socialissues2 dr tanushree

7/31/2019 Socialissues2 Dr Tanushree

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Urbanization

What is urbanization

Increased population in cities due to migration ofpeople from rural areas

Wh does it occur?

In search of employment

For better education for children

For better commodity availability

For better health facilities


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UrbanizationWhat is the impact of urbanization on environment? Increase in population density Closely constructed houses Increased traffic traffic jams More need for resources energy, water, fuel

Stress on locally available resources

Greater pollution air, water, soil waste dumping Increased chance of epidemics

ecrease aest et c appea o an scape Loss of farmland; Reduced species diversity; Increased stormwater runoff due to construction of pavements.. Increased risk of flooding

Excessive removal of native vegetation; Ecosystem fragmentation


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Problems related to energy

With fast Urbanization there is an increase in need

for energy and in its utilization. More lighting, transport, electrical devices, industries, more

waste and energy required to dispose it,

Increased air ollution and lobal warmin energy needed to control air and water pollution

This is leading to

Stress on non-renewable energy sources

Threat to long term sustainability


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Important issues on energy management

Urban planning should show concern for

Efficient use of energy1. Transportation network should be proper no

traffic congestion and no pollution

2. Cities should be planned well for properventilation and drainage so that need for energyis reduced


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How do we conserve energy?

Search for renewable resources

Tidal, wind, Biomass, Solar, Geothermal, Alternative fuelcells like Hydrogen cell

Save energy:

w c o g s an ans w en you eave a room Use more of public transport

Use energy efficient devices

And others which you have already studied..


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Water

Reduce water demand in Agriculture

Rainwater harvesting and watershedmanagement

Measures that can be taken by individuals


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Water its conservation

Measures in Agriculture:

Decreasing run-off losses

Contour cultivation, terracing

crops/vegetation

Ploughing


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Reducing evaporation losses

Application of organic materials like manure and compost :they retain more water and prevents run off

Chemical methods are available

Use of asphalt sheets below the soil

Super slurper copolymer of acrylonitrile and starch retains35-40% of moisture

Planting trees on the edges of fields

Storing water in soil:

Some water is stored in soil in the root zone. If the land isleft fallow for some time that water will become available


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Reduce irrigation losses

Covered canals to reduce seepage Irrigation in early morning or evening

Sprinklers

Use of less water re uirin h brid varieties

Drip irrigation

Reuse: Treated water: Desalinization like reverse osmosis

distillation, electrodialysis

Water from washings bath tubs etc (grey water) forwatering gardens


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Stop wastage

Close taps Repair leaks

Use small capacity flush

ncrease oc pr c ng Put a charge on water.

Introduce proper laws

Educate people


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Rainwater Harvesting

What is it and why do we need it?


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Problems Associated with Water

Why are some of the Cities like Chennai

facing water problems Less rainfall?


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Compare rainfall in 5 Indian cities

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

rainfallinInches

Mumbai

CalcuttaChennai

1313

0.0

5.0

10.0

January

Fe

bruary

March

April

May

June

July

A

ugust

September

O

ctober

Nov

ember

Dec

ember

months

Delhi

Bangalore

Bangalore gets 37annually but the rainfall is more spread out.

Delhi = 32.1 Mumbai=120 Calcutta=62.3


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India has 2 seasons Floods and Drought

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RAINWATER HARVESTING

It is a technique of increasing the recharge of

groundwater by capturing and storingrainwater.

harvesting structures like dug wells,percolation pits, lagoons, check dams etc.


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Obectives

Reduce run off loss

Avoid flooding of roads

Raise the water table

Reduce groundwater contamination

Supplement groundwater supplies during lean

season


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Methods of rainwater harvesting are,

1. Storing in tanks or reservoirs above or belowground

2. Constructing pits, dug wells, lagoons trenches

or check dams on rivers and streams3. By recharging groundwater


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tank

Rain water

1

7

8

House - Top floor

1. Rain water collected

on the roof

2. Flows thru drain pipe3. First flush - discard

some initial water

4. Water flows thru

Roof top Rain Water harvesting

Ground levelsump

4

5

6

House - Ground floor

pump

filter

3

a filter - bottom totop (sponge is filter)

5. Store in a sump

6. Pump water to tank

7. Water pumped up

8. Store in a overheadtank - to house

9. Overflow from sump

charges the aquifer

9


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Rural water harvesting

Check dams along a river - Rajasthan


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TRADITIONAL RAINWATER

HARVESTING What were the good deeds of Asoka?

In ancient India there were lakes and ponds in every villageconstructed by kings

In Rajsthan underground tanks and embankments were found In Himalayan regions bamboo pipes were used to draw water

from streams Collecting rain water from roof-tops is one of the oldest

techniques in India In villages lake cut ponds were made In Tamilnadu, they had separate such ponds for bathing,

washing and drinking.


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Watershed managementWatershed management


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watershed

diagram(Note the border dashed line)


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What is WATERSHED?

The term watersheddescribes

An area of land that drains downslope to the lowest point.

It is defined as the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drainsoff it goes into the same place.

The water moves through a network of drainage pathways, both underground. ,

rivers, which become progressively larger as the water moves on downstream,eventually reaching an esturay and the ocean.

Watersheds have a well-defined boundary and one water outlet.

Other terms used interchangeably with watershed include drainage basinorcatchment basin.


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Importance of watershed

It is directly involved in food production

Irrigation Power generation


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Problems with watershed

Watershed is degraded due to improper land

management: overgrazing

mining

e ores a on

construction activities and industrialization,

shifting cultivation,

fires,

soil erosion and ignorance of local people


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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

It is defined as

Rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum

production causing minimum damage to the natural resources Its objectives are

To restore watershed through proper land use soil conservation

To make watershed available for domestic water supply,irrigation hydropower generation in a sustainable manner

To minimize the risks of floods, drought and landslides

To develop rural areas in the region to improve their economy


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Watershed Practices

1. Water harvesting: Proper storage of water2. Afforestation and Agroforestry ( Half forest half

agricultural) Help prevent soil erosion and retention of moisture In high rainfall areas woody trees reduce runoff Done

3. Mechanical measures Terracing,

no-till farming,

contour cropping, strip cropping etc


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Watershed Practices

4. Scientific mining: Planting some soil binding plantsto minimize destruction to watershed

5. Public participation: Farmers and tribals are key to the success of watershed

mana ement

So, peoples cooperation should be encouraged. NGO are encouraged they work either with or without

local peoples cooperation

Case studies: Himalayan regions, Sukhomajri Panchkula,Haryana


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Resettlement and Rehabilitation Issues

Resettlement means, The transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new settlement (as after

an upheaval of some kind) Rehabilitation means, The restoration of someone to a useful place in society

They should grow back to a respectable position with respect to culture and economy

Need for resettlement and rehabilitation:

For construction of dams For Mining For creation of National park

People migrate voluntarily In search of better employment To escape epidemics

Wars


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Problems Resettelement and Rehabilitation

Land acquisition act, 1894 empowers government to acquire land

Amended later - Compensations are also fixed in the act

Still several problems exist

1. Mostly displaced are tribals that are already poor. They becomepoorer lose their homes, jobs, food security, and social isolation

2. They may need to take up small jobs and lose their respect in thesociety.

3. Often families are broken down

4. Tribals are not familiar with market policies. If they get cash

compensation they do not know how to manage and sustain withthat.

5. Tribals community is lost

6. Their culture is lost their dances, folk-songs, and other activities arelost.

7. Their age old knowledge on flora and fauna are lost


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Problems Resettelement and

Rehabilitation

1. Big dam people get more compensation than

smaller projects2. Delays in compensation

3. Women are more affected.

When men go to work, women cannot survive ontheir own They do not get any compensation and become

dependent on their husbands. Otherwise, they

may need to take cheap jobs and lose their self-respect


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Environmental Ethics

It is the discipline that studies the moral relationshipof human beings to and also the value and moral

status of, the environment and its nonhumancontents.

oncep s ar e n - rs ar ay

Our thinking is of two types: Human (anthropo) centric: All development should benefit

humans what ever may happen to the nature

Earth Centric thinking: Nature has given us so much so wehave to respect and nurture it.


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Human centric view: (Developed in industrial

societies) Man is the most important species of the planet

Earth has unlimited resources and they belong to man

ore e econom c grow more s e eve opmen

Health environment depends on healthy economy

Success of mankind depends on how good managers weare


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Eco- centric view:

Nature is for all the species not just for man Earths resources are limited

development persists Healthy economy requires healthy environment

Success depends on how best we can cooperate


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Earth Centric thinking is correct

Several philosophies are expressed

List of questions investigated by EE

of species is correct or wrong? Slash and burn techniques in non industrialized techniques are

they morally correct or wrong? Should a mining company be morally obligated to restore the

land?

What is the value of humanly restored land compared to naturallyformed ecosystems


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Intrinisic and Instrumental value

Instrumental means usefulness to others Instrumental value means it has a value as a

tool for somethin else.

Eg: Fruits are have instrumental value to batsas bats eat fruits to survive; so fruits are atool for bats to achieve survival

Similarly, Text books are instrumental tostudents to obtain knowledge


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Uses of EE:

1. It actually helped us in differentiating between

eco-centric and anthropocentric developmentand helped us towards sustainabledevelopment.

2. e ps us n u g ng e os- an ono s or aneco-friendly life

3. It helps in generating moral responsibility inindividuals towards our envinronment


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Ethics 10 commandments

1. Love and honour the Earth

2. Celebrate the turning of its seasons

3. Should not think man is superior to other species so we can exploitthem

4. Should be grateful to the animals and plants that nurture you

5. m your o spr ng

6. Do not waste resources

7. Should not hide from others the effects you have caused to earth

8. Do not steal future generations their right to live in a cleanenvironment

9. Should consume only moderately.10. Do not go for gains at the expense of nature.

socialissues2 dr tanushree

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