i

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Textbook in Historyfor Class VIII

OUR PASTS – IIIPART 1

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ii

First EditionMarch 2008 Chaitra 1929

Reprinted

January 2009 Magha 1930

January 2010 Magha 1931

November 2010 Kartika 1932January 2012 Magha 1933

January 2013 Magha 1934

January 2014 Pausa 1935

December 2014 Pausa 1936

PD 480T MJ

© National Council of Educational

Research and Training, 2008

`̀̀̀̀ 50.00

Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERTwatermark

Published at the Publication Division by the

Secretary, National Council of Educational

Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg,

New Delhi 110 016 and printed at SamIndustrial Enterprises (P) Ltd., A 17-18,

Sector – 60, Noida 201 301 (UP)

ISBN 978-81-7450-829-4

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the priorpermission of the publisher.

q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of

trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of withoutthe publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other thanthat in which it is published.

q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this

page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a stickeror by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.

OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

NCERT CampusSri Aurobindo MargNew Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708

108, 100 Feet RoadHosdakere Halli ExtensionBanashankari III StageBangalore 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740

Navjivan Trust Building

P.O.NavjivanAhmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446

CWC CampusOpp. Dhankal Bus StopPanihati

Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454

CWC ComplexMaligaonGuwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869

Publication Team

Head, Publication : N. K. Gupta

Division

Chief Production : Kalyan Banerjee

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Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal

Chief Business : Gautam Ganguly

Manager

Production Assistant : Sunil Kumar

Cover and Layout

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CartographyCartographic Designs Agency

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iii

FOREWORD

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommendsthat children’s life at school must be linked to their lifeoutside the school. This principle marks a departure fromthe legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our

system and causes a gap between the school, home andcommunity. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basisof NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. Theyalso attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenanceof sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope

these measures will take us significantly further in thedirection of a child-centred system of education outlined inthe National Policy on Education (1986).

The success of this effort depends on the steps that schoolprincipals and teachers will take to encourage children toreflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginativeactivities and questions. We must recognise that, given space,

time and freedom, children generate new knowledge byengaging with the information passed on to them by adults.Treating the pr escribed textbook as the sole basis ofexamination is one of the key reasons why other resourcesand sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and

initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children asparticipants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body ofknowledge.

These aims imply considerable change in school routinesand mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-tableis as necessary as rigour in implementing the annualcalendar so that the required number of teaching days areactually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching

and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbookproves for making children’s life at school a happy experience,rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designershave tried to address the problem of curricular burden byrestructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages

with greater consideration for child psychology and the timeavailable for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhancethis endeavor by giving higher priority and space toopportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussionin small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience.

NCERT appreciates the hard work done by the textbookdevelopment committee responsible for this book. We wish

to thank the Chairperson of the Advisory Committee for

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Textbook in Social Science, Professor Hari Vasudevan andthe Chief Advisor for this book, Professor NeeladriBhattacharya for guiding the work of this committee. Severalteachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we

are grateful to their principals for making this possible. Weare indebted to the institutions and organisations, whichhave generously permitted us to draw upon their resources,material and personnel. We are especially grateful to themembers of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed

by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education,Ministry of Human Resource Development under theChairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and ProfessorG. P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution.As an organisation committed to systemic reform and

continuous improvement in the quality of its products,NCER T welcomes comments and suggestions which willenable us to undertake further revision and refinement.

DirectorNational Council of Educational

Research and Training

New Delhi

30 November 2007

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TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

CHAIRPERSON, ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

Hari Vasudevan, Professor, Department of History, University ofCalcutta, Kolkata

CHIEF ADVISOR

Neeladri Bhattacharya, Professor, Centre for Historical Studies,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

MEMBERS

Anil Sethi, Professor, Department of Education in Social Sciences,NCERT, New Delhi

Anjali Khullar, PGT, History, Cambridge School, New Delhi

Archana Prasad, Associate Professor, Centre for Jawaharlal NehruStudies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Janaki Nair, Professor, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Kolkata

Prabhu Mohapatra, Associate Professor, University of Delhi, Delhi

Ramachandra Guha, Freelance Writer, anthropologist and historian,Bangalore

Rashmi Paliwal, Eklavya, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh

Sanjay Sharma, Associate Professor, Zakir Husain College, Universityof Delhi, New Delhi

Satwinder Kaur, PGT, History, Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1,Jalandhar, Punjab

M. Siraj Anwar, Professor, PPMED, NCERT, New Delhi

Smita Sahay Bhattacharya, PGT, History, Blue Bells School,New Delhi

Tanika Sarkar, Professor, Centre for Historical Studies,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi

Tapati Guha-Thakurta, Professor, Centre for Studies in SocialSciences, Kolkata

MEMBER-COORDINATOR

Reetu Singh, Assistant Professor, History, Department of Education inSocial Sciences, NCERT, New Delhi

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The book is the product of a collective effort of a large numberof historians, educationists and teachers. The chapters werewritten and revised over several months. They evolved

through discussions in workshops, and exchanges of ideasthrough emails, with each member contributing their skillin many different ways. All of us learnt a lot in the process.

Many individuals and institutions helped in theproduction of the book. Professor Muzaffar Alam andDr Kumkum Roy read drafts and offered suggestions forchange. We drew upon the image collections of severalinstitutions in illustrating the book. A number of photographs

of the city of Delhi and of the events of 1857 are from theAlkazi Foundation for the Arts. Many of the nineteenth-century illustrated books on the British Raj are to be foundin the valuable India Collection of the India InternationalCentre. We are particularly glad that Sunil Janah, now 90

years of age, has given us permission to reproduce hisphotographs. From the early 1940s, he has explored the tribalareas and recorded with his camera the daily life of differentcommunities. Some of these photographs are now published

(The Tribals of India, Oxford University of Press, 2003), andmany are at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts.

Shalini Advani and Shyama Warner have done several

rounds of editing with care and understanding, suggestingchanges, tracking mistakes and improving the text ininnumerable ways. We thank them both for their involvementin the project.

We have made every effort to acknowledge credits, butwe apologise in advance for any omission that may have

inadvertently taken place.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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CREDITS

Individuals

Sunil Janah (Ch. 4, Figs. 4, 8, 9, 10)

Institutions

The Alkazi Foundation for the Arts (Ch. 5, Fig. 11; Ch. 6, Figs. 3, 7)

Victoria Memorial Museum (Ch. 5, Fig. 1)

Books

Andreas Volwahsen, Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the IndianEmpire (Ch. 1, Fig. 4; Ch. 6, Figs. 9, 10, 16)

C.A. Bayly, ed., An Illustrated History of Modern India,1600 -1947(Ch. 1, Fig.1; Ch. 2, Figs. 5, 12; Ch. 3, Fig. 1)

Colesworthy Grant, Rural Life in Bengal (Ch. 3, Figs. 8, 9, 11, 12, 13)

Colin Campbell, Narrative of the Indian Revolt from its Outbreak to theCapture of Lucknow (Ch. 5, Figs. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)

Gautam Bhadra, From an Imperial Product to a National Drink:The Culture of Tea Consumption in Modern India (Ch. 1, Fig. 2)

Matthew H. Edney, Mapping an Empire: The GeographicalConstruction of British India, 1765-1843 (Ch. 1, Fig. 1)

Norma Evenson, The Indian Metropolis: A View Toward the West(Ch. 6, Figs. 8, 13, 14, 15)

R.H. Phillimore, Historical Records of the Survey of India

(Ch. 1, Fig. 6)

Robert Montgomery Martin, The Indian Empire (Ch. 1, Fig. 7; Ch. 2,

Fig. 1; Ch. 5, Figs. 7, 9)

Rudrangshu Mukherji and Pramod Kapoor, Dateline –1857:Revolt Against the Raj (Ch. 5, Figs. 2, 7)

Susan S. Bean, Yankee India: American Commercial and CulturalEncounters with India in the Age of Sail, 1784-1860 (Ch. 2, Fig. 8;Ch. 3, Fig. 2; Ch. 6, Fig. 2)

Susan Stronge, ed., The Arts of the Sikh Kingdom (Ch. 2, Fig. 11)

M.M. Kaye, ed., The Golden Calm: An English Lady’s Life in MoghulDelhi: Reminiscences by Emily, Lady Clive Bayley, and by herfather, Sir Thomas Metcalfe (Ch. 6, Figs. 5, 12)

Thomas Metcalf, An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain’sRaj (Ch. 6, Fig. 17)

Tiziana and Gianni Baldizzone, Hidden Tribes of India

(Ch. 4, Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7)

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Contents

Foreword iii

1. How, When and Where 1

2. From Trade to Territory 9

The Company Establishes Power

3. Ruling the Countryside 26

4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision 39

of a Golden Age

5. When People Rebel 51

1857 and After

6. Colonialism and the City 64

The Story of an Imperial Capital

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x

The British Resident at the court of Poona concluding a treaty, 1790

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xi

First EditionMarch 2008 Chaitra 1929

Reprinted

January 2009 Magha 1930

January 2010 Magha 1931

November 2010 Kartika 1932January 2012 Magha 1933

January 2013 Magha 1934

January 2014 Pausa 1935

PD 460T MJ

© National Council of Educational

Research and Training, 2008

`̀̀̀̀ 45.00

Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERTwatermark

Published at the Publication Division by the

Secretary, National Council of Educational

Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg,

New Delhi 110 016 and printed atGita Offset Printers (P) Ltd., C-90, Okhla

Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 020

ISBN 978-81-7450-829-4

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval

system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the priorpermission of the publisher.

q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of

trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of withoutthe publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other thanthat in which it is published.

q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this

page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a stickeror by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.

OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION

DIVISION, NCERT

NCERT CampusSri Aurobindo MargNew Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708

108, 100 Feet RoadHosdakere Halli ExtensionBanashankari III StageBangalore 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740

Navjivan Trust Building

P.O.NavjivanAhmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446

CWC CampusOpp. Dhankal Bus StopPanihati

Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454

CWC ComplexMaligaonGuwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869

Publication Team

Head, Publication : Ashok Srivastava

Division

Chief Production : Kalyan Banerjee

Officer

Chief Business : Gautam Ganguly

Manager

Chief Editor : Naresh Yadav(Contractual Service)

Production Assistant : Sunil Kumar

Cover and Layout

Arrt Creations

Cartography

Cartographic Designs Agency

2015-16 (12-01-15)