society of american foresters western forester · 2018. 12. 12. · soil disturbance, and competing...

BY TIMOTHY B. HARRINGTONAND SCOTT M. HOLUB

Maintaining theproductive capacityof forest soils is apotential concernin regions whereharvesting or dis-placement of forest-residual biomass, or“logging debris,” mayoccur. Understandingthe effects of remov-ing this primarilybranch and needlematerial is critical toassessing the sustain-ability of commercialforestry and biomass-energy systems. A pri-mary source of uncer-tainty arises from the removal of carbonand other nutrients present in the bio-mass, as well as from trafficking ofheavy equipment during collection ofthe material. Could these practices bedetrimental to long-term soil produc-tivity of managed forest ecosystems?

In a large-scale, collaborative effort,U.S. Forest Service Research andDevelopment, forest industry, andmultiple universities initiated theNorth American Long-Term SoilProductivity (LTSP) Study in 1989 toinvestigate the long-term conse-quences of organic matter removal,soil disturbance, and competing vege-tation control that occur during inten-sive forest management. Initially ledby Forest Service project leader and

scientist Robert Powers, who passedaway in November 2013, the LTSPresearch network now includes over100 core and affiliate installationsspanning a variety of forest types inthe U.S. and Canada.

Common treatments present ateach installation include two or moreintensities of forest harvesting (i.e.,“stem-only” versus “whole-tree”) withand without control of competing veg-etation. As an experimental approach,vegetation control allows scientists tocompare effects of harvesting intensi-ty, and therefore, levels of residual log-ging debris, free of variability in com-peting vegetation that could influence

survival and growth of planted trees.To date, the primary factor influencingstand development in the study hasbeen competing vegetation control: Apositive tree response to this treatmenthas been observed at nearly everyinstallation. Harvesting intensity hashad little or no negative influence ontree responses. Soil compaction, whichwas experimentally manipulated atsome of the installations, was associat-ed with reductions in tree survival andgrowth only at those sites having fine-textured or clayey soils.

PHOTO COURTESY OF TIMOTHY B. HARRINGTON

The Molalla LTSP Study, shown here in the seventh year after planting (fore-ground), is located on a site of moderate productivity in the foothills of theCascades near Molalla, Ore. The study is investigating how different harvestintensities (i.e., levels of residual logging debris) and competing vegetationlevels influence long-term productivity of Douglas-fir.

Managing for Long-term Soil Productivity inPacific Northwestern Forests

S O C I E T Y O F A M E R I C A N F O R E S T E R S

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June/July/August 2014 Oregon • Washington State • Inland Empire • Alaska Societies Volume 59 • Number 3

Western Forester

Scott M. Holub

Timothy B.Harrington

In This Issue: Forest Soils, Nutrition, and Productivity

Establishing the regional studies

There are currently four LTSP stud-ies in western Oregon and Washington.Now in its fifteenth growing season,the Fall River LTSP study, located nearRaymond, Wash., was initiated by

Weyerhaeuser Company in collabora-tion with the U.S. Forest Service PacificNorthwest (PNW) Research Stationand University of Washington (UW).Fall River represents one of the mostproductive forest-growing areas in theregion. In 2003, two more fully repli-cated studies were installed in moremoderate-productivity landscapes.These studies, located near Matlock,Wash., and Molalla, Ore., were initiat-

ed by PNW Research Station, OregonState University, and UW, in collabora-tion with their respective landowners,Green Diamond Resource Companyand Port Blakely Tree Farms. A fourthsite, located east of Springfield, Ore., isbeing installed by Weyerhaeuser scien-tists and funded by a U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Agriculture and FoodResearch Initiative Competitive Grantawarded to the Northwest AdvancedRenewables Alliance (NARA). Treat-ments on the new NARA LTSP studywere implemented in 2013, andDouglas-fir seedlings were planted inspring 2014. Located within a warmerand drier range of coastal Douglas-fir,the NARA LTSP study rounds out asuite of sites representative of theregion. Each of the four studies (FallRiver, Matlock, Molalla, and NARA) isan affiliate of the North American LTSPnetwork, providing a regional databasefor best management practices ofcoast Douglas-fir.

What we learned

Findings from the three well-estab-lished regional LTSP studies are ingeneral agreement with those fromthe North American LTSP network.Through the tenth year after planting,Douglas-fir survival and growth havenot differed among harvest intensitieswhen combined with competing veg-etation control. However, in theabsence of vegetation control, treeresponses differed among harvestintensities at Matlock and Molallabecause logging debris altered thespecies composition and abundanceof competing vegetation. At Matlock,low levels of logging debris remainingafter whole-tree harvesting were asso-ciated with a high abundance of a vig-

2 WESTERN FORESTER ◆ JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2014

Next Issue: The Carbon Cycle and Forests: How They Are Connected

Managing for Long-term Soil Productivity(CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE)

Western ForesterSociety of American Foresters

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orous competitor, Scotch broom,which germinated from an existingseed bank, resulting in reduced treesurvival and growth. At Molalla, pilingof debris was associated with increasedabundance of trailing blackberry,resulting in reduced tree growth.

Further research on these and otherstudy sites has also shown that loggingdebris affects microclimate in waysthat can influence tree survival andgrowth. For example, debris can reduceevaporation from the soil surface via amulching effect that conserves soilwater, and it can reduce soil tempera-ture sufficiently to inhibit germinationof Scotch broom. Logging debris also isassociated with reduced cover of forbsand grasses—species that can be high-ly competitive with tree seedlings.

Soil compaction treatments at FallRiver have not had any deleteriouseffects on survival and growth ofDouglas-fir through the tenth yearafter planting. Noteworthy was thefinding that, when combined with veg-etation control, compaction of the siltyloam soil at Fall River was associatedwith small increases in tree growthbecause the treatment increased waterholding capacity of the soil. Similar

findings have been observed atMatlock and Molalla for trees plantedin compacted machine trails. It isimportant to note that the loggingequipment used in the regional LTSPstudies were tracked vehicles (e.g.,shovel-forwarders), and thus, soil dis-turbance was limited to compactiononly. “Puddling” or displacement ofthe soil did not occur.

Results from the NARA LTSP studywill be available in the future as thetrees grow and are monitored. NARA’soverall goal is to design and evaluate asupply chain based on using the forestresiduals left after logging or thinningoperations to produce bio-jet fuel andother co-products. In addition, NARAinvestigates the potential social, eco-nomic, and environmental impactsfrom this anticipated industry. Each ofthe LTSP studies examines the sustain-ability of removing the raw materials,and thus, fills critical knowledge gapsfor these production systems.

WESTERN FORESTER ◆ JUNE/JULY/AUGUST 2014 3

PHOTO COURTESY OF JAMES DOLLINS

In this aerial photograph of the Matlock LTSP Study, taken in the ninth yearafter planting, Douglas-fir density and size differ due to early effects oflogging debris, vegetation control, and soil disturbance on tree survival andgrowth. A sparse stand of Douglas-fir (A) developed where a low level oflogging debris and associated soil disturbance allowed a vigorous stand ofScotch broom to develop and compete with the planted trees. A more pro-ductive stand (B) developed where high levels of debris inhibited broomdevelopment. However, stand productivity did not differ between low (C) andhigh (D) levels of logging debris when they were combined with five years ofcompeting vegetation control.

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Putting it all together

In addition to providing key infor-mation on sustainability, results of theregional LTSP studies are contributingtoward a conceptual understandingof silvicultural reallocation of soilresources to crop trees (see Figure 1).The presence of logging debris, amountof competing vegetation, and the typeand degree of soil disturbance are allfactors that managers can manipulateto reallocate soil water and nutrients toplanted trees. Each of these factorsinfluences species composition andabundance of competing vegetation,which in turn alters availability of soilresources. Site characteristics that arenot within the manager’s control, suchas certain soil chemical and physicalproperties, topographical effects, andannual precipitation, can place furtherlimits on soil resources. Note that theconceptual model assumes that non-crop woody vegetation was suppressedduring site preparation to prevent itfrom overtopping tree seedlings.Therefore, in this scenario, light avail-ability is not a factor limiting productiv-ity of Douglas-fir.

Of the three factors shown in theconceptual model, vegetation controlprobably affects tree responses themost because it provides a directmanipulation of competing vegeta-tion. Timing and intensity of vegeta-tion control are critical to treatmenteffectiveness because competitionthresholds (i.e., the minimum abun-dance of competing vegetation thatcan be economically justified for treat-ment) are low on most sites—as littleas 20% vegetation cover.

Logging debris abundance is gener-ally associated with the harvestingmethod. With “shovel” harvesting,branches break off as trees are trans-ported to the log processing area. With

mechanized “cut-to-length” harvest-ing, the non-merchantable tree topand branches are left at the stump ornear a machine trail. Logging debristhat remains at the log processing areacan be scattered across the site or dis-tributed within machine trails. Loggingdebris that interferes with planting canbe piled and left, piled and burned, orharvested for biomass energy or otherproducts.

Although soil disturbance may nothave a direct effect on tree responses,it can have an indirect effect of pro-moting establishment of highly com-petitive grasses and forbs. The intensi-ty and area of soil disturbance can bereduced through the use of appropri-

ate equipment, designated machinetrails, and operator best managementpractices. Selective herbicide treat-ments can then be used to control theespecially problematic vegetation thatmay develop in soil-disturbed areas.

By using a credible, science-basedapproach to address management andsustainability questions relevant to theeffects of forest biomass removal, theNorth American LTSP Study hasproven to be an important asset topolicy makers and land managersalike. While valuable thus far, continu-ing these studies through multipleharvest rotations will provide the com-prehensive information needed tomake informed decisions on the costsand benefits of utilizing forest bio-mass. ◆

Timothy B. Harrington is a researchforester with the U.S. Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research Station inOlympia, Wash. He can be reached [email protected]. Scott M. Holubis a silviculture research scientistwith Weyerhaeuser NR Company,Springfield, Ore. He can be reached [email protected].

SOURCE: TIMOTHY B. HARRINGTON

Figure 1. At the time of forest harvesting and soon thereafter, forest man-agers have the opportunity to reallocate soil resources to the newly regen-erated plantation. Logging debris, soil disturbance, and vegetation controlare key factors that can be manipulated to alter species composition andabundance of competing vegetation, and therefore, access to soil water andnutrients by the planted trees.

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❑ Professional Forest Management ❑ Appraisals

❑ Timber Inventories and Cruising ❑ Mapping and GIS


BY TERRY SHAW, MARK KIMSEY,AND CHRIS CHASE

he Intermoun-tain Forest Tree

Nutrition Coopera-tive (IFTNC) has car-ried out forest pro-ductivity and healthmonitoring activitiesin the Inland North-west since the early1980s. Over thecourse of this timeperiod it has becomeclear that forest pro-ductivity depends onfavorable site qualitycharacteristics toachieve healthystand structures andmaximum produc-tivity. Forest man-agers utilizing sitequality type classifi-cations that integratesoil parent materialproperties and cli-matic regimes alongwith nutrientenhancing site management treat-ments can facilitate the developmentof improving site-specific nutrientcapital. This strategy will maximizegrowth potential and minimize mor-tality for major conifer species acrossthe Inland Northwest.

A number of physiographic factorsaffect forest health and productivity,but one of the most important factorsis soil nutrient supply—the ability tosupply non-nitrogen plant essentialnutrients. Most nutrients in a forestenvironment are derived from rockminerals, which form the soil parentmaterial. The three broad parentmaterial types most common in ourInland Northwest area are basalts,granites, and metasedimentary rocks.Generally speaking, the basalts havegreater quantities of plant essentialnutrients (e.g., Fe, Ca, Mg, K), followedby granites and metasedimentary rocktypes (see Figure 1). Furthermore, the

finer-grained minerals in basalts tendto be more susceptible to weatheringthan those found in granites andmetasedimentary rocks. Rock weather-ing is important in determining soildevelopment (texture, structure, anddepth) and degree of nutrient avail-ability. Hence, basalt rocks have anoverall good soil nutrient supply rat-ing, granite is moderate, and metased-imentary rocks typically have a poorsoil nutrient supply.

One way to show important link-ages between forest productivity andsoil nutrient supply is to enhanceplant nutrient availability through fer-tilization. IFTNC fertilizer trials in theInland Northwest region show general

growth enhancement, but the magni-tude of fertilizer-induced growthresponse is dependent on climate andsoil. Growth response on sites wheremoisture is less limiting (cedar/hem-lock vegetation series) and soil nutri-ent supply is highest (basalt soils) wassignificantly greater than that foundon drier sites (Douglas-fir series) or onsoils with poor nutrient supply(metasedimentary soils) [see Figure 2].These studies demonstrate that somesoil parent materials such as basaltshave adequate nutrient availability tosupport high productivity levels,whereas soils derived from metamor-phic rocks such as a metasedimentaryquartzite are lacking multiple nutri-

T

Nutrient Effects on Inland NorthwestForest Health and Productivity

SOURCE: IFTNC

Figure 1. Whole rock chemistry of major rock types found throughout theInland Northwest, USA.

SOURCE: IFTNC

Figure 2. Mixed conifer growth rate by major rock type and vegetation series(moisture regimes—DF “dry”—WRC/WH “wet”) across the Inland Northwest,USA (DF—Douglas-fir, GF—grand fir, WRC/WH—western redcedar/westernhemlock vegetation series).

Terry Shaw

Mark Kimsey

Chris Chase


ents including N, S, and B. Thesenutrient deficiencies significantlyaffect individual tree growth and thustotal stem volume a site is capable ofsupporting.

Despite consistent positive growthresponse to fertilization across theInland Northwest, net growth responsevaried significantly across the region.For instance, fertilizing moisture-limit-ed or multiple nutrient-limited standswith nitrogen alone does not alwaysproduce substantial growth responseand can lead to negative net growthresponses or mortality. Increased inci-dence of mortality caused by insectpests and disease following fertilizerapplications suggests a strong associa-tion between forest nutrition and for-est health. Ten-year mortality acrossIFTNC test trial sites was stronglyrelated to nitrogen application rates(see Figure 3). Mortality increased withincreasing N rates, peaking at around1.6% annually for the 400 lbs/acre rate.Mortality on metasedimentary parentmaterial was nearly linear to the Nrates, showing increased mortality

with increasing N rates; whereas, mor-tality was less than 2% for granite andbasalt types regardless of N rate.Mortality on wet western redcedar

sites expressed the lowest mortalitybetween vegetation moisture seriesand soil parent material site combina-

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SOURCE: IFTNC

Figure 3. Nitrogen fertilizer-induced mortality in mixed conifer speciesacross the Inland Northwest, USA. Mortality was higher for grand fir thanfor other species on either an absolute number of trees or a percentagebasis. The known causes of mortality among the tree species includedcompetition, weather, and insects and disease, which accounted for about70% of the total mortality. Of those known causes of mortality, suppressiondue to competition was the largest (50%). The next most abundant knowncause of mortality was disease at 30%.

tions. N-related mortality on moistgrand fir vegetation series was mostlyexpressed on the metasedimentarysoil parent material types. Nitrogen-caused mortality on the Douglas-fir/basalt site type was low when Nrates were below 300 lbs/acre, thenincreased with higher N rates. In gen-eral, N-fertilizer induced mortality wasa consequence of creating an imbal-ance in tree nutrient ratios. If a sitewas too dry or had a poor soil nutrientsupply, it was incapable of supplyingthe necessary plant essential nutrientsto maintain a balance with increasingN. This imbalance created a favorable

environment for insect and fungalpathogens to attack the trees.

A site nutrient maintenance alter-native to fertilization is slash manage-ment. The effects of silvicultural activi-ties or harvesting on forest nutrientcapital have come under increasingscrutiny, particularly when balancingthe costs of nutrient-conserving har-vesting techniques against the costs ofreplacing nutrients in the form of fer-tilizer. Research by the IFTNC and oth-ers indicates that a large portion ofecosystem plant essential nutrients isheld in the overstory (see Figure 4). Forexample, nearly 50% of the total nutri-ent ecosystem budget for nitrogen isheld in the standing crop. For mostconifers, approximately 40% of thestand total amount of nitrogen is heldin the stemwood and bark, and the


SOURCE: IFTNC

Figure 4. Douglas-fir (DF) and grandfir (GF) nutrient content in mixedconifer stands within the InlandNorthwest, USA. Grand fir and thenDouglas-fir have higher nutrient con-tents and demands (“nutrient hogs”)than other conifer species in theInland Northwest.

other 60% is held in the branches,twigs, and foliage. Therefore, whole-tree harvesting is thought to be moredetrimental to the nutrient pool thanconventional bole-only removal, espe-cially on sites that are nutrient poor.Thus, retaining slash on site duringharvesting is critical to maintaininglong-term nutrient capital and futureforest productivity and health. Currentresearch by the IFTNC is examiningthe interaction between growth pro-ductivity, nutrient status and harvest-ing technique (see ManagementEffects on Future Forest ProductivityStudy below).

In conclusion, knowledge of theinteraction between soil nutrient sup-ply and climate is important fordeveloping sustainable silviculturepractices. Long-term forest healthand productivity are dependent onthis knowledge. Through skillful use,soil nutrient management throughconservation or enhancement withfertilizers are effective methods formaintaining or significantly increas-ing forest stand productivity andreducing mortality in many commer-cial conifer species across the InlandNorthwest and other regions. ◆

Terry Shaw and Mark Kimsey are research scientists for the IntermountainForest Tree Nutrition Cooperative,Department of Forest, Rangeland andFire Sciences, University of Idaho, inMoscow. Terry can be reached at 208-885-7452 or [email protected], andMark can be reached at 208-885-7520or [email protected]. Chris Chaseis an IFTNC graduate student and canbe reached at [email protected]. The authors would like tothank and recognize the members ofthe IFTNC for their guidance, vision,and support of this research.


BY TERRY SHAW, MARK KIMSEY, AND CHRIS CHASE

Intermountain Forest Tree Nutrition Cooperative(IFTNC) research across the Inland Northwest has shownthat geologic soil parent material influences soil proper-ties, and therefore forest growth and health. Our forestnutrition studies, as well as others, have shown that a largepool of plant essential nutrients required by trees is held intree branch, twig, and foliage biomass. Tree nutrient/bio-mass studies, such as our Nutrient Effects on Future ForestProductivity study, can provide needed information inmanagement decision making, particularly during selec-tion of harvest and site preparation applications. Forexample, whole tree harvesting removes a large proportionof the nutrient-rich tree biomass materials. Consequently,on low productivity sites where soil parent material isnutrient poor, the “mining” of aboveground tree biomassand nutrients during harvest activities can have detrimen-tal effects on long-term forest health and productivity.Thus, the IFTNC seeks to identify the mechanisms behindhow soil parent material, forest harvesting and site prepa-ration techniques, belowground resources, and seedlingproductivity characteristics interact.

A Douglas-fir seedling study was established on grandfir “vegetation series” moisture regime types focusing ontwo parent materials identified as “good” (extrusive basalt)and “bad” (metasedimentary quartzite) from a nutritionperspective. Two different harvesting techniques wereimplemented before the seedlings were planted: wholetree and bole only. These two harvest types were used todetermine how woody biomass debris material (slashloading) of the two harvest types influences seedlinggrowth and forest productivity. Plots were also installedwhere all slash was removed to provide reference condi-tions. Furthermore, several belowground characteristicsincluding soil nutrients, moisture, and temperature arebeing monitored. Lastly, an herbicide treatment wasapplied to determine the role of competing vegetation in

forest stand establishment and site preparation; controlswere again used without herbicide. This design was blockreplicated at six locations across the Inland Northwest.Douglas-fir seedling characteristics being studied aregrowth (both height and diameter), survivability, and nutri-tion. Disturbance is also being estimated for all seedlings.

The Management Effects on Future Forest Productivitystudy is still being measured and monitored for results,although some trends are beginning to appear. Seedlingsgrowing on basalt (good) soil parent materials have fastergrowth rates than seedlings on quartzite (bad) parentmaterials. Harvesting technique also plays a role in termsof the impacts on soil resources. The bole only harvest thatleaves more woody biomass debris generally improves soilmoisture while reducing the soil temperature. Also, boleonly harvesting with high woody debris retentionincreased soil nitrogen when compared to no woodydebris or whole tree harvesting with low woody debrisretention. Removing competing vegetation had a strongimpact on seedling growth. In all treatments (harvest withwoody biomass debris removed; whole tree harvest withlow woody biomass debris; and bole only harvest withhigh woody biomass debris), seedlings had greater diame-ter growth when competing vegetation was removed.However, early results show vegetation control successmay be affected by debris (slash) loading levels. Applyingherbicide as vegetation control to remove undesirablespecies shows a trend of increased soil moisture and tem-perature. While there are patterns between these treat-ments and seedling properties, responses to treatmentsare developing and other factors need to be acknowl-edged. Complex interactions are taking place includingthe previously mentioned treatments and parent materi-als, as well as climate, previous stand conditions (howmuch slash was retained), and site characteristics. Siteswill be monitored every year for the first five years sinceestablishment, then every 5 years thereafter through therotation. ◆

Management Effects on Future Forest Productivity Study

BY KEN WINTERBERGER

he boreal forestsof interior

Alaska and othernorthern latitude ter-restrial ecosystemsare known to storevast amounts of car-bon in deep organicsoils. Warming temperatures makethese deep organic soils much moresusceptible to faster decompositionand methane production or burningand carbon release due to fires. Thesesoils have been studied intensely at anumber of locations in interior Alaska,but variation in organic soil carboncontent remains uncertain both locallyand regionally. The permafrost in thesedeep organic soils is often within adegree of thawing, and warming

trends and increased fire activity couldtip the balance.

The Forest Inventory and Analysis(FIA) program for Alaska is conductingan Interior Alaska Inventory PilotProject in the Tanana River Valley thissummer. The pilot plots are being col-lected on the Tanana Valley StateForest and the Tetlin National WildlifeRefuge. This pilot project is designedto test both standard FIA plot meas-urement protocols and regional add-ons that are specifically designed tohelp assess the efficacy and practicali-ty of measuring ground surface andbelow ground carbon content.

A standard FIA plot of four subplotswill be installed to measure trees, basicunderstory composition, and downwoody material. A second microplotwill be measured at each subplot toaccommodate those forested condi-

tions where trees less than 5 inches indiameter at breast height are the onlytrees present and would otherwise notbe measured on the subplots. On eachplot, surface (ground layer) and sub-surface (soil) measurements will alsobe recorded.

Mosses, lichens, and liverworts areextremely important components ofvegetation cover in Alaska. A protocolto measure carbon storage and thefunctional importance of moss/lichenground layers was developed by RobertSmith, Sarah Jovan, and BruceMcCune. Rather than having fieldcrews attempt to identify individuallichen and moss species, which wouldrequire a great deal of training and/orspecimen collection, the lichens, liver-worts, and mosses are broken into rec-ognizable functional groups based ontheir roles as wildlife forage, nitrogenfixers, carbon storage, bare soil colo-nization, and water infiltrationenhancement. The live portion of theseground-cover functional groups will bemeasured on thirty-two 20 by 50 cm.micro-quads, eight per subplot, placedat five-foot intervals along the downwoody material transects. The percentcover per micro-quad of each of themoss/lichen/liverwort functionalgroups will be estimated and the medi-an depth of each of these functionalgroups will be measured. These esti-mates and measurements will be usedto calculate functional group volumeand ground cover carbon content.

Organic soil depth in interior Alaskaforests is extremely variable. Totalbelow-ground soil carbon content ismuch greater in deep organic soils.Due to the normally cold climate andvery slow decomposition, soil carboncontent is maintained in both mineraland organic soils. One of the mostimportant aspects of Alaskan soils,mineral or organic, is the presence orabsence of permafrost and that manyof the frozen soils are at or near freez-ing. Black spruce-dominated ecosys-tems in Alaska are often those with thedeepest frozen (permanent or season-al) organic soils. Spruce, and in partic-ular black spruce, is very susceptible tofire due to normal canopy structure,with many small persistent dead limbsnear the ground, creating an excellentfire fuel ladder. This combination ofextreme fire susceptibility of the

Interior Alaska Inventory PilotStudy Soil Measurements

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spruce forests and combustible deeporganic soils, when thawed and dry,creates a potentially huge atmosphericcarbon source.

The objective of the Interior AlaskaInventory Pilot Project’s soil samplingprotocol is to assess forest ecosystemhealth in terms of physical and chemi-cal properties of the soils. Soils are aprimary component of all terrestrialecosystems and any stressor that altersthe function of the soil, e.g., thawing,has the potential to alter the vigor,composition, or hydrology of theecosystem.

Due to plot data collection timeconstraints (FIA would like to com-plete one plot per day per crew) anyadditional measurement protocolsmust be streamlined. While completesoil pit analysis can provide a wealth ofknowledge, it can take a long time todig and describe these complete pits.The soils measurement and samplingprotocol has been divided into threecomponents. These measurementsand sampling will only occur just out-side the first forested subplot startingwith subplot 2; the soil measure-ment/sample location emulates thelocation designated for Phase 3 (ForestHealth Monitoring) plots (see Figure1). A soil probe is used to measure thethickness of the unthawed layer orthaw depth. A 2-inch drill-driven coreris used to extract the organic layersand 4 inches of mineral soil. The depth

of each of four organic layers (if pres-ent) and the sampled mineral soil ismeasured and collected. The fourmeasured organic soil layers of interestare dead moss, root dominated duff,upper humified duff, and lower humi-

fied duff. Soil samples will be collectedand analyzed to determine bulk densi-ty and carbon content. If mineral soilis not found within 40 inches of thesurface a sample is not collectedbecause the actual depth of the organ-ic soil cannot be determined using thetools we have available. If an organiclayer depth cannot be determined(e.g., deep Sphagnum peat) total car-bon cannot be calculated.

The Interior Alaska Inventory PilotProject will allow us to assess the prac-ticality of measuring and monitoringtotal forest biomass (above and belowground) in interior Alaska.

Extensive information on theInterior Alaska Inventory Pilot can befound at www.fs.fed.us/pnw/work-shops/interior-alaska-inventory/index.shtml. ◆

Ken Winterberger is a forester for thePNW Research Station’s ForestInventory and Analysis (FIA) Programat the Anchorage Forestry SciencesLaboratory in Anchorage, Alaska. Hecan be reached at 907-743-9482 [email protected].

Figure 1. Interior Alaska Inventory Pilot Plot Layout SOURCE: FIA


BY AMY RAMSEY-KROLL,DAN OMDAL, AND DICK HOPKINS

aminated rootrot, caused by

the fungus Phellinussulphurascens orPhellinus weirii, iswidespread through-out the range ofDouglas-fir. It is afrequent and poten-tially disturbingagent in forests witha significantDouglas-fir compo-nent, especiallythose in westernBritish Columbia,Washington, andOregon. The diseaseis responsible for treedeath, reducedgrowth, lower antici-pated timber vol-ume, increased sus-ceptibility to wind-throw, and unexpect-ed tree failure. Wheninfected trees die orare cut, the fungusmay live saprophytically on dead anddecaying roots for decades in colo-nized old stumps. Infections occur in

newly planted and regenerating forestswhen the roots from the seedlings orsaplings grow in contact with infectedstumps or root systems from the pre-ceding stand.

The impacts from laminated rootrot are dependent upon the manage-ment objectives for a site. Scatteredmortality from a root rot-caused open-ing may be desired because of the

increased wildlife habitat or diverseforest conditions that result. In forestsmanaged for timber volume, however,reduced growth and tree mortalityfrom root disease may not be so desir-able. Over the past several decades,many foresters have explored tree andforest-level treatments that couldpotentially reduce the impacts of thedisease when found in undesirablelocations. One strategy for mitigatingthe impacts of laminated root rot isplanting non-susceptible species inareas with known root disease, anoth-er is to reduce the amount of fungusthat is causing the root disease, andyet another is to help the host treesbecome more resistant to thepathogen. Previous studies have sug-gested that a change in root chemistrymay minimize the susceptibility ofwestern conifers to root rot.

Research exploring the relation-ships between host vigor, forest nutri-tion, and root disease-caused mortali-ty began to receive considerable atten-tion in the 1990s after a series of stud-ies found correlations between rootchemical ratios, soil nutrient applica-tions, and reduced tree mortality inthe presence of root disease. At thattime, foresters began wondering if the


Potassium Fertilizer and Root Disease

PHOTO COURTESY OF KYMBERLY HOFFMAN

An eight-year-old, 400 lbs/acre-equivalent potassium chloride fertilized andlaminated root disease plot. This plot had some of the greatest growth (heightand diameter) of the study plots because of its location in full sun and theadded potassium fertilizer.

L

Amy Ramsey-Kroll

Dan Omdal

Dick Hopkins

9th Annual Oregon SAF Golf TournamentFriday, August 22, 2014

Join the Oregon Society ofAmerican Foresters atTrysting Tree Golf Coursein Corvallis, Oregon, for agolf tournament to benefitthe OSAF Foundation.

FOR REGISTRATION AND/OR DONATIONS, CONTACT:Robin Tucker at 541-497-3717 or [email protected]

Lots ofPrizes & Contests!

*Catered Lunchincluded after

the tournament

http://www.forestry.org/media/docs/or/2014_OSAF_Golf.pdf


application of potassium might pro-vide Douglas-fir with some resistanceto laminated root rot. There was nodata supporting or negating theimpact of potassium fertilization onlaminated root rot-caused mortality, soseveral studies in western Washingtonwere initiated.

One study was cooperatively initiat-ed by the Washington State Departmentof Natural Resources (DNR) and theNatural Resources program at theGreen River Community College (theCollege) in 2002. The objective was todetermine if the application of potassi-um would decrease the amount ofDouglas-fir mortality caused by lami-nated root disease. Twenty-one plots,each 0.01 acre, were established aroundlaminated root rot-infested Douglas-firstumps in a concentration of five acresof century-old forest at the College.Each plot was planted with an averageof 113 Douglas-fir seedlings. There werethree replicated treatments: untreatedcontrol, 200 lbs/acre-equivalent ofpotassium chloride (KCl), and 400lbs/acre-equivalent of KCl. Potassiumwas initially applied in 2003, thenannually beginning in 2006. The silvi-culture students in the NaturalResources program at the College col-lected annual growth data on allseedlings, tracked mortality, and col-lected data on plot-level characteristics.Root systems of the trees removed fromthe plots were examined for root dis-

eases when there was either: a)observed mortality; or b) plots werethinned or deconstructed.

Following 12 years of monitoring,the plots were deconstructed (i.e., alltrees were pulled from the soil toinspect the roots for signs of disease)because the trees within the plots weregrowing too dense and had experi-enced mixed levels of growth-damag-ing, weather-related disturbances.While there was no significant statisti-cal difference between the amount ofpotassium fertilization and root rot, atrend was observed for less tree mor-tality with increased potassium appli-cation. An average of 4.1 trees per plotwere killed due to laminated root rotin plots with no potassium fertilizer,2.3 trees per plot with 200 lbs/acre-equivalent of KCl, and 1.6 trees perplot with 400 lbs/acre-equivalent ofKCl. Similar results with no statisticaldifferences among treatments wereobserved in two other studies initiatedin the late 1990s (see sidebar), butthese studies only applied potassiumfertilizer once during the course of theresearch.

Other data showed that the treesdestructively removed from the plotsalso did not have any significant statis-tical differences among laminated rootrot infections, but did show a trend formore infected trees in the control plotswith no potassium fertilizer applied(an average of 5.1 infected trees vs. 3.6

infected trees in the plots with KClapplied). Tree growth (diameter) wassimilar among fertilization applica-tions and tree height was greatest inplots applied with 400 lbs/acre-equiv-alent of KCl. Further investigationsinto the influence of root chemistry onsusceptibility to laminated root rotmay be warranted. ◆

Amy Ramsey-Kroll and Dan Omdal areforest pathologists, Resource ProtectionDivision,Washington State Departmentof Natural Resources, in Olympia. Amycan be reached at 360-902-1309 [email protected]. Dan can bereached at 360-902-1692 or [email protected]. Dick Hopkins ispartner, Hopkins Forestry, a forest man-agement consulting business located inMineral,Wash. He was affiliated withGreen River Community College from1993-2013. Dick can be reached at360-492-5441 or [email protected]. The authors would like toacknowledge all the Green RiverCommunity College students and staffwho have participated and contributedto this research project over the past12 years.

Other Studies ofLaminated Root Rotin Douglas-fir and

Potassium Fertilization

Miller, R.E.; Harrington, T.B.; Thies,W.G.; Madsen, J. 2006. Laminatedroot rot in a western Washingtonplantation: 8-year mortality andgrowth of Douglas-fir as related toinfected stumps, tree density, andfertilization. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-569. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. ofAgric. For. Serv. Pacific NorthwestResearch Station. 37p. www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp569.pdf.

Thies, W.G.; Kelsey, R.G.; Westlind,D.J.; Madsen, J. 2006. Potassiumfertilizer applied immediately afterplanting had no impact on Douglas-fir seedling mortality caused bylaminated root rot on a forested sitein Washington State. Forest Ecologyand Management. 229: 195-201.www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2006_thies001.pdf.


BY ED SHEPARD, JOHN WALKOWIAK, AND JOHNNY HODGES

he June 7-8 meeting of the SAFCouncil convened at the Rockville

Hilton in Rockville, Md. PresidentDave Walters opened the meeting byintroducing and welcoming our newchief executive officer, Matt Menashes.Matt came on board June 2 after alengthy search process that involved asearch committee, consultants, andinterviews by SAF officers. Matt’sselection was unanimously approvedby Council. SAF owes a debt of grati-tude to the search committee, led bypast presidents Roger Dziegeleski andJoann Cox, for delivering a slate ofhighly qualified candidates for theCEO position; to the consultants thatworked with Joann and others to nar-row down the field of candidates; andto the officers who spent many hoursreviewing and interviewing the finalcandidates before recommendingMatt to Council. He is an impressiveindividual with a high level of experi-ence running nonprofit organizations.He most recently served as chief oper-ating officer of the Association of Fishand Wildlife Agencies in Washington,D.C.

Matt has hit the ground running andit was evident that he spent consider-able time preparing for the Councilmeeting. He was well versed in themany issues discussed considering hehad only been on the job for three daysbefore the Council committee meetingsstarted. He is full of energy and ideas

on working with Council and the mem-bership to move SAF forward.

As Council welcomed Matt, we alsotook the opportunity to thank staff inthe national office that kept the boatafloat during the 9-10 months withouta CEO. Special thanks go to LouiseMurgia who served as the interimCEO, and John Barnwell who assistedLouise. We also met two new staffmembers: Nicole Davis was hired asthe new staff accountant, and TaylorHunter was introduced as the new for-est policy intern.

Christopher Whited presentedCouncil with media and communica-tions materials to help SAF leadershipspread the word internally on “Livingthe Brand.” Christopher has developeda toolkit to help SAF leadership spreadthe word on our brand: “ThrivingForests. Essential Resources. StrongCommunities.” The toolkit includes avideo, presentations, a playbook, andother resources. National staff andCouncil will be working to providethese materials to leaders.

Council has spent considerabletime through the Ad Hoc Committeeon Governance Documents, led byKim Steiner (District 7 Representative),to update the existing articles of incor-poration, constitution, and bylaws intonew articles of incorporation, bylaws,and a policy and procedures manual.As a refresher, in 2010 the District ofColumbia revised the law on incorpo-rating nonprofits like SAF. So that SAFcould come into compliance with thenew law, SAF membership voted last

fall to update the articles consistentwith the new law. While doing this, itwas decided to update the constitu-tion and bylaws to bring them currentwith standard operations and termi-nology used by nonprofits.

Currently, our constitution reflectswhat standard terminology would callbylaws and would be the governanceauthority of SAF. The committee hasrevised the constitution by placing thegoverning authorities into bylaws andstripping procedure out of the bylawsand placing them in a document nowcalled a “Policy and ProceduresManual,” which are the day-to-dayoperations of the SAF that oftenchange. The Ad Hoc Committee madethe proposed changes to the articlesand bylaws and presented them toCouncil.

Council unanimously accepted therecommendations and will be present-ing them to the full membership inOctober to vote on. At the same timemembership votes on these docu-ments, there will be a vote on pro-posed changes to the categories ofmembership. The outcome of thatvote will be incorporated into the newbylaws, if approved by membership.

Please pay close attention to thisgovernance issue. This vote is veryimportant. SAF staff will implement acommunications plan to get the wordout to members and is working dili-gently to be sure the changes aretransparent to the membership. Bewatching the Source throughout thesummer for more information on thisimportant decision. A change to thearticles and bylaws requires a two-

Council Welcomes New CEO

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Left to right: 2014 Council represen-tatives Johnny Hodges, Ed Shepard,and John Walkowiak.

thirds vote of the members. Feel freeto contact your district representativeif you have any questions.

Council was updated on the statusof the sale of the Wild Acres property.Initially, the sale was to close as earlyas this past May. We found out inMarch that it would not close prior tothe contract date of August 22, 2014.We recently learned that permittingtime frames would delay the closing,likely until November, triggering aclause in the contract requiring thebuyer to pay a penalty for the delay.The Finance Committee visited withkey representatives of the buyer.Following this meeting, we are com-fortable that the sale will go throughthis fall or early winter.

However, the delay in the sale iscausing some temporary budget prob-lems. It was intended that incomefrom investing the proceeds from thesale would result in a balanced 2014budget. Council decided that ratherthan cut member programs in theshort term, we would use our line ofcredit to cover any shortfalls and repaythe line of credit with investmentincome next year.

The sale of the property will provideSAF with a sizeable endowment fund.We are making every effort to assurethat the monies are invested wisely. Tothat end, the Finance Committee rec-ommended investment guidelines toCouncil that will provide SAF with astream of income over the years whilestriving to maintain and grow theprincipal. Council unanimouslyapproved the investment guidelines.

The Committee on Forest Policypresented four policy statements forconsideration: two for approval, onefor retirement, and one for a decisionon whether to rewrite or retire it.Position statements on “Herbicide Useon Forest Lands” and “Wildland FireManagement” were approved; thestatement on “Utilization of ForestBiomass to Restore Forest Health andImprove US Energy Security” wasretired; and the committee will rewritethe statement on “Professionals inPublic Natural Resource ManagementAgencies.”

This year’s convention is shapingup to be an outstanding event. Theconvention is combined with the

Canadian Institute of Forestry and co-located with the International Unionof Forest Research Organizations. Itwill be held in Salt Lake City, Utah, onOctober 8-11. Information on conven-tion can be found in the June issue ofthe Source. We encourage you toattend and recommend you get yourhotel reservations soon. Because of themany events scheduled at this year’sconvention with CIF and IUFRO,Council will not meet during theConvention. The next meeting isscheduled for early December inBethesda, Md.

Finally, Matt closed the meetingwith early observations and prioritiesfor his first 90 days. His early impres-sions are that SAF is in good fiscalshape considering the recent reces-sion. We are facing many of the sameissues that other nonprofits are facing.His immediate priorities include grow-ing membership, increasing revenue,rolling out information on the changesto the articles of incorporation andbylaws for this fall’s vote, and assuringthat the new website is functional andhas the substance that membership isasking for. Matt intends to be availableto our membership any way he can.He is member oriented and wants toget to know as many members as hecan as quickly as he can. If you end upin the same venue as Matt, pleaseintroduce yourself and get to knowhim. ◆

This Council report is a joint effortbetween District 1 Council Representa-tive John Walkowiak, District 2 CouncilRepresentative Ed Shepard, and District4 Council Representative JohnnyHodges. John Walkowiak, who serves onthe Strategic Planning Committee andacts as a liaison to the FinanceCommittee, can be reached at 253-320-5064 or [email protected] Shepard is a member of the FinanceCommittee and can be reached at 503-487-6423 or sssstr1@ comcast.net.Johnny Hodges is part of the “MagicForce” Committee that is a combina-tion of the Leadership and CulturalDiversity committees; he can bereached at 970-226-6890 or [email protected].


Menashes NamedSAF CEO

The Societyof AmericanForesters hashired Matthew E.Menashes as itsnew ChiefExecutive Officer.Menashes, whobegan his new role on June 2, suc-ceeds SAF’s previous executive,Michael Goergen, who left SAF inSeptember 2013.

As chief executive officer,Menashes will work in partnershipwith the SAF Council and SAF staffto strengthen the organization anddevelop new strategies that addvalue and promote customer serviceand communication for SAF’s mem-bership. He will also be responsiblefor overseeing the daily operations atthe SAF National Office, and in con-junction with the SAF president,serve as spokesperson for the Societyand professional forestry.

Menashes comes to SAF from theAssociation of Fish and WildlifeAgencies (AFWA) in Washington,D.C., where he served as director ofoperations from 2010 to 2014. BeforeAFWA, he served as executive direc-tor of the National EstuarineResearch Reserve Association andpresident and chief executive officerof the Paddlesports IndustryAssociation.

The hiring concludes an extensiveexecutive search performed by asearch committee composed of SAFvolunteer leaders working with theexecutive search firm SignatureSearch.

SAF President Dave Walters, CF,said Menashes is a voracious learnerand strategic thinker who will imple-ment the goals and set the directionfor SAF as it works to ensure thrivingforests across the nation, provideessential resources to naturalresources professionals, and buildstrong communities among theforestry profession, its allies, relateddisciplines, and the public.

Menashes can be reached [email protected].

BY DON HANLEY

he WSSAF had their annual meet-ing attended by foresters, students,

spouses and friends on May 7-9. Wewelcomed student members from thenewly reestablished University ofWashington (UW) Student Chapter andthose from Green River CommunityCollege. The meeting was held at TheCenter for Sustainable Forestry at PackForest. The program, under the themeof “Education and Research,” focusedon numerous presentations by UW fac-ulty and others addressing currentresearch and demonstrations of con-temporary forestry. These presentationswere excellent and provided ampletime for questions and answers.

Augmented amongst the sci-entific presentations was anexcellent presentation byRobert Edmonds, faculty emer-itus, on the history of PackForest, and two off-site excur-sions to Northwest Trek WildlifePark and Mt. Rainier ScenicRailroad/logging history muse-um.

A highlight of the meetingwas the Thursday evening ban-quet where WSSAF Chair JoeMurray presented the Chapterof the Year award to the Mid-Columbia Chapter. PaulaHopkins, South Puget SoundChapter, was selected the

Forester of the Year. Six members wereawarded 50-year Golden memberships:Wade Boyd, Michael Jackson, GeraldMonahan, Robert Chicken, John Helm,and Dean DeBell. Congratulations toall.

After a wonderful banquet dinner,Elizabeth Seely along with Pilot, the dogof Conservation Canines, demonstratedspecialized talents seeking rare speciesscat for inventory and other scientificpurposes.

Before the meeting, the WSSAFExecutive Committee met and dis-cussed many topics including WSSAFbudget, WSSAF Foundation, ContinuingEducation Credit and CF Program,Olympic Peninsula working forest insert

in tourism promotional materials,Northwest Office, usage of ConstantContact for internal communications tomembers, WSSAF membership, SAFCouncil Report, plans for the 2015Annual Meeting to be held jointly withthe Washington Chapter of The WildlifeSociety April 15-17, and more.

Special thanks to Dave Cass andGreg Ettl of the School of Environmen-tal and Forest Sciences for securingnumerous faculty and graduate studentspeakers. Additionally, we appreciateTerri McCauley and her conferencecenter staff for their exceptional effortmaking all of us comfortable and wellfed during our stay. And a big thanks toDick and Paula Hopkins who served as

program chair and general chair,respectively, and the rest of the annualmeeting committee.

We would also like to acknowledgethe financial contributions from thefollowing meeting sponsors: West ForkTimber Company LLC, WeyerhaeuserCompany, Hancock Forest Manage-ment, Merrill & Ring Timberlands,American Forest Management, Bureauof Land Management, Tom Hanson,Ken Osborn, and Green Crow Corp. ◆

Don Hanley is the WSSAF communi-cations chair. He can be reached [email protected].

PHOTOS COURTESY OFGARY OLANDER AND DON HANLEY


WSSAF Spends Time Outdoors at Pack Forest

T

Paula Hopkins wasawarded the WSSAFForester of the Yearaward at this year’sannual meeting atPack Forest.

Wade Boyd (left) and Mike Jackson were on hand toreceive their 50-year Golden member awards at the WSSAFannual meeting.

Connecting Forest Landowners withSeedlings, Services and Contractors

DISCOVER Our Interactive Websitewww.forestseedlingnetwork.com

BUY/SELL SEEDLINGS • FIND VENDOR SERVICES & CONTRACTORS • VALUABLE RESOURCES

BY MARK BUCKBEE

n April 30-May 2, over 200 forestry professionals, students, and guestsgathered at the Seven Feathers Convention Center in Canyonville to

hear from over 20 resource management scientists, professionals, and indus-try leaders on the theme of “Defining the Future of Northwest Forestry.”

On the first afternoon, speakers John Gordon, Allyn Ford, Jim Geisinger,Chris Knowles, and Thomas Maness drew a generally optimistic picture ofthe potential of our managed forests, the forest products industry, and newforest products, while also laying out concerns with public timber supply,workforce availability, international economic forces, and other factors.

Thursday morning speakers Diane Haase, Mike Warjone, Tim Harrington,Cary Hart, and Fran Cafferata Coe identified new science, technology, andmanagement practices to meet our goals of growing trees for wood supplyand wildlife habitat. Following that, speakers Dave Loomis, Doug Bateman,George Ice, Gordon Reeves, and Dan Newton addressed fish populationtrends, water and fish responses to logging, and current and potential strate-gies for the future. In the final session, Paul Barnum, John Allen, DougRobertson, Tom Tuchman, Bob Ragon, and Hal Salwasser addressed thefuture of federal land management in Oregon including the importance ofthese forests to local communities, public perceptions, collaborative man-agement, and paths forward such as proposed federal legislation.

Thursday evening was the annual awards banquet. More information onthe awards can be found on page 20. After the awards ceremony, DFPADistrict Manager Melvin Thornton gave an engrossing slide and film presen-tation on the 2013 Douglas Complex fire that burned approximately 48,000acres in southern Douglas County.

On Friday, over 150 attendees participated in their choice of four tours:the Douglas Complex fire near Glendale, the BLM’s Secretarial Pilot timbersales on Myrtle Creek, restoration forestry on the Tiller Ranger District, andwood processing facilities in southern Douglas County. Some participantsvisited these sites for the first time, others were returning to projects thatthey worked on during the past several years, and some such as Frank Priceof Washington State SAF returned to forests and roads that he last worked onnearly 50 years ago!

The meeting hosted 12 vendors and exhibitors, and a particularly large andwide ranging number of posters (24). The Foresters’ Fund and Oregon SpecialProjects Fund auction netted over$4,000, which will be used to fund proj-ects that advance the mission of the SAFin Oregon and nationally.

Umpqua Chapter wishes to thankour presenters, our many and generousfinancial sponsors, the exhibitors andvendors, students and researchers whopresented posters, Foresters’ Funddonors, and all those planners whomade this meeting a success. See younext April 29-May 1 in Eugene! ◆

Mark Buckbee is the general chair ofthe 2014 Annual Meeting Committee.He can be reached at [email protected].


Large Crowd Attends theOregon SAF Annual Meeting

O

Bill HagensteinCelebrates 99th

Birthday SAF-style

On April 22, District 2 CouncilRepresentative Ed Shepard and SAF Vice-President Bob Alverts had the pleasure ofpresenting the SAF Presidential Citationon behalf of SAF President Dave Waltersto Bill Hagenstein for his 75 years ofactive SAF membership, his outstandingcontributions to SAF and the forestryprofession, and the occasion of his 99thbirthday. All three are Portland Chaptermembers.

Bill spoke about meeting GiffordPinchot at his first SAF NationalConvention in Washington, D.C. in 1940.Pinchot invited Bill to his home forlunch and they engaged in lively conver-sation, including Bill arguing withPinchot against the federal governmentregulating private forestland, whichPinchot was considering.

“Bill remains an amazing man andoutstanding role model for all foresters,”said Bob Alverts.

From left to right: Ed Shepard and BobAlverts present the SAF PresidentialCitation to Bill Hagenstein.


Herbert C. Johnson1924-2013

Herbert C.Johnston, age 89,died on December11, 2013. Herbgraduated fromWashington StateCollege(University) in1950 with a bache-lor’s degree inforestry. Prior tocollege, he servedin the US Army as an MP, then as an aerialgunner on a B-24 airplane.

Herb worked at the Washington StateCollege tree nursery, on a Forest Servicetrail crew, and planted trees on state landswhile in college. After graduation, Herbwent to work for the Washington StateForestry Service (DNR) in Forks. Hehelped fight the Forks Fire, which stoppedjust short of burning down the town.

Milwaukee Land Company hired

Johnston in 1951 as their OlympicPeninsula land manager, and in 1975,Herb was promoted to the Seattle office asgeneral manager of Milwaukee’s timber-land holdings in Washington and Idaho.Herb was always happy to point to thesuccesses of his managed forests. What ismore renewable than a growing forest?

Johnston served as president of theQuillayute Valley School Board, was anactive member of the SAF North OlympicChapter, and was a Golden Member ofSAF. He was proud of the OlympicChapter’s forward thinking in organizingthe forestry learning day for Forks areafourth graders.

Jerome G. Davies1936-2014

Jerry Davies, 77, passed away April 12at his home in Seabeck, Wash., with hiswife, Andrea, by his side. At Jerry’srequest, there will be no service.

Jerry enjoyed the many relationshipshe had with fellow foresters through SAF.His love of the outdoors and forestry werepart of who he was.

Donations may be made to the CentralKitsap Food Bank, PO Box 748 Silverdale,WA 98383. ◆

We Remember

Regional ForesterRetires

KentConnaughton,regional foresterfor the PacificNorthwest Regionof the U.S. ForestService based inPortland, retiredon June 28.

Connaughton, 67, completed a36 1/2-year career with the ForestService that took him from Oregonto California to Washington, D.C.,to Wisconsin, and back to theNorthwest.

No successor has yet beennamed.

Connaughton was appointedregional forester for Oregon andWashington’s 16 national forests,Crooked River National Grassland,and the Columbia River GorgeNational Scenic Area in February2011. Prior to that, he served asregional forester for the agency’sEastern Region headquartered inMilwaukee, Wisconsin. Connaughtonbegan his career at the PacificNorthwest Research Station as a for-est economics researcher.

He is a member of the Societyof American Foresters (a PortlandChapter member) and was electedFellow in 1991.

National Tree Farmer Convention,July 17-19, Pittsburgh, PA. Contact: 202-765-3660, [email protected], www.tree-farmsystem.org/tree-farmer-convention.

Woody Crops: Production Alter-natives for Multiple Uses, July 17-19,Seattle, WA. Contact: www.woody-crops.org/UpcomingMeetings/.

CESCL: Certified Erosion andSediment Control Lead Training, July22-23, Aug. 12-13, Sept. 23-24, Oct. 14-15, orNov.18-19, Bellevue, WA. Contact: NathanHardebeck, 425-270-3274, [email protected].

The Basics of Forest Land andTimber Appraisal, July 28-Aug. 1,Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.Contact: WFCA.

ArcGIS 10: Geoprocessing-AdvancedTechniques for EnvironmentalApplications, Aug. 5-7, Olympia, WA.Contact: NETC.

OSAF Foundation Annual GolfTournament, Aug. 22, Trysting TreeGolf Course, Corvallis, OR. Contact:Robin Tucker, 541-497-3717, [email protected], www.forestry.org.

Lost in Translation: BiosolidsDemystified, Sept. 7-9, Skamania Lodge,Stevenson, WA. Contact: Sally Brown, 206-477-5565, [email protected], andMark Cullington, [email protected].

Forest Products Forum 4, Sept. 16,World Forestry Center, Portland, OR.Contact: Greg Lewis, 978-496-6335,[email protected], http://wwotf.world-forestry.org/wwotf10/.

Who Will Own the Forest?10,Sept. 16-18, World Forestry Center,Portland, OR. Contact: Sara Wu, 503-488-2130, [email protected],http://wwotf.worldforestry.org/wwotf10/.

Access, Easements, Rights-of-Way,and Timber Trespass: What EveryForest Manager Needs to Know,Sept. 25, Grand Mound, WA. Contact:WFCA.

105th Pacific Logging Congress—7th In The Woods Show, Sept. 25-27,Molalla, OR. Contact: 425-413-2808,[email protected].

Model Toxics Control Act: AnIntroduction, Oct. 8, Kirkland, WA.Contact: NETC.

SAF National Convention, Oct. 8-11,Salt Lake City, UT. Contact: ChristopherWhited, 301-897-8720, [email protected],www.xcdsystem.com/saf/site14/.

Inland Empire SAF annual meeting,Oct. 26-28, Palouse Divide Lodge, Emida,ID. Contact: Tera King, 208-883-4488 x133,[email protected].

Pacific Northwest ReforestationCouncil, Nov. 16, Heathman Lodge,Vancouver, WA. Contact: WFCA.

Forestry/Songbird Symposium,Nov. 18, Linn County Expo Center, Albany,OR. Contact: Fran Cafferata Coe, 503-680-7939, [email protected],www.cafferataconsulting.com.

2014 Field Technology Conference,Nov. 19-20, Holiday Inn Portland Airport,Portland, OR. Contact: WFCA.

Forestry Leadership Academy,Jan. 16-17, 2015, Oregon Garden Resort,Silverton, OR. Contact: Amanda Mattern,503-224-8046, [email protected].

Washington State SAF LegislativeReception, Jan. 22, Olympia, WA.

Contact: Ellie Lathrop, 360-274-3057,[email protected].

2015 Washington SAF annual meet-ing, joint with Washington Chapterof The Wildlife Society, Apr. 15-17,Great Wolf Lodge, Grand Mound, WA.Contact: Peter Heide, 360-791-8299,[email protected].

2015 Oregon SAF and OregonChapter of The Wildlife Societyjoint annual meeting, Apr. 29-May 1,Eugene Hilton, Eugene, OR. Contact: DaleClaassen, 541-954-6953, dale@ sperry-ridge.com, or Fran Cafferata Coe, 503-680-7939, [email protected].


Calendar of Events

Contact InformationWFCA: Western Forestry andConservation Association, 4033 SWCanyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221, 503-226-4562, [email protected],www.westernforestry.org.

NETC: Northwest Environmental TrainingCenter, 425-270-3274, https://nwetc.org/.

Send calendar items to the editor [email protected].

Inland EmpireAnnual Meeting

SlatedThe 2014 annual meeting of the

Inland Empire SAF (IESAF) isscheduled for October 26-28 at thePalouse Divide Lodge near Emida,Idaho.

The meeting will start onSunday, October 26, with the IESAFexecutive committee meeting andevening icebreaker. Monday,October 27, will include indoor pre-sentations and discussions, and theawards banquet. Tuesday, October28, will be devoted to a field tour.

The theme of “OwnershipChanges: Challenges and Opportu-nities in Forestland Management”will offer opportunity for discus-sion on how ownership changes onprivate, state, and federal forest-lands have influenced forest man-agement practices and decisions.Speakers will also explore currenttrends on land acquisitions, trades,and dispositions.

The planning committee is busyfinalizing all the details, so keep aneye on www.forestry.org/iesaf formore information. A hard-copyprogram and registration flyer willbe mailed to all IESAF members.

For additional information, con-tact Tera King at 208-883-4488 x133or [email protected].

Jackson and Prochnau, Inc.Since 1954

Feasibility Studies & Investment Analysis World Wide.Inventory, Appraisals, Engineering, Management, Log Marketing

www.jacksonandprochnau.comAlbany, OR Tel: 541-926-3320

[email protected], WA Tel: 360-352-9680

everal members and cooperatorswere recognized for their contri-

butions to the Society of AmericanForesters and forestry in Oregon at theOregon SAF annual meeting awardsbanquet held April 29 at the SevenFeathers Casino Resort in Canyonville,Ore. Mike Cloughesy served as theMaster of Ceremonies.

Forester of the Year Award:Werner Krueger. The Forester of theYear Award is presented annually to anOSAF member for contributing to boththe profession and the public. Thisyear’s award winner is Werner Krueger,one of our annual meeting hosts and aforester’s forester in the Roseburg area.

As an employee of the BLM for thepast 10 years, Werner has held roles as alayout forester, contract administrator,and most recently, supervisory timbermanager for the Roseburg District BLMSwiftwater Resource Area. He is also awildland firefighter and has spentnumerous summers fighting fires fromAlaska to South Dakota.

Werner has been an active memberof the Umpqua Chapter of SAF, servingas chair-elect and a two-year term asthe chapter chair. He is a foundingmember of the Umpqua ForestryCoalition (formally the Hammerheadgroup), which was formed to educateand build consensus among a variety ofopposing constituents on local forestry

related issues. The group is currentlyworking on fire and fuels managementon the Umpqua National Forest.

Werner also finds the time to giveback to his community and has servedas a volunteer lacrosse coach for theRoseburg High School varsity boy’slacrosse team.

Werner exemplifies professionalismand respect in all aspects of his life.Within the BLM Werner is regarded asone of the leading experts on timbersale contracts, roads and rights-of-waynegotiations and timber sale develop-ment. His exemplary work ethic,extensive knowledge of forest manage-ment, and vast experience and expert-ise with timber sale contracts has notonly benefitted the public and cooper-ators who work with and for the BLM,but also his peers both within the BLMand the local community.

OSU Outstanding StudentAward: Elijah Allensworth. Elijahhas finished his BS in Forestry and is inhis first year as a graduate student. Hehas been active in SAF as an under-graduate organizing activities onbehalf of the student chapter. He hasprovided leadership in multiple areasincluding website, education, as anofficer and as Job Fair coordinator, andhas attended state and national SAFconventions. Elijah is a top studentand demonstrates good citizenshipand professionalism.

Community College OutstandingStudent Award: Kyle Starr,Central Oregon CC. Kyle Starr is astudent in the Forest Resource Technol-ogy Program at COCC. He is an excel-lent student and is about half waythrough the program. Kyle is a leader inthe Forestry Club/SAF Student Chapter.At the beginning of the academic yearduring a slump in the student leader-ship of the Forestry Club, Kyle took itupon himself to reinvigorate theForestry Club. He also serves as the cur-rent chair of the student chapter.

Lifetime Achievement Award:Edith “Edie” Neff. The OSAFLifetime Achievement Award is pre-sented in recognition of lifetime con-

tributions to SAF and the forestry pro-fession by an OSAF member. Thisyear’s honor was bestowed upon Edith(Edie) Converse Neff, who was nomi-nated by the Capitol Chapter.

Long before 1978 when she becamean official member of SAF, Edie dili-gently promoted forestry to the public.Her interest in the forest goes back toher childhood in the 1920s and ’30swhen she grew up on a farm with alarge woodlot in New England; herfamily owned and operated a smalllumber mill. Like most people of hergeneration, she put her ambitions onhold to help keep the family farm andbusiness going during the lean years ofthe Great Depression.

In the early 1940s at the height ofWorld War II, she began to pursue herdream by enrolling at the University ofNew Hampshire (UNH) to major inbotany and biology. While working forthe university’s forestry department topay her way through school, her super-visor recognized the depths of herinterest in and aptitude for forestry andsuggested she take a few classes in thesubject. The “few” became “many” andshe ended up with a minor degree inforestry, as well as majors in botany andbiology. She was a leading student, butwas not allowed to participate in theforestry field trips because forestry wasthen viewed—even by academia—as a“man’s domain.” At that time, Edie wasone of just three women in the entirenation pursuing a forestry education.

Edie continued her work at UNHand went on to earn a Master ofScience degree in plant physiology.During her studies, she visited YaleUniversity where she met and marriedYale graduate forester Allen Neff. Theyoung Neff couple soon moved toCoquille, Ore., where Allen went towork cruising timber for the OregonDepartment of Revenue, and they setabout contributing to the nation’s“Baby Boom.”

Edie’s interest and involvement inforestry continued and she volun-teered with tree farm certificationinspections and other services forwoodland owners. She also helpedestablish the Oregon Women inTimber organization—often being theperson inside the “Connie-Fir” mascotseen at events.

Edie has been an active SAF member


Members and CooperatorsHonored at OSAF Annual Meeting

S

PHOTO COURTESY OF STEVE CAFFERATA

Werner Kruger (right) receives theOregon SAF Forester of the Yearaward from OSAF Chair-elect MattKrunglevich.

for 36 years, par-ticipating inCapitol Chapteractivities and stateand nationalevents. Her pres-ence and enthusi-asm has inspiredmany young peo-ple interested inforestry to pursuetheir dreams—especially manywomen who havebecome leadingprofessionals in public and privateforestry and natural resource work.

Research Award: John Bailey.The OSAF Research Award is presentedfor outstanding achievement in anybranch of science leading to advance-ment in either the science or practice offorestry in Oregon. John has been aprofessor at Oregon State Universitysince 2006 with split responsibility forteaching and research in silvicultureand wildland fire science. His educationbegan at Virginia Tech before moving toOregon to work in 1985 and laterreturning to school at OSU for his PhD.He left for his first faculty position atNorthern Arizona University from 1997-2006, but returned to OSU for his cur-rent position. Through all these years,he has been active in the SAF at chap-ter, state, and national levels and hasadvised student chapters for decades.

John has shown outstandingachievement in promoting a resur-gence of fire science and managementresearch at OSU. He is a principal

investigator on dozens of fire-relatedresearch projects in the state andregion examining everything from pre-fire fuel treatments effects on firebehavior to post-fire coarse wood andfuel dynamics to active prescribedburning. These projects involve dozensof graduate students in five differentdepartments across campus. Many ofthese students gather weekly as part ofthe “pyromaniacs,” which he advises.

Tough Tree Award: Doug Grafe.OSAF’s Tough Tree Award is presentedto members of SAF who have demon-strated sustained, excellent profession-al performance in an extremelyadverse work climate.

Doug has a bachelor’s degree in for-est resources and conservation fromthe University of Florida and has beenan SAF member since 1992. Sincecoming to Oregon, he has worked as aforester for the city of Albany, with pri-vate industry, and for the OregonDepart-ment of Forestry for over 10years.

In 2010 Doug became ODF’s FireOperations manager. The departmentprotects just over half of Oregon’sforests from fire—16 million acres witha value of more than $60 billion.Doug’s role is to ensure the readinessand mobilization of the state’s com-plete and coordinated fire protectionsystem when fires get big. During fireseason, this position is on call 24 hoursa day, 7 days a week. Doug has demon-strated a sustained excellent, profes-sional performance in this high stressposition through four fire seasons.

Forestry Appreciation Award:This award is presented to individualsoutside of SAF deemed to have con-tributed significantly to the advance-

ment of forestry in Oregon. Two awardwinners were selected this year.

Norie Dimeo-Ediger. Norie hasworked for the Oregon Forest ResourcesInstitute for 13 years where she coordi-nates the K-12 education programs thatinclude OFRI’s Oregon Teacher onSummer Assignment, a program thatplaces teachers in a six-week summerjob.

She works with students K-12 and atthe college and university level, publicschools, and non-formal educationinstitutions such as the Oregon Zoo toprovide professional development forteachers in science education.

Norie is currently developing forestcurriculum supported by the OregonDepartment of Education and OregonFFA to be used by high school agricul-ture science and technology teachers.

Melvin Thornton and the DouglasForest Protective AssociationCrew. Melvin Thornton, DFPA’s districtmanager and his DFPA crew demon-strated leadership in both public andprivate timberland resource protectionlast summer with their efforts coordi-nating with the ODF Incident Manage-ment Team(s) assigned to the DouglasComplex Fires. During one of the mostdifficult fire seasons in recent south-western Oregon history, Melvin andDFPA both individually and collectivelyaccomplished this work while continu-ing to provide a successful initial attackprotection program on the rest of theirdistrict.

Melvin worked tirelessly from day-light to dark ensuring both ends of hisaccountability were serviced. His DFPAcrew followed this leadership andensured all functions of the organiza-tion and their firefighting mission wereaccomplished. This amount of personaldedication and passion to protectingour timberland resources is deservingof special recognition.

Chapter Achievement Award: Nochapters were nominated for thisaward, hence there was not a winnerthis year. (Editorial comment fromAwards Co-chairs Tim Keith and GlennLahti: There was a lot of outstandingwork done around the state this pastyear—step forward next year and takecredit for your achievements!) ◆



Edie Neff and family celebrate Edie receiving the OSAFLifetime Achievement award.


The 2014 Research award waspresented to John Bailey (right) byOSAF Chair-elect Matt Krunglevich.

ric Vines hasbeen selected

executive director ofthe World ForestryCenter in Portland,Ore. He started hisnew position on May19 and replaces GaryHartshorn who retired last Septemberafter being with the World ForestryCenter for 10 years.

Vines comes to the organizationwith a vast array of entrepreneurial,strategic planning, fundraising, andcreative visioning experience. “We aredelighted Eric will be joining the WorldForestry Center team. His businesssavvy and diverse set of skills andexperiences are exactly what we needto bring a fresh perspective to theorganization and lead it into a newdirection,” said John Warjone, boardchair of the Forestry Center.

In his role Vines will be responsiblefor the overall administration andmanagement of the center, broaden-ing its audience, and developingresources for the organization to carryout its mission. In reflecting on hisnew role, Vines said: “Scientists andeconomists agree that the futurehealth of our planet’s forests will deter-mine the future health of people. Ibelieve the Forestry Center has the

opportunity to play a major role inthose discussions.”

Vines stepped down as executivedirector of the Gray Family Foundationwhere he transitioned the organizationfrom a donor-advised fund of theOregon Community Foundation to anew nonprofit structure. Prior to that,Vines was executive director at theSitka Center for Art and Ecology inOtis, Ore., where he helped refine theorganizational purpose and mission.

Vines has a Master’s of business infinance and entrepreneurship fromthe University of Oregon and aBachelor of Arts in physics and mathe-matics from Whitman College in WallaWalla, Wash. ◆

The World Forestry Center is a 501(c)(3)nonprofit educational organization whosemission is to educate and inform peopleabout the world’s forests and trees, and envi-ronmental sustainability. With 30 employees,the Center is located on a 5.5 acre campus inPortland’s Washington Park that includes its20,000 square foot Discovery Museum andthe World Forest Institute. The Center alsoowns and operates the Magness MemorialTree Farm in Sherwood, Ore.


Vines Joins World Forestry Center

EHigh School FFA

Forestry CompetitionTests Skills

State competition for Washing-ton State high school FFA inForestry occurred on May 2. Thewinning team advances to nation-al competition that will be inLouisville, Kentucky, in October.Competition is standardized onnine criteria: general knowledgewritten exam, chainsaw parts/safety/trouble shooting, compassand pacing, tool/equipment iden-tification, tree identification, mapinterpretation, forest pests/injuries, timber inventory (includ-ing volume calculation), and ateam presentation on the topic ofhow to manage a Douglas-firstand that has Phellinus and/orArmillaria diseases.

First place went to Chelan HighSchool, Mt. Baker High School(Team 1) placed in second place,and third place was Wake Robin(Longview), coached by WSSAFmember John Gross. Eleven teamsparticipated with the Colville teamtraveling the farthest.

The event was hosted at theTacoma School District’s 330-acreLincoln Tree Farm by WSSAFmembers Paula and Dick Hopkins.Judges were WSSAF membersLoren Hiner, Jocko Burks, DonHanley, Bob Wistoski, and GeneMcCaul.

PHOTO COURTESY OF DICK HOPKINS

Future Farmers of Americastudents test their forestry toolsknowledge at the state FFAforestry competition as judgeLoren Hiner stands by (far right).

Editor’s Note: To keep SAF membersinformed of state society policy activities,Policy Scoreboard is a regular feature in theWestern Forester. The intent is to provide abrief explanation of the policy activity—youare encouraged to follow up with the listedcontact person for detailed information.

Oregon SAF Submits CommentLetter on O&C Lands Bill. In May,Oregon SAF (OSAF) sent a letter toSenator Ron Wyden with commentsabout S1784, which he introduced latelast year to direct the management ofBLM O&C lands that span about 2.4million acres in western Oregon.Wyden’s bill follows a similar bill byRep. Peter DeFazio (portions ofHR1526) that passed the full House inSeptember. Although OSAF has nottaken a formal position on either bill,the letter expressed a number ofimportant concerns about S1784 froma professional perspective. A funda-mental issue is the bill’s allocation ofwidely contrasting managementobjectives to fixed locations on thelandscape, an approach that overlooksthe realities of managing ecosystemswith complex cycles of growth, distur-bance, death, and renewal. Thus, OSAFrecommended an ecological approachthat would allow forest conditions andrelated benefits to “move around thelandscape” in a more natural pattern.

Another serious concern with theland allocations is the highly prescrip-tive constraints that would permanent-ly apply to both land areas, includingage-based restrictions on cutting of

individual trees. These constraints wouldlegislate and micromanage silvicultureunlike any other technical profession inthe U.S., and reflect a narrow and out-of-date view of the profession that con-trasts with the reality of its diverse andevolving science and practice. AlthoughS1784 is intended to limit litigation thatimpedes effective management, itsdetailed and rigid requirements wouldappear to raise many more, rather thanfewer opportunities for legal challenges.Similarly, the age-based restrictionscould become a “lock with no key” inareas where trees pass the age limitsprior to harvest. The restrictions on roadconstruction and emphasis on road clo-sures also have little justification andoverlook the importance of roads as acapital investment to provide efficientaccess for resource management, wild-fire control, safety, and public use.

The scope of conservation lands andconstraints on the other lands raiseserious questions about the timber har-vests that could be sustained in thecoming decades under S1784. A veryclear economic focus is given under theO&C Act of 1937, yet the complex direc-tives in S1784 would markedly con-

strain this focus. Further, it perpetuatesthe misconception that active manage-ment, including commercial timberharvest, is largely incompatible withkey environmental functions and val-ues. Similarly, S1784 does not reflect thevital role of federal lands in providingan exceptionally green resource.Instead, it perpetuates the view thatfederal timber production is an envi-ronmental liability rather than a sourceof much broader benefits. Thus, theOSAF letter emphasizes that an updat-ed and comprehensive paradigm forfederal forest policy is needed to point-edly support active management withsignificant forest product outputs asone of the most positive and sustain-able human endeavors for serving bothsociety and the environment. Given thelimited time in the current legislativecalendar and other factors, the outlookfor S1784 and HR1526 is unclear. Thetext, current status, and other back-ground on these bills can be found atwww.congress.gov, www.wyden.sen-ate.gov and http://defazio.house.gov/.Contact: Paul Adams, OSAF Policychair, 541-737-2946; [email protected]. ◆


Policy Scoreboard

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