co-
occur with particular processes more often
than others)
generally occur where there are adverbial
groups or prepositional phrases (as above in
Clause 1)
@petajkta It’s flooding around here. I’m not going to leave #banjir
Pro. Verb Preposition Phrase
Pr:materialActor BehaverC:location: Place (spatial)
Word Class
Functional Behaviour
Adj PrepProCont Adv Verb
Clause 1 Clause 2
Behavioural ProcessMaterial Process
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 68
Next Steps Relevance to Emergencies
clearly process types are incredibly significant for describing
experience during emergencies
material processes: emphasize happenings (events) or doings (actions)
mental processes: sensed (perception), though (cognition), or felt
(affection)
while material and mental processes will represent the largest
amount of processes, the proportion of processes will change as an
emergency
those processes not engaged in happenings or descriptions of
things will fall away replaced by an abundance of material processes
of both subcategories- events and actions- and to a lesser mental
processes of a specific subcategory- perception
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 69
Next Steps Maps of Experience | Geo-spatial/temporal Statistics
the beautiful thing is that these processes can be mapped
using a standard technique called thematic mapping
you can show each process as a layer
as with Photoshop and then you can turn layers on and off and
combine them in useful ways
over time, knowedge will develop about which process
types and combinations signal different experiences are
useful to show- panic, orderly withdrawal, reflection, actual
material efforts for example
the spatial arrangement of process types can also be
analysed using well established geo-spatial/temporal
statistics Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 70
Spatial Semantics
Functional Semantic
Analysis
Spatial
Science
Social Media
Software
Engineering
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 71
Conclusions
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 72
Conclusions
applications running on mobile devices that are being used
to acquire empirical emergency information and media to
social media platforms must facilitate the seamless
reporting of experiences encoded in specific process types
especially information and media about relevant events,
actions and perceptions
using social media to attempt to characterise objectively
flooding conditions is a laudable aim but it is also misguided
(see a related talk on NextGen IoT Emergency Sensors)
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 73
Conclusions
it misrepresents what social media platforms are good at,
recounting personal experiences and these are encoded in
many kinds of process type and circumstances
using functional analysis of the language of social media
posts/messages effectively provides many
additional dimensions with which to analyse social media
semiospheres
18 new dimensions: circumstances x 7 main kinds of circumstance
with 13 including sub kinds; processes x 6
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 74
Conclusions
by employing a functional communication approach we can
consider not only the meanings of what was communicated,
it also becomes possible to explore how a social media
message is organized as an instance of communication.
in other words, we can apply a functional approach to
communication in order to understand which grammatical
resources were used to formulate a given social media
message
this opens up an entirely new approach to the analysis of
social media; one that can be used to describe the
semantics of social media messages in emergency contexts
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 75
Conclusions
from a practical perspective, by analysing how social media
messages in emergency situations are organized
grammatically we can exclude a large proportion of
messages that are otherwise irrelevant. Tools could be
developed that use grammar to explore social media
semantics.
In effect, grammar provides many additional categories that
can be used to filter, search and process the large collection
of social media messages that can be collected during
emergencies.
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 76
Conclusions
there is a great many possible ‘goings on’ that can comprise
experience and the grammar enables these to be
represented into configurations of process, participants and
circumstances
the technology being developed within the GeoSocial
Intelligence group at the SMART Infrastructure Facility to
semantically analyse social media related to emergencies is
called SEM
the kinds of functional semantic analyses provided by SEM,
represents an entirely new approach to social media
description, evaluation and representation
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 77
Collaboration Laboratory (Co-Lab)
SMART Infrastructure Facility, Building 6 Room 207
University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
+ 61 2 4221 3752; +61 2 4221 3218
Web: http://smart.uow.edu.au/uow-collaborators/co-lab.html
Director, A/Prof Rodney J. Clarke
School of Management and Marketing
University of Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
T + 61 2 4221 5818; F +61 2 4221 4154
Web 1: http://www.uow.edu.au/commerce/smm/mgmt/mgmtstaff/UOW010750.html
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT
Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
T +46 54 700 18 40 Web 2: https://www.kau.se/forskning/forskdb?to_do=show_researcher&id=3236
Linkedin: http://au.linkedin.com/in/rodneyjclarke
Twitter: clarke_rj Skype: rodney-j-clarke
WordPress: blogs.uow.edu.au/colab
Vimeo: co-labAU
Clarke, R. J. (2016a) Social Media during Emergencies- KaU 78
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