social project on first aid

8/8/2019 Social Project on First Aid

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2010

Aamir K Nazar

Std IX

1/19/2010

SOCIAL PROJECT

POCKET DICTIONARY ON

FIRST AID


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INDEX

TOPIC PAGE NOIntroduction 3

Scene Assessment, Safety

and Personal Protective

Equipment

4

Providing first aid 6

ABCS

Bleeding 10

Wound 13

Burn 14

Shock 18

Fracture 20Splints and dislocations 22

Snake and spider bites 25

Heat strokes 26

Hypothermia 26

Fainting 27

Lifting techniques 29Bibliography 30

Teachers remarks 31


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The Basics of First

AidIntroduction

FirstAidisdefined as any and all emergencycaregivento an

injuredorsickperson priortotheinterventionofany

professional medical treatment.

The purposeoffirstaid1. To preserve andsustainthe lifeofthecasualty

2. Tostabilizethe patient

3. To preventcontamination

4. To aidin better andmorerapidrecovery

5. To aidinthesafetransportationofthe patientto a hospital of

doctor

Points to be clear on1. The administratoroffirstaidisNOT A DOCTOR. Theroleof

thefirstaideristohelp keep the patientalive, ascomfortable as

possibleinordertofacilitatethedoctorsjob whenheorshe

arrives.

2. Thefirstaidershould NEVERgiveup on a patientand

terminate life-savingendeavors. Only a doctorshoulddeclare apatientdead andstop life-saving procedures.

3. Thoughfirstaidtrainingisrecommended and advisable,youshouldnotallow lackoftraining and/orexperiencekeep you

fromtryingto administerfirstaid. Youreffortsmaysave a life.


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First aid has two parts

Part One Scene Assessment, Safetyand Personal Protective Equipment

Being awareofsafetyissuescanmakethedifference between

savingthe patientand becoming anotheroneofthevictims.

Beforegiving anyfirstaidcheckfor

1.Electrical hazards

2. Chemical hazards

3. Noxious & Toxicgases

4. Groundhazards

5.Fire


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Emergencies are, by their very nature, volatile situationsand, as such the danger of further injury is increased.

Obvious, immediate dangers include such things as downedpower lines, floods, traffic, potential collapses in the immediate

vicinity, violence by others, unstable ground to name only afew.

You need to be aware of which situations you and othersaround you can control and which ones you will need the help

of emergency personnel (Police, Power Company, Hazmatteam, etc)

REMEMBER: You cannot help someone else if youbecome a victim yourself!

Beyond the obvious and immediate dangers, there is also theissue of blood borne pathogens and other

issues related to bodily fluids and infectious diseases (Hepatitis,HIV, etc).

HIV AIDS TUBERCULOSIS

PPE (Personal ProtectiveEquipment)such asdisposablegloves,

CPRBarriers andeye protectionmay benecessary.Justbecause

thesedangers arenotimmediate (theeffectsmaytakeyearsto


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show themselves)orvisibledoesnotdiminishthethreat. You

needto protectyourselffromcontamination.

Part Two ProvidingFirstAidThe ABCs of First AidThe ABCs stands for

AirwayMakesurethatthe airwayisclear. Tiltthehead back, liftthechin

sothattheJaw isthrustforwardinordertomakesurethe airway

isclear.

BreathingLookand listenforsignsofbreathing. Trytofeel for breath. Allow

3 to 5 seconds.

CirculationFeel for a pulseusingthesecond andthirdfingers andrunning

them alongtheouteredgeofthe windpipeintheneck.Because

this arterysupplies a massive amountofbloodtothe brain,thisis

usuallytheeasiestpulsetodetect. Taken 5 to 10 seconds.

Additional things to pay attention to: Noticethecolorofthe personsskin.Blue,greyor purplecolors

usuallyindicateillness. Trytosmell for alcohol onthe breath

Listenforgroaningnoisesorraspinginthe breathing.

Listenforcoughingorspluttering.


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BEFORETREATMENT

DURING TREATMENT

avoidcoughing, breathing,orspeakingoverthe wound

avoidcontactwith bodyfluids


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use a faceshieldormaskwithone-way-valve whendoing active

resuscitation

useonlyclean bandages anddressings

avoidtreatingmorethanonecasualty withoutwashinghands

andchanginggloves

AFTER TREATMENT

cleanup bothcasualty andyourself

cleanup theimmediatevicinity

disposeofdressings, bandages,gloves andsoiledclothing

correctly

washhands withsoap and water

Normal Vital Signs: Breathing: 12-20 breaths perminutefor adultsor 20-25 timesperminuteforchildren

Pulse: 60-80 beats perminute (adults)or80-100 beats per

minuteforchildren

Body Temperature: 98.6oF

BloodPressure: 120 over80

Other issues to keep in mind Alwayscall 911 first.Ifyou are alone withthe patientthancall

911 yourself.Ifothers are presenthavethemcall 911


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Donotmovethe patientunlessitis absolutelynecessaryfor

survival.Professional medical personnel will arrangefor

transport.

Theremay bemorethanjustoneinjurythatneedsto betreated

ABCs CausesofRespiratory/Cardiac Arrest

Electrical

Drowning

Toxic-

Noxiousgases

Suffocation

HeartAttack

Trauma

Drugs

Allergicreactions

Airway obstruction


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Open Closed (arrow

denotes

Tongue)

Obstructed

Treating specific problems

BleedingExternal Bleeding

For minor cuts and wounds - Clean anddressthe

injury.

For major bleeding - Applyconstantanddirectpressure

tothe bleeding andelevatetheinjured area ifatall

possible. DO NOT apply a tourniquetexceptas a lastresort

andonlyfor 15 minutesor less as a tourniquetcould,ifnot

properlyused,resultinthe lossofthe limb.

Internal Bleeding

Ifa personis pale,has a rapid pulse, a weakpulse, labored

breathing,cold andclammyskin and/orissweating

excessively,theymayhaveinternal bleeding.


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Ifconscious,treatthe patientforshock(Seesectionon

shockbelow).

Keep the patientonhisorher backwithraised legs.

Keep the patientwarmuntil professional medical help

arrives.

Treating severed limbs or body parts

1.Immediately washthesevered partwithclean waterto

preventcontamination

2.Packitin a plastic bag and putitonice

3. Getthe patientandthesevered parttothehospital

immediately.

Types of bleeding

Artery Spurting


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Vein Steady flow

Capillary Oozing

Control of bleeding

Direct pressure


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Elevation

Pressure bandage

Wounds


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Types of wounds

Burns


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First Degree Thoughtheremay beintense pain,the

skinisonlyreddened andthere areno blisters.First

degree burnsdonotrequire professional medication

treatment. Simplycool the area withcool water (DO NOT

USEICE!Ice will actuallycausefurther burn).Blotitgentlyapply burngel or burncream andcover with a sterile

dressing.

Second Degree Skindevelops blisters andmay be wet,

shinyor weeping. Donottouchorcoverthe burn area.

Trytositthe patientup (ifpossible,trytokeep the burnarea aboveheartlevel,especiallyfor armsor legs) and

watchfordifficulty breathing. Getthe patientimmediate

medical attention.


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Third Degree: These burns arethemostserious. Third

degree burns areverydeep andtheburnoften appears

white,deep red,or blackbecauseofskindeath. These

burns areoften withoutsensation becausenerveendings

have beendamaged.Itisimportantthatthese burns arenottouched,orcoveredunless absolutelynecessary. Any

contactwiththe burnedskincancausemoredamage andheightenthechanceofinfection.

* For bothsecond andthirddegree burns:* Iffaceis affectedsitthevictimup and watchfor

breathingdifficulties,until medicalhelp isreceived.

* Ifarms and legs are affected,keep themelevated above

heartlevel.

Burn Treatment:y Remove andconstrictingjewelry

y Do NOT useoilsor butteron a burn

y Douseeffected area withcool water ASAP!Itcan becleansedgently withchlorhexidinesolution.

y Do NOT useiceoricecold water,thiscancauseadditional damage


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y Treatment for severe burns and scalds

Cool the burn area with waterfor 10 to 20 minutes. Oruse

Burngel.

Laythecasualtydown andmakehim ascomfortable as

possible, protecting burn area fromgroundcontact.Gentlyremove anyrings, watches, beltsorconstricting

clothingfromtheinjured area beforeitbeginstoswell.

Covertheinjured area loosely withsterileunmediated

dressingorsimilarnonfluffymaterial and bandage. Don't

remove anythingthatisstickingtothe burn.

Don'tapply lotions,ointments, butterorfattotheinjury.

Don'tbreakblistersorotherwiseinterfere withthe

injured area..

Don'tover-cool the patientandcauseshivering.

Ifbreathing andheartbeatstop, beginresuscitation

immediately,

Ifcasualtyisunconscious butbreathingnormally, placein

recovery position.

Treatforshock.

Sendformedical attention.

Electrical Burns:

Ifsomeonereceives anelectrical burn,theyshouldseek

professional attentionimmediately. These burnsoften

resultinseriousmuscle breakdowns,electrolyte

abnormalities, andoccasionallykidneyfailure. An

importantthingtonote aboutthese burnsisthatthe

damageisofteninternal andcannotbeseenfromtheoutside.

Chemical Burns:

These burnsshould betreated likethermal burns and

doused with large amountsofwatertoflushoutthe

affected area. Contaminatedclothingshould beremoved.


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Itis alsoveryimportantthatyou DO NOT trytoneutralize

thechemical burn by adding anotherchemical, asthis

couldresultin a chemical reactioncausingthermal burns

orgreaterskindamage.Manychemicalscan betreatedto

reduceskindamage,so whenindoubtits a goodidea tocall your local poisoncontrol centerormake a trip tothe

local ER. When working withchemicals always wearthe

proper protectivegearto avoid burns andotherinjuries.

Treatment:

Floodthe area withslowlyrunning waterfor atleastten

minutes.

Gentlyremovecontaminatedclothing whilefloodinginjured area,takingcare nottocontaminateyourself.

Continuetreatmentfor SEVEREBURNS

Removetohospital.

Sun Burns

A sunburnistheresultofyourskin beingexposedtotoo

muchofthesunsultravioletradiation. Thisthreatvaries

greatly withtheseasons and withchanging atmosphereconditions. The amountofsunlightyou areexposedto also

dependsonthegeographicfeaturesofaltitude and

latitude, as well asclothing, lifestyle andoccupation.

Indoors,sunburn-producingrays arefilteredout

byordinary window glass. Outdoorshoweverthesuns

rays are ableto passthrough lightclouds, 25 cmofclear

water, andfog.


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SHOCKShockis whathappens whentheheartand bloodvessels

areunableto pump enoughoxygen-rich bloodtothevital

organsofthe body. Althougheveryillness andinvolves

shocktosomedegree,itcan be a lifethreatening problem.The bestwayto protectpeoplefromtheseriousdamages

thatshockcanhaveonthesystemistorecognizethesigns

beforethe persongetintoserioustrouble.Inmostcases,

only a few ofthesymptoms will be present, andmanydo

notappearforsometime. Themostcommonsymptoms

are:

y

Pale,cold,clammy andmoistskiny Vacantordull eyes,dilated pupils

y Anxiety,restlessness, andfainting

y Weak,rapid,or absentpulse

y Shallow,rapid, andirregular breathing

y Nausea andvomiting

y Excessivethirst

y Personmayseemconfusedortired

y Lossofblood pressureClassification of shock:

Hypovolemic Shock:Thisformofshockis broughton by a

decreaseinthe amountofbloodvesselsorotherfluidsin

the body.Excessive bleedingfrominternal andexternal

injuries,fluid lossduetodiarrhea, burns,dehydration, and

severevomitingusuallycausethiskindofshock.

Neurogenic

Shock:

Inthecaseofneurogenicshock,thebloodvessels become abnormallyenlarged andthe

poolingofthe blooddisallows an adequate bloodflow to

bemaintained.Faintingis anexampleofthissortofshock,

asthe bloodtemporarily pools asthe personstands. When

the personfallsthe


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bloodrushes backtothehead andthe problemissolved.

Psychogenic Shock:Thisshockismorecommon, andis

known as a shocklikecondition.Itis produced by

excessivefear,joy, anger,orgrief. Shell shockis a

psychological adjustmentreactiontostressful wartimeexperiences. Treatmentforshell shockis limitedto

emotional supportandhelp from a medical facility.

Anaphylactic Shock:Thisformofshockis broughton by an

allergicreactionfrom a food, beestingor

otherinsectbite, andinhalants.

Treatment of shock:

1. Call 911 (oryour local emergencyhelp provider)forhelp

2.Laythevictimfaceup,on a blanketorcoatifpossible,

andraisethefeetabovetheheadunlessthey are

fractured.Ifthe personis bleedingfromthemouthor

vomiting,tilttheirheadtothesideto avoidfluidsgoing

intothe lungs and airways.Ifyou areunsureofinjuries

keep the person layingflat.

3.Loosentightclothing, braces, belts,jewelryetcto avoidconstrictionofthe waist,neckandchest.

4.Keep thevictimcomfortable and warmenoughto be

abletomaintaintheirown bodyheat.Ifpossible,remove

wetclothing and place blankets beneaththevictim.

NEVERuse artificial sourcesofheat.Ifthey are bleeding

severelydonotapplyheattothe wounded area asitwill

preventthe bloodfromclotting aseasily

5. Checkforotherinjuries,such as bleeding and burns andtreattheotherinjuries accordingtofirstaid procedures.If

possibletrytosplintsprainsor broken bones.Ifyou are

unsureofhow todothis, leavethem asthey areto avoid

furtherdamage.


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6.Iftheyclaimthey arethirstymoistentheir lips with

water butDO NOT givethem anythingtodrink, asitmay

inducevomiting.

7. Trytokeep thevictimcalm,excitementandexcessive

handling will worsentheirconditiontryto assurethemhelp isonthe way.

Remember,ifyoucan performthese actions beforeshockhascompletelydevelopedyoumay preventitsoccurrence

andifithaddevelopedyoumaystop itfrom becoming

fatal.Ifshockis leftunattendedtothevictim will die,itis

extremelyimportantthatfirstaid be performed assoon as

possible.

Fractures

A fractureis a breakorsplinterin a bone.Itcan becaused

byviolentimpactor by anynumberofdiseasesthatcause

bonedecay.

There areseveral differentclassificationsoffractures:

1.Greenstick fracture whichis a simplecrackinthebone. Theycan bedetermined by a doctorusing anx-ray

machine.

2.Closed or simple fracture in whichthe broken

bonehasnotpiercedthroughtheskin.

3.Open or compound fracture in whichthe broken

bonehas piercedortorntheskinresultingin anopen

wound.

4.Comminuted or multiple fracture in whichtheboneis brokeninmorethanone place.

Closedfracturesmaynotbeimmediatelyvisible andmay

bedifficulttodiagnose.Ifindoubt,treatitas a fracture.


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To treat a fracture:

1. Tryto avoidmovingorjarringthe limb

2. Supportthe limb with a splint(stick,rollednewspaper,etcsecured withrope,stripsofcloth,tie,etctokeep

the limb completelyrigid.

3.Makesurethatthesplintisnttootightbycheckingfor a

pulse attheextremeofthe limb inquestion. The absence

ofa pulse wouldindicatethatthesplintistootight.

4. Applyiceorfrozenvegetables (frozen peas workwell)

tokeep theswellingdown butnotformorethan 20

minutes ata time.5. Donottrytosetthe boneorrepairthefracture.


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Splints anddislocations

A Dislocationis whenthe bone becomesseparatedfrom

thejointitmeets,oritpopsoutofitssocket. This

sometimeshappens whenthe bone andjointare

overstressed. They an also becaused bycontactsports,

rheumatoid arthritis,inbornjointdefects, andsuddenly

jerkingthatarmorhandofa small child. Dislocationis

mostcommonintheshoulders, butfingers,hips, ankles,

elbows,jaws, andeventhespine are also proneto

dislocation.B

othoftheseinjuries arecommonlyconfusedwithfractures (broken bones) becausethey all exhibit

manyofthesamesymptoms.

PainSwelling And aninabilitytomove and bear weight

A misshapen appearanceAnydiscoloration

Treatments and warnings:

Becauseofthis,thesamefirstaidcarecan beusedfor allthreeoftheseinjuries.

Ifyoususpecta dislocationdonottryto putthe bone

backintoitssocket,youmayonlymaketheinjury

worse.

Ifyoususpecta dislocationintheneckorspine beverycareful anddonottrytomovethe person

yourselfunless absolutelynecessary, asdamagemay

have beendonetothespinal cord (whichmayparalyze partsofthe body below theinjurysite.)

Ifthesiteofinjuryis bleedingthentreatthewounds

and cuts accordingly, butdonottrytoreset/reshape

the boneorjoint. Also lookforsignsofshock.


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Ifthe pulseis weakbelow the affected area loosen allrestrictiveclothing.

Ifthe personisinsevere pain,ortheinjuryistotheneck,spine,hips,orthigh bone.

Ifthejointor boneneedsto berepositioned,donotgivethe person anythingtoeatordrinkasitwill put

offmedical treatment.

Remove any articlesofclothingorjewelrycoveringthe affected area,orrestricting bloodflow toit.

Youmaygiveoverthecounter painmedicationssuch

as acetaminophen andibuprofen asdirected bythe

doctor.Ifthereis bleedingdonotgive aspirinbecause aspirinis a mild bloodthinner and will delay

clotting.

UsethePRICEtechnique

Protect-ifpossiblemake a splinttohelp immobilizethe

affected area.Rulers andcloth,rolledup magazines and a

belt, branches andshoelaces; all typesofthingscan be

usedtomake a splint. This will help preventfurther

damagetothe limb. Donottrytorepositionthe bone/jointwhilemakingthesplint.

Rest- Avoidmovementoftheinjured area and avoid

participationin activities whereyoumay be atrisktore

injureyourselfuntil afterthe woundhadhad plentyof

timetoheal.

Ice- Useicetominimizeswelling.Ifnoiceis available, a

bagoffrozenveggiesis a goodsubstitute.

Compression-Elasticorfabric bandagemayhelp decreaseswelling andeasethe pain.

Aska doctor beforeusingone andmakesurethe bandage

isnotwrappedtotightly, which wouldhindercirculation.


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Elevation-Ifpossibleraisetheinjured limb up abovethe

heart. Supporttheelevated limb in a slingorunder a

pillow orfolded blanket.


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Snake an spider bites

Rattle snake Copperhead

Black widow brownreculse

Limit activity, Constricting bandage above

Cold application, Advanced medical application


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Heat stroke

Heatstrokeis potentiallyfatal.Inthiscondition,the

body'stemperatureregulationcenterinthe brainhas

beenrenderedinoperable,rises,causingeventual brain

damage.Immediate activeinterventionisnecessaryto

avoidcoma anddeath.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Flushed,hot,dryskinthecasualtyhasceasedsweating

rapid,strong pulse (sometimesirregularirrational or

aggressive behaviorstaggeringgaitvisual disturbances

vomitingcollapse andseizurescoma -death

CARE AND TREATMENT

Urgentambulancetransportcompleterestinshade

removecasualty'sclothingcool casualty with anymeans

possible be preparedtoresuscitate asnothing bymouth

-dehydrationisrequired byintravenousfluids

administered by a doctoror ambulancecrew.

Hypothermia

HYPOTHERMIA is a potentiallyfatal conditionthat

especially affectstheelderly. The bodyscore

temperaturehas been loweredtotheextentthatthe

brainfunctionisimpaired andthehearts activityis

aboutto becompromised. Urgentfirstaid

interventionisrequired.


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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSPale,coldskin-nocapillaryreturn when

fingernails are pressed

Slow pulse,sometimesskipping beatslow,

shallow respirations blurred,ordouble,vision

Casualtyissilent, appears asleep,difficultto

rouse;may beunconscious

Casualtyexperiences a senseof'wellbeing'

absenceofshivering

Ifverycold,mayhavenon-reacting pupils and

appear'death-like'

CARE AND TREATMENTUrgentambulancetransport

Warmcasualtyslowly, wrap in'space blanket'orsimilarif

wet, leave less bulkyclothingon and warmslowly

Oncecasualtycommencesshivering,reassessheating

nothing bymouthuntil fullyrecovered

Be preparedforsuddencollapse andresuscitation

FAINTINGPeoplemostoftenfaintwhenthereisntenough blood

flowingtothe brain. Whenthishappensthe person

becomesunconscious, andtheunconsciousspell isusually

brief.Faintingisnotlifethreatening, althoughifthe

personfaintson a regular basisitmay be a signofa more

seriousmedical disorder, andshould bediscussed with

yourdoctor.Ifa personfeelsfaint

(weak/lightheaded/dizzy/nauseous),havethem liedown

withtheirfeetelevated abovethe level oftheirheart

(about8-12 inches),orhavethemsitwiththeirhead

placeddown betweentheirknees.


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Faintingmayoccur becauseof:

Emotional and/or physical shock,Dehydration ,Pain,

Overexertion, Heartdiseasesor Suddenchangesin body

position (mostcommonintheelderly and pregnant) and

Insufficientfluid andfoodintake.

Whensomeonefaintsthere aremanythingsthatyouneedtocheckbefore beginningtreatmentforthefainting. Such

as

Wasthe personinjured whentheyfell?

Isthe personshowing anysignsofshock?

Havetheyfaintedrecently?Arethey pregnant?

Arethey breathingcorrectly/normally?

Dotheyhave a historyofheartdisease?

Isthe person properlyfed andhydrated?

Treatment:

Laythe personontheir backwiththeirfeetelevated

abovetheirheart,or8-12 inches,if

possibleLoosen anytightclothing andjewelryespecially around

theirhead andneck. Watchtheir airways, arethey

breathingcorrectly? Iftheystop breathing beginto

administerCPR. Ifbreathingstopsthenthesituation

becomesmoreserious andyoushouldtrytogetmedical

help assoon as possible.

Sometimes when people loseconsciousnesstheyvomit,

youmay wanttoturnthe personontotheirsideincasethishappens.

Ifyoususpecta head,neck,orspinal injurygetmedical

help assoon as possible anddonotmovethe person

unless absolutelynecessary.

Donottrytogivethe person anythingtoeatordrink


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LIFTING TECHNIQUES


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Emergency care by Murray2. Emergency medicine by Jeffrey

M

3. Basic First Aid by Rob Vajok


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TEACHERS REMARKS

social project on first aid

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