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BY THOMAS D. LANDIS

History of Forest Nurseries

In the Western United States, forestand conservation nurseries have beenproducing tree seedlings since theearly 1900s, when the first nurserieswere established by the federal gov-ernment. The USDA Forest Serviceestablished the Bessey Nursery in1902 to provide seedlings for theafforestation of the Nebraska SandHills. In 1909, the Wind River Nurserywas started in Washington and theSavenac Nursery in Montana with theprimary objective of growingseedlings to reforest after large firesand protect watersheds. In additionto resource protection, these nurs-eries had secondary goals of commer-cial timber production and the testingof exotic hardwoods.

In 1924, the Clarke-McNary Act pro-vided cooperative federal funding toestablish state government nurseries.Federal work programs in the 1930s,such as the Civilian ConservationCorps and the Shelterbelt Project, ledto an increase in tree planting for avariety of conservation purposes.These programs continued throughthe Second World War. After the war,reforestation following timber harvestbecame the principal market for forestnursery stock in the West. That trendhas continued to this day althoughmodern nurseries are growing anincreasing variety of native plantsbesides commercial trees.

In This Issue: Seedlings: The Next Generation

Western ForesterS O C I E T Y O F A M E R I C A N F O R E S T E R S

September/October 2003 Oregon • Washington State • Inland Empire • Alaska Societies Volume 48 • Number 5

(CONTINUED ON PAGE 2)

PHOTOS COURTESY OF USDA FOREST SERVICE

The first western forest nurseries, such as the Wind River Nursery inCarson, Wash., were established to reforest after large forest fires with thesecondary objective of watershed protection. The photo below is a refor-estation site on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.

Forest and Conservation Nurseries—Improving on a Proud Heritage

Western Nursery Trends

Increase in Private Nurseries. Oneof the most prominent trends in thepast 50 years is the changeover fromgovernment to private nurseries. In1980, the USDA Forest Service operat-ed 10 nurseries in the western states,but by the end of the century, half ofthem had been closed. Because fed-eral nursery stock was primarily usedfor reforestation after logging, thereduction in timber harvest on federallands greatly reduced demand forseedlings. Although federal nurseriesalso produce seedlings for firerestoration and other conservationpurposes, this demand will never cre-ate the same demand as reforestation.

At the same time that federal nurs-ery production was decreasing, therewas an increase in the number of pri-vate nurseries—both from forestindustry and small companies.Industry nurseries have been a promi-nent feature of nursery production in

the West since the 1950s. Althoughthey constitute less than 15 percent ofthe nurseries in the Pacific Northweststates (see Table 1), forest industrynurseries produce around 42 percentof the total seedling production.

One of the unique aspects of thenursery situation in the westernstates is that many are small busi-nesses. In fact, “small private” nurs-eries comprise about two-thirds of allthe nurseries in the region (see Table1) and grow seedlings for just abouteveryone from the federal govern-ment to small private landowners. As

far as ownership, private nurseriesrange from small “Mom and Pop”operations that produce less than100,000 seedlings to large companiesthat grow as many as 10,000,000seedlings per year. Currently, privatenurseries produce about 18 percent ofthe seedlings grown in the PacificNorthwest.

Container vs. bareroot stock.Container nurseries have been steadi-ly increasing in the West since the1970s. At the present time, barerootnurseries still produce over 75 per-cent of the seedlings in PacificNorthwest states, but container stocktypes continue to increase in popular-ity. Container size continues toincrease. Twenty years ago, oneindustry nursery in Oregon typicallyproduced container stock of 2 to 4 in3

(33 to 66 cm3), whereas today theygrow seedlings in 15 to 20 in3 (246 to328 cm3) containers. Plug transplants,where seedlings are started in small-volume containers and are trans-planted to larger containers or intobareroot beds, are a popular stocktype because they incorporate theshort initial growth of container stockplus the extensive root system andcaliper of transplants.

One-year stock types. Shorter andshorter planning windows are drivingthe demand for nursery stock typesthat can be produced in one year.The recent outbreak of catastrophicfires is also driving this demand asrestorationists want to replant quick-ly. The one-year turnaround hasalways been one of the attractions ofcontainer seedlings. A few fast-grow-ing species like western larch and

2 WESTERN FORESTER ◆ SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2003

Next Issue: Then and Now: A Look at Past Forestry Issues Compared to Today

Forest Nurseries(CONTINUED FROM FRONT PAGE)

Western ForesterSociety of American Foresters

4033 S.W. Canyon Rd. • Portland, OR 97221 • (503) 224-8046 • FAX (503) [email protected] • [email protected] • www.forestry.org

Editor: Lori Rasor • Assistant: Aimee Sanders

Western Forester is published bimonthly by the World Forestry Center for theOregon and Washington State Societies of American Foresters

State Society Chairs

Oregon: Bill Peterson, 2098 NW LakesidePlace, Bend, OR 97701; 541-317-8695;fax 541-383-4700; [email protected]

Washington State: Nancy Peckman, 705Reynvaan Dr., Aberdeen, WA 98520; 360-537-8285; fax 360-537-8500; [email protected]

Inland Empire: Lauren Fins, Dept. of ForestResources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID83843; 208-885-7920; [email protected]

Alaska: Richard Coose, USDA ForestService, P.O. Box 9533, Ketchikan, AK 99901;phone/fax 907-247-9533; [email protected]

Northwest Council Members

District I: Ann Forest Burns, 5508-35th Ave.,NE, Suite 102, Seattle, WA 98105; 206-522-5942; fax 206-522-5392; [email protected]

District II: Darrel Kenops, 1555 HaydenBridge Rd., Springfield, OR 97477; 541-741-3466; [email protected]

Please send change of address to:Society of American Foresters

5400 Grosvenor LaneBethesda, MD 20814

(301) 897-8720

Anyone is at liberty to make fair use of the material in this publication. To reprint or make multiple reproduc-tions, permission must be obtained from the editor. Proper notice of copyright and credit to the WesternForester must appear on all copies made. Permission is granted to quote from the Western Forester if thecustomary acknowledgement accompanies the quote.

Other than general editing, the articles appearing in this publication have not been peer reviewed for techni-cal accuracy. The individual authors are primarily responsible for the content and opinions expressed herein.

Table 1. Nursery ownership in the Pacific Northwest states.

Washington 0 1 3 2 2 17 25

Oregon 1 1 2 0 7 20 31

Idaho 2 1 0 0 1 6 10

Montana 0 1 1 1 1 6 10

Total 3 4 6 3 11 49 76

% of Total 3.9% 5.2% 7.9% 3.9% 14.6% 64.5% 100%

* USDI-Bureau of Indian Affairs

StateFederal State Other

Government Nurseries Tribal& BIA*

ForestIndustry

SmallPrivate Total

ponderosa pine could be produced inone year, but most species are grownas 2+0 stock. The newest stock type isthe one-season miniplug transplantwhere very small container seedlingsare started in greenhouses in January,transplanted into bareroot beds orlarger containers in April, and areready for harvest that same winter.

Return to bareroot transplants.Proving that many trends are circular,transplants are replacing seedlings asthe stock type of choice for manyseedling customers. Transplantingwas the normal method of producingplants for reforestation in the first halfof the 20th century. During the 1960s,forest nurseries began to switch toseedlings because of the high laborcost of transplanting and culturalimprovements allowed production ofseedlings with the characteristics oftransplants. From 1965 to 1985, the2+0 seedling was the most popularstock type. In the last 10 to 15 years,however, transplantshave returned to favorbecause of thedemand for a large,vigorous seedling thatcan compete with veg-etation on outplantingsites and meet thenew “Free-To-Grow”reforestation require-ments. The 1+1 stocktype also gained pop-ularity and togetherthey comprise up to90 percent of the stocktypes produced insome NorthwesternU.S. nurseries.

Non-commercialNative Plants. Thedemand for nativeplants other than commercial treespecies continues to increase andgovernment and small private nurs-eries are responding to this demand.A wider range of native plant speciesfrom mosses and herbaceous plantsto riparian shrubs and trees are nowbeing grown. At USDA Forest Servicenurseries, the total number of speciesproduced has more than doubled inthe past 20 years, and this trendshows no sign of abating.

An Increase in Seedling Quality.Perhaps the most significant trend inforest nurseries is the quality andvariety of their stock. In the early1900s, nurseries produced only bare-root seedlings and transplants that

took from three to five years to pro-duce. Modern nurseries offer a vari-ety of stock types from containerseedlings that can be grown in lessthan one year to container trans-plants that can survive and grow on

the most challenging reforestation orrestoration site.

Forest and conservation nurserieshave come a long way since theirinception, and the quality of theirstock has steadily improved with newinformation about seedling physiolo-gy. Customer demands are alwayschanging and successful nurserieswill always strive to produce qualityplants that survive and grow on spe-cific outplanting sites. ◆

Thomas D. Landis is national nurseryspecialist, USDA Forest Service,Cooperative Forestry, Central Point,Ore. He can be reached at 541-858-6166 or [email protected].

WESTERN FORESTER ◆ SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2003 3

PHOTO COURTESY OF THOMAS D. LANDIS

Today, foresters can choose from container or bare-root stock types of the highest quality.

Nursery stock types early in the century took up to five years to produceand had relatively poor root systems.

BY R. KASTEN DUMROESE AND PEYTON W. OWSTON

oresters mustconsider many

factors whenselecting nurserystock types fortheir planting proj-ects. Forest nurs-eries can now pro-duce a vast array ofstock types to meetany challenge inthe field—thesetarget seedlingscan be defined forparticular sites. Itis important thatforesters work witha nursery that isknown from experi-ence or reputation to provide a con-sistently good product at a reasonableprice. Foresters and nurseries mustfoster open and effective communica-

tion to continually improve stocktype quality. To facilitate commu-nication between nurseries andforesters, a system of namingstock types developed and thosestock type descriptions fall intothree broad categories: bareroot,container and “plug plus.”

Some stock types afford advan-tages over others under certain cir-cumstances. If seedlings are need-ed on short notice, containerseedlings can be grown faster thanbareroot. If only small amounts ofseed are available, or the seeds areextremely valuable, container nurs-eries can usually make more effi-cient use of seeds. Slow-growing,high-elevation species can be grownlarger and faster in containers.Container stock is generally easierto plant in shallow or rocky soils.

Bareroot seedlings are a betterchoice for fall or early spring plantingon sites prone to frost heaving. Large,robust bareroot seedlings are oftenuseful on very stressful sites wherebig game browse or dense plant com-petition exists. Bareroot stock is gen-erally less expensive than comparablysized container stock.

Larger seedlings, whether contain-er or bareroot, usually outperformsmaller seedlings and are alwaysmore expensive to purchase andplant. Foresters should remember,however, that seedling physiologicalcondition and morphology are moreimportant than stock type.

For bareroot stock types, a two-number notation is used, for example1+0 or 2+1. The first number indicateshow many years (growing seasons)seedlings grew in their originalseedbed. The second number tells

how many years seedlings grew afterbeing transplanted into a differentnursery bed. Therefore, a 1+0 seedlinggrew one year in the seedbed, whereasa 2+1 grew two years in the seedbedand another year in a transplant bed.Other common stock types are 2+0,1+1 and 2+1. Selection of species is, ofcourse, an important matter, but isnot considered as part of the stocktype designation. Seedling sizes arenot usually included in stock type des-ignations either, but local growers andusers can and do, through experience,infer general sizes from stock typedesignations.

In container nurseries, describingdifferent stock types is difficultbecause of jargon. Many terms areused interchangeably although theyshould not be because, technically,they mean different things.


A User’s Guide to Nursery Stock Types

F

Kas Dumroese

Pete Owston

PHOTO COURTESY OF KAS DUMROESE

Seven-month-old ponderosa pineseedlings grown in 5.5 inches3 (left) and20 inches3 (right) containers. The ruler is15 cm (6 inches) long.

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Regardless of local jargon, in refor-estation nurseries in the westernUnited States and Canada, mostseedlings for reforestation are grownin rectangular block containers, usu-ally made of Styrofoam®, containing anumber of cavities in a regular pat-tern. Although the dimensions (widthand length) are mostly uniform(about 14 x 23.5 inches and usually sixinches deep), cavity volume and den-sity (that is, number per square footor meter of area) vary. Root volumefor typical reforestation stock rangesfrom 4 inches3 to 20 inches3, althoughcontainer stock can be much largerfor specialty projects. Generally, vol-ume and density are related, withlarger-volume cavities having lowerdensities within the container. For

most nursery managers and reforesta-tion foresters, cavity volume is ofparamount importance. Stock typevolumes have been steadily increas-ing and densities decreasing, withcavity volumes of 8-15 inches3 nowbeing commonly used for reforesta-tion. The advantage of larger-volumestock types grown at lower densities isseedlings with larger root collar diam-eters, larger diameters have been cor-related with enhanced seedling per-

formance after outplanting.Generally in U.S. nurseries, con-

tainer stock types are sold by the vol-ume of the root plug, either in milli-liters, cubic centimeters or cubicinches. In Canadian nurseries, stocktype designations are more detailedand the container is designated with acode indicating the cavity width,depth and cavity density within theblock. As with bareroot stock, thedesignation starts with an abbrevia-tion for species and ends with anabbreviation for planned season ofplanting. In between, container type,container size and seedling age areindicated. The code for size includesapproximate top diameter, cavity vol-ume and cavities per block; andseedling age is described using thetwo-number system to indicatewhether a seedling was grown in oneor two places and for how long (with0.5 used to indicate half-growing sea-sons). For example, coastal Douglas-fir seedlings destined for fall plantingand grown for one year in aStyrofoam container that has cavities3 cm wide by 13 cm deep and 160cavities per block, has the stock typedesignation “Fdc PSB 313B 1+0 Fa.”

In the last decade, the line separat-ing bareroot and container stocktypes has blurred because ofincreased production of “plug plus”(plug+) stock types. Plug+ stock typesinvolve container seedlings beingtransplanted into bareroot beds forfurther growth. Essentially, growerscan achieve the rapid growth of con-tainer seedlings and then realize theadvantages of bareroot seedling cul-ture, notably better root collar diame-ter and more fibrous root systems.

Larger, more robust seedlings can beproduced in a shorter period of timeand less expensively with this hybridsystem, particularly for high-elevationseed sources. The designation forstock types followed the traditionalbareroot nomenclature, except that“plug” is used to designate the con-tainer portion of production and thefollowing number to indicate the timespent bareroot. So, historically, aplug+1 was grown one year in a con-tainer, transplanted to a bareroot bed,and grown an additional year. Ascontainer culture has improved, thetime that seedlings are grown in con-tainers has decreased. Some growersare now extensively using mini-plugs(volumes less than 2 inches3) as thestarting stock types, so a plug+1 maynow be a three-month-old mini-plugsown in February, transplanted to abareroot bed in April, and harvestedin November—essentially less than ayear old.

Foresters have many stock types tochoose from for their reforestation andrestoration projects. Foresters andnursery managers must work togetherto identify the target seedling neces-sary to meet planting objectives. ◆

R. Kasten Dumroese is research plantphysiologist and national nursery spe-cialist with the USDA Forest ServiceSouthern Research Station in Moscow,Idaho. He can be reached at 208-883-2324 or [email protected]. PeytonW. Owston is a forest scientist with theSustainable Ecosystems Institute inPortland, Ore. He can be reached at503-392-9007 or [email protected].


PHOTO COURTESY OF DAVID STEINFELD

A plug+1 Engelmann spruce seedling.


BY DIANE L. HAASE ANDROBIN ROSE

ontrolled-release fertiliz-

ers (CRF) have beenused for decades inhorticulture, agri-culture, turf,orchards, and sub-urban landscaping.More recently, CRFare gaining popu-larity for forestry applications. Studieshave shown that CRF can increasenutrient efficiency and stimulategrowth of conifer seedlings whenapplied in the nursery or at the time ofoutplanting. However, in order toachieve optimal response, acute atten-tion to CRF characteristics and theirinteraction with the growing environ-ment and seedling nutrient demand isrequired.

The term “controlled release” is usedto describe fertilizer products that arenot 100 percent readily available toplants in their initial form. Nutrientrelease is dependent on water, tempera-ture and/or microbial activity, andvaries widely among products. The ulti-mate goal of CRF are to deliver nutrientsat a rate that matches the demand rateof the plant to which it is applied, there-fore avoiding waste. This results inmaximum efficiency by optimizingplant quality while minimizing fertiliza-tion frequency and leaching losses.

Organic Products

Organic fertilizers have been usedfor thousands of years. These includeanimal manures, fish emulsion, sea-weed, bone meal, sewage sludge, saw-dust and composted plant materials.These products tend to have a lowerpercentage of nutrients than synthetic

fertilizers and therefore must beapplied in greater quantities. The ele-ments in these materials can be quitevariable and can release unpredictably.However, these products may providean inexpensive CRF option and havebeen used successfully in a variety ofapplications.

Nitrogen-reaction Products

Nitrogen-reaction products are cre-ated via chemical reactions of water-soluble nitrogen compounds such asurea or ammonia, with an aldehyde.This results in complex molecularstructures that have limited water sol-ubility. Once introduced to the soilenvironment, these products are slow-ly broken down in the soil to plant-available forms.

Ureaform is one of a group of urea-formaldehyde reaction products and iscomposed of methylene urea polymersof varying size and solubility. Ureaformhas been used successfully as a slowlyavailable source of nitrogen in fertilizerblends and is broken down in the soilprimarily by microbial activity.Therefore, nutrient release is dependentupon environmental factors (e.g., soiltemperature, moisture, pH, and aera-tion) that influence microbial activity.

Commercial products that containureaform include Agriform® pellets(O.M. Scotts & Sons, Marysville, OH)and Nitroform® (Nu-Gro Technologies,Inc., subsidiary of Nu-Gro AmericaCorporation, Brantford, Ontario,Canada). The more soluble methyleneureas can be found in other Scotts fer-tilizers (O.M. Scotts & Sons) andNutralene® (Nu-Gro Technologies, Inc.).

Isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), likeureaform, is formed through a reactionbetween urea and an aldehyde. Unlikeureaform, however, nitrogen in IBDUbecomes available to the plant throughhydrolysis. The rate of release isdependent upon the IBDU particle sizeand the soil water content. IBDU ismanufactured by Nu-Gro Technologies,Inc. and is available in bulk for fertilizerblends or in briquettes.

Coated Products

Coated CRF consist of a solublenutrient core surrounded by a water-insoluble coating. Each coated parti-cle is called a prill. Sulfur coating wasone of the earliest technologies forcoated fertilizers. Sulfur-coated urea(SCU) nutrient release is via waterpenetration into cracks, pores andimperfections in the coating. Once thewater penetrates, the dissolved urea israpidly released from the particle. The

most commonly used coated CRF arepolymer-coated. Unlike nitrogen-reaction products, coated fertilizersallow for the slow release of othernutrients in addition to nitrogen.

Polymer-coated CRF are consideredthe most technically advanced form ofCRF due to product longevity and sub-sequent efficiency of nutrient delivery.In most applications, polymer-coatedCRF have replaced SCU because theyprovide a more gradual and consistentpattern of nutrient release. The releaseof nutrients from polymer-coated CRF

The Use of Controlled-Release Fertilizers forConifer Seedling Production and Outplanting

C

PHOTO COURTESY OF DIANE HAASE

A Douglas-fir tree just 32 monthsafter outplanting. This tree wasgrown with CRF in the growingmedia and was significantly largerthan those grown without CRF.

Diane L. Haase

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503.295.4024fax 503.222.1504

[email protected]

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is dependent upon the coating thick-ness and composition, as well as theenvironment in which it is applied.

Polymer-coated CRF are given aspecific release rate by the manufactur-er, usually ranging from 3-18 months.However, this release rate is based on aconstant laboratory temperature (typi-cally 21ºC). Actual release under fieldconditions can vary considerably fromthe fertilizer label and is usually not ata steady rate. Most products release apercentage of nutrients shortly afterapplication. The remaining fertilizerrelease is dependent on time, tempera-ture and moisture. As water infiltratesinto the prill and condenses on the sol-uble fertilizer, osmotic pressure devel-ops, which leads to outward leakage ofthe fertilizer solution. As the solutionin the prill becomes increasingly dilute,pressure decreases, thereby decreasingnutrient release.

A variety of polymer-coated prod-ucts are on the market. Nutricote®

(Chisso-Asahi Fertilizer Company,Tokyo, Japan) has a highly water-imper-meable, thermoplastic resin coating.Release-controlling agents and surfac-tants added to the coating determinethe rate of nutrient diffusion and aremainly affected by temperature.Osmocote® is manufactured by theO.M. Scotts Company and has been inuse for decades. Several Osmocote fer-tilizer formulations and release ratesare available. Of all the products men-tioned in this article, Osmocote is themost common CRF found in the litera-ture. Polyon® is the trade name given tothe polyurethane coating on productsdistributed by Simplot under the brandname Apex® (Pursell Technologies, Inc.)Release occurs by osmotic diffusionand the thickness of the coating is theprime factor controlling release.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The primary and obvious advantageof CRF are their ability to supplyseedlings with nutrients for extendedperiods with a single application ascompared to conventional water-solu-ble fertilizers. Due to their prolongedrelease, the potential for seedling dam-age associated with nutrient toxicitiescan be reduced and nutrient use effi-ciency can be increased. CRF are oftenthought to be expensive compared totheir soluble counterparts. However,

the need formultiplesoluble fer-tilizer appli-cations canadd up tohigher coststhan a sin-gle CRFapplication.CRF can beused in avariety offorestry set-tings suchas green-house pro-duction,barerootproduction and field fertilization.

The biggest disadvantage associat-ed with CRF is the potential for“uncontrolled release.” Unlike solubleproducts, CRF nutrient supply cannotbe adjusted once it is applied.Research shows that nutrient releasecan be uneven with the highest rateoccurring during the initial few weeks,especially with an increase in temper-ature and by the shorter-term releaseproducts. This results in nutrientrelease being greater than nutrientdemand and the likelihood of leach-ing. Furthermore, the intensity andpattern of nutrient release can differsignificantly among polymer-coatedCRF. Another disadvantage is thatrelease patterns of individual nutri-ents can vary. In particular, phospho-rus and micronutrients have beenfound to release at lower rates thannitrogen and potassium (see Figure 1),likely due to the formation of insolu-ble metal phosphate compounds.

Environmental Considerations

Site conditions, particularly tem-perature and available soil moisture,can have a profound effect on thelevel of response one can expect fromfertilization. In a Nursery TechnologyCooperative study with Apex andOsmocote CRF, Douglas-fir seedlingsgrown with CRF-amended containermedia had a two-fold difference instem volume response between acoastal site and a drier inland siteafter five field growing seasons.Vegetative competition, soil fertilityand other site conditions will also

affect the magnitude of fertilizerresponse. The possibility of fertilizer“dumping” under high temperaturescould lead to toxic salt accumulation,especially under dry field conditions.In the greenhouse, this could necessi-tate leaching with water. In the field,this could lead to poor seedlinggrowth or a rise in mortality.

Recommendations

The best approach to using CRF isto first gain a general understandingof the different kinds of CRF and thento carefully and methodically test avariety of fertilizers over a range ofrates and environmental conditions.As the CRF industry continues toimprove available products, we canexpect to see increased interest andunderstanding regarding CRF technol-ogy accompanied by improved green-house and field performance. ◆

Diane L. Haase is associate director ofthe Nursery Technology Cooperative,College of Forestry, Corvallis, Ore. Shecan be reached at [email protected] or 541-737-6576. RobinRose is director of the NurseryTechnology Cooperative and directorof the Vegetation ManagementResearch Cooperative at the OSUCollege of Forestry. He can be reachedat [email protected] or 541-737-6580.

DisclaimerThe mention of trade names or commer-

cial products in this article does not constituteendorsement or recommendation for use.

Release of individual nutrients can vary greatly over time.

Figure 1.


BY ROBERT L. JAMES

ontinued sources of high-qualityseedlings are needed for proper

management of forestland in westernNorth America. Diseases may often beimportant factors limiting productionof seedlings in forest nurseries.Fortunately, organisms that causeimportant diseases within nurseriesare usually not of concern onceseedlings are outplanted on forestsites. Rather, they are similar to or thesame organisms that elicit diseases onagricultural crops. This would beexpected because forest nurseries arereally agricultural enterprises, produc-ing large numbers of plants usingintensive cropping systems.

An example of one of the mostimportant groups of pathogens in for-est nurseries is Fusarium. Thesepathogens induce damping-off androot diseases on both container-grownand bareroot crops. In some cases,disease levels can be very high, with alarge proportion of the crop beingdamaged. These organisms may alsoelicit diseases of many agriculturalcrops including a wide range of veg-etable, fruit and cereal crops.

In some cases, the same Fusariumspecies that causes root disease of veg-etable and fruit crops, such as toma-toes and melons, also elicit disease onyoung conifer seedlings in forest nurs-

eries. Fortunately, these pathogens aremostly restricted in their activity whileseedlings are in nurseries. Seriouslyinfected seedlings displaying diseasesymptoms are usually culled beforebeing sent to the field for planting.However, if seedlings are infected withnursery root or foliar pathogens andare outplanted on standard forest sites,the resident pathogens usually eitherdie out or are replaced by other

mycoflora once seedlings are planted.This is primarily because typical forestenvironments are usually not con-ducive to these pathogens, that is, thepathogens are not capable of compet-ing with natural organisms residingwithin forests, whereas they seem tothrive in many forest nursery settings.

Beware of molding

One exception to the general lack ofproblems elicited by pathogens once

seedlings leave nurseries is molding ofseedlings held in cold storage. Whenseedlings are stored for prolonged peri-ods, fungi residing on foliage or rootsmay become metabolically active anddamage seedling tissues. This is espe-cially true when seedlings are stored atabove-freezing temperatures and athigh humidity. These conditions areideal for growth, sporulation andspread of many microorganisms,including certain fungi that can causedisease.

A good example is Botrytis cinerea, apathogen with an extremely wide hostrange that can grow and cause seedling

damage at very low temperatures.Seedlings can readily become infectedwith this pathogen in nurseries, espe-cially on seedlings grown in containerswithin greenhouses. Infection byBotrytis may not always be evident,resulting in some infected seedlingsbeing shipped for outplanting. Understorage conditions, especially at above-freezing temperatures, this pathogenmay become active and cause substan-tial damage.

Storage problems are usually allevi-ated by reducing the time of storage asmuch as possible, keeping seedlingsfrozen during storage, and rapidlythawing seedlings and outplantingthem as soon as possible after thawing.

Many conifer seedlings leavingnurseries are mycorrhizal. This is dueeither to natural infection, particularlyon bareroot seedlings grown for two ormore years, or to artificial inoculationwith commercially available sym-

Diseases in Forest Nurseries:Implications for Forest Managers

C

PHOTO COURTESY OF ROBERT L. JAMES

Bare root conifer seedlings are grown for one to several years and thenshipped for outplanting on forest sites.

Burns & WilliamsLawyersAnn Forest BurnsBruce H. Williams

Business (206) 527-5942 • Fax (206) 522-53925508-35th Ave. N.E., Suite 102 • Seattle, WA 98105

E-mail: [email protected]

bionts, commonly applied to contain-er-grown seedlings. Whether or notseedlings are mycorrhizal prior to out-planting, they will normally developthis symbiosis during the first growingseason on typical forest sites.Exceptions may be if seedlings areplanted on sites where local mycor-rhizal inoculum is limited or not pres-ent, such as certain reclamation sites,pasture land or other locations wherenatural trees are lacking. Whenseedling stock is destined for suchsites, it is important to introduce myc-orrhizal inoculum while seedlings arebeing produced in nurseries; other-wise their chances for survival arereduced. On forest sites, plantedseedlings with mycorrhizae obtainedfrom the nursery usually becomeinfected with alternative fungal sym-bionts after awhile. These alternativesymbionts may be better adapted tothe specific forest sites than thoseobtained at the nursery.

In summary, foresters generallyneed not be overly concerned with dis-eases of seedlings in forest nurseries.Most nursery growers take steps tomake sure diseases are minimizedduring seedling production, cullseedlings with any evidence of diseasethat might adversely affect outplantingperformance, keep molding ofseedlings during storage to a mini-mum and provide mycorrhizal inocu-lation when required.

Most growers of forest nurseryseedlings utilize the latest technologi-cal improvements to enhance seedlingquality. As a result, most seedlingscoming from nurseries are of highquality, with the best potential for suc-cessful establishment and growth onceoutplanted. Very rarely are diseasesobtained in nurseries major contribu-tors to problems following outplanti-ng. Site and environmental factors,such as vegetation competition, ani-mal damage or drought are muchmore important contributors to out-planting problems. ◆

Robert L. James is a plant pathologistwith the USDA Forest Service, ForestHealth Protection in Coeur d’Alene,Idaho. He can be reached at 208-765-7421 or [email protected].



BY BOB “BOS” BOSWORTH

he Selkirk Chapter, IESAF, formeda four-way partnership this spring

for the 13th annual North IdahoTimberfest, held in Sandpoint, Idaho,on June 14. The partnership projectwas called Buy-A-Board-For-Habitat.Partners joining SAF were Timberfestand the Sandpoint and Bonners Ferryunits of Habitat for Humanity (HFH).At the partnership booth, boards wereoffered for sale with proceeds dedicat-ed to HFH.

Timberfest is an annual celebrationof our heritage related to the timberindustry and features truck drivingcontests, traditional lumberjack com-petitions, and a variety of naturalresource-based business and craftexhibits from the north Idaho area.The event attracts visitors from north

Idaho and eastern Washington.SAF’s objective in the partnership

was to help the public establish thelink between professionally managedforests, products that come from theseforests, the industry that producesthese products and the necessity ofthese products in providing humanhabitation and other human needs.Timberfest provided the space for ajoint SAF/HFH booth and advertisingindicating that Buy-A-Board was a newaddition to the celebration venues.

SAFers Bernie Janoski and SteveBloedel solicited sawmills and other

forest products companies, seekingdonations of units of lumber for HFH.Industry was very generous, donatinga total of seven units. Several loggingcompanies made cash donations toHabitat. Transportation was alsodonated to assure delivery of thedonated units of lumber to Sandpointand Bonners Ferry. A banner to adver-

tise the booth and donors to the proj-ect was donated. Bill Love coordinat-ed activities between SAF/HFH inpreparing the booth for business.

One donated unit of lumber(approximately 300 boards) was placedin the booth and boards were offeredfor sale at $5 per board. Board pur-chasers got to sign their board with a

Selkirk Chapter PartnershipProves Highly Successful

T

PHOTO COURTESY OF STEVE BLOEDEL

SAF members Bernie Janoski (front)and Bill Love work the SelkirkChapter/ Habitat for Humanity boothat Timberfest in Sandpoint, Idaho.

PHOTO COURTESY OF BILL LOVE

A Habitat for Humanity representative and Selkirk Chapter Chair Steve Bloedelpromote the SAF Selkirk Chapter, Habitat for Humanity and Timberfest “Buy aBoard” program by opening Timberfest events with a crosscut saw contest.

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marker, knowing that that board wouldgo into the next HFH home to be builtin Sandpoint. During the day, about100 boards were sold. All proceedsfrom board sales will go to HFH forpurchasing needed non-donated itemsfor a “build.” There was often a line offolks at the booth with $5 in hand.

Booth visitors could talk to HFHmembers about its program and plans.They could also talk to foresters aboutforestry issues. Brochures about foresthealth and home fire safety providedby SAF were popular take-home itemsfor the public.

SAF members working in the boothfelt that this was by far the most suc-cessful venture into fair-type boothsthat SAF has tried. They enjoyed theopportunity to meet and make newfriends with the HFH volunteers in thebooth. HFH members agreed that thiswas one of the most enjoyable fundraising events they have participated infor their organization. Timberfest wassatisfied with the partnership. Several

visitors said they were attendingTimberfest specifically to Buy-A-Board.

Donors of lumber include CEDA-Pine Veneer, Idaho Veneer, L-P-BonnersFerry, L-P-Moyie Springs, MerrittBrothers, Plummer Forest Products,Ponderay Valley Fiber, Riley CreekLumber and Stimson Lumber Co.Companies making cash donations toHFH through SAF include Mike Cutler

Logging, Foust, Inc., NewportEquipment, Gary Regehr Logging, MikeReynolds Logging and Ruth AnnWilson. Ground Work Services donat-ed lumber transportation. Booth ban-ner was created and donated byBenchmark Signs & Graphics. ◆

Bob “Bos” Bosworth, retired from theForest Service, is a past president ofSAF. He was on the Timberfest organ-izing committee and continues tocompete in Lumberjack events, includ-ing Timberfest. He can be reached [email protected].

PHOTO COURTESY OF STEVE BLOEDEL

An eager customer steps up to theplate to sign a board purchased tosupport Habitat for Humanity at thejoint Selkirk Chapter/Habitat boothduring Timberfest last June.

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BY JOHN BEUTER

t the statemeeting of

Oregon SAF thisyear, I was asked toprovide a vision ofwhat “new para-digms for forestry”mean for theforestry professionand SAF. The concept of paradigmshifts bothers me because it is sooften used to hype even smallchanges by folks competing forresearch grants and running for pub-lic office.

The classic example of a paradigmshift is when Copernicus debunkedthe idea that the earth was the centerof the universe with his theory thatthe sun was instead—a move fromsomething that was clearly wrong to abetter theory. What’s the parallel inforestry?

Some perceive a shift from multi-ple-use to ecosystem management tobe a paradigm shift. What has beendebunked in that process? Theanswer, of course, is nothing at all.The underlying theory of scientificforestry that has been evolving overthe last several hundred years isintact. It’s called sustained yield.

Sustained yield was conceived inthe context of subsistence economiesand forests that were being decimatedby war and creeping mercantilism.The measurable outcome of sus-tained yield was wood for human use,a myopic focus to some critics. Butyou can’t have sustainable wood sup-plies without sustainable forests.

It fell to early forest scientists tofigure out how to sustain forests, notjust any kind of forest, but a forestthat would most efficiently producewhat people needed and wanted.They learned about the requirementsfor tree growth, distinguishedbetween tolerant and intolerant trees,learned about the need to controlcompeting vegetation and protecttrees from animals, learned toenhance growth through stockingcontrol and nutrient supplements,and above all, how to control harvest-ing to correspond with the growth ofthe forest to assure sustainability.

So, what’s new in forestry? It’s stillabout growing trees and managingforests to ensure sustainability. In theearly days, landowner concerns hadmainly to do with subsistence and

survival; today, affluent landownersoften aspire to higher level social andesteem objectives. Foresters exist toserve landowners across the spectrumof these needs and wants.

The underlying theories and scien-tific principles of forestry haven’tchanged. The weighting of objectiveshas changed. Now we ask: Sustainedyield of what? Monitoring of what? Itwas a lot simpler when the focus wason timber because it was relativelyeasy to measure and monitor. Today,foresters are expected to ensure sus-tainability of an infinite variety ofecosystems, some transitory and oth-ers arbitrarily defined. It’s become alot more complicated, but the under-lying theories and principles offorestry are still solid.

If there’s been a paradigm shift inforestry, it’s cultural rather than scien-tific. I remember a Journal of Forestryarticle about 30 years ago that warnedagainst the attitude of “the omnipotentforester.” Timber was king then, and alot of foresters acted omnipotent intheir efforts to forestall timber short-ages. Today, it is generally acceptedthat there is no shortage of wood inthe world and the focus has shifted toa more holistic approach to forest sus-tainability. Even foresters still focusedon timber production realize their lim-itations in accounting for shiftinglandowner and societal desires for sus-tainability. Collaboration with wildlife,fisheries and other natural resourcespecialties is becoming routine inmanagement planning for all ownerclasses to satisfy legal and regulatoryrequirements and commitments to

What Paradigm Shift?

A

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“best management practices.” Old-line forestry consulting firms that usedto focus primarily on cruising, harvestscheduling and valuation are now hir-ing or partnering with other resourcespecialists to broaden their skills inforest management planning.

What’s the vision for the future offorestry and SAF? From my perspec-tive, the future is bright and exciting.Knowledge about forests continues togrow, requiring foresters to continueto learn. And, with higher expecta-tions by forest owners and society,foresters have more opportunity touse what they learn in managing andmonitoring a broader variety of forestresources.

As for SAF, its role in representingAmerica’s forestry profession is moreimportant than ever. It has alwaysdone a good job of bringing foresterstogether to exchange knowledgeabout forests and forest practices, andwill continue to do so. The biggerchallenge for the future is to sustainthe integrity of our profession,enhance its credibility with the pub-lic, and defend it against unwarrantedattacks and misrepresentation inpublic forest policy debates. SAF’sfoundation is solid—it has a clearmission, a code of ethics, strategicoutcomes that evolve over time inresponse to changing conditions,well-established forestry educationaccreditation standards, and a well-established and improving CertifiedForester® Program.

SAF established the profession offorestry in America and nurtured itsrecognition and development. Tothrive in the future, SAF needs com-mitted, active participation by profes-sional foresters. Foresters need SAFand SAF needs foresters. ◆

John Beuter is vice president of SAFand president of Umpqua-Tualatin,Inc., consulting on forests and forestry.He can be reached at 541-758-6516 [email protected].


BY LESLIE BATTEN

ou are themanager of

several hundredacres of forestrecently acquiredby a timber man-agement invest-ment organization.Typically, it is frag-mented somewhat with scatteredholdings by individual private own-ers. On the property you manage,there are three spotted owl nests, andyou know of two others on the indi-vidually owned land. The areaaround two of these sites is infestedwith bark beetles and needs immedi-ate harvest. The company has a gen-eral policy regarding protection of owlnest sites, but currently there is nospecific plan for this property.Knowing that the nests are monitoredby a local group interested in spottedowl protection, and that some indi-viduals are suspicious of the compa-ny’s motives, what message do you, asthe local manager, take to the mediaregarding your harvest plans?

You are the communications chairfor your state society. A legislatorwith a strong environmentalist con-stituency has introduced a bill thatwould effectively stop all timber har-vesting on the state forests in yourstate. The state forester has beendirected by his superiors to stay outof the policy issue, but is able to pro-vide data to whoever asks for it. Thestate SAF leadership is alarmed bythese events and asks the policy com-mittee to develop a position on theissue essentially stating that well-managed timber harvests are animportant tool that should not bedenied to the state’s foresters. What is

your message? How do you get it tothe media and get it noticed in a statewhere forestry issues generally areignored until there’s a controversy?

Your first response is likely the“deer in headlights” speechlessness.Or wishing you could run for the hills.Or hoping you can put the caller onhold indefinitely. We’ve either hadthese very uncomfortable experiencesor dread the future possibility of suchan experience. Get a huge confidenceboost and enhance your communica-tion skills at the national communica-tions committee workshop at thenational convention!

We will be joined by media peoplein the Buffalo/Ontario area and byforestry public relations people. Wewill answer the questions to the real-life scenarios presented above as wellas others, and get immediate feed-back from our panelists.

You will learn from the reportershow to talk with them, how to developa relationship with them, and how tocraft a message that they will respondto. They will tell us whether field tripsare effective and what the protocolsare for the various mediums. You willlearn from forestry public relationsrepresentatives how to develop a mes-sage, how to “pitch” the message, andhow they have cultivated their rela-tionships with reporters.

Please join us on Tuesday, October28, from 1:30 to 5:00 p.m. in Buffaloduring the national convention. Youwill return home the picture of confi-dence and professionalism, cool andcomposed when dealing with themedia! ◆

Leslie Batten is national communica-tions chair and can be reached at 503-295-4024 or [email protected].

Where’s a Reporter When YouNeed One?

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he Society of American Foresters(SAF) has recognized 11 foresters

with its Presidential Field ForesterAwards. Initiated by SAF Past-presi-dent Fred Ebel, the awards recognizeforesters who have displayed uncom-mon talent and innovative methods toachieve a record of excellence in theapplication of forest management.

“Forester practitioners are the truefoundation of our profession,” saysEbel. “They often operate in completeanonymity, yet their actions are the sin-gle most important contribution to theviability and understanding of our pro-fession. This is where forestry truly hap-pens and it is important that we recog-nize those who perform the art and sci-ence of forestry each and every day.”

Given the regional differences inforestry, the award recipients areselected from each of the 11 SAF vot-ing districts. The following are thisyear’s award winners.

• Gary Blanchard, chief forester forStarker Forests in Corvallis, Ore. Garybegan his career with Starker Forests in1961. He supervises a staff of sevenforesters and two forestry techniciansin road-building and harvesting opera-

tions. He alsocoordinatesforestry researchprojects in coop-eration withOregon StateUniversity’sCollege ofForestry and leadsforestry tours for both professionalsand the public. In addition to his workwith Starker Forests, Gary is also a long-time advocate for SAF. Since he joinedthe Society in 1961, he has served inevery officer position from the localchapter to chair of the Oregon SAF(1985). In 2001, he served as Foresters’Fund chair for the Oregon SAF’s annualmeeting.

• Joseph F.Murray of ClallamBay, Wash., foresterfor Merrill andRing, Inc., in PortAngeles, Wash. Joehas been withMerrill and Ringsince 1980. Amonghis principalresponsibilities are the management

and supervision of silviculture, inven-tory and public access for Merrill andRing’s properties in Washington andBritish Columbia. He is credited withinitiating several innovative practiceson Merrill and Ring lands, includingthe restoration of riparian hardwoodstands to conifer; starting forestrytours for students, teachers and thepublic; and implementing a controlledaccess and private lands wildlife man-agement agreement for Merrill andRing lands with the WashingtonDepartment of Fish and Wildlife. AnSAF member since 1980, Murray hasserved as chair of the WashingtonSAF’s North Olympic Chapter.

• Michael P. Anderson of Perryville,Missouri, forestry district supervisorwith the Missouri Department ofConservation.

• John M. Dunn of Alexandria,Louisiana, district forester with Roy O.Martin Lumber Company, LP.

• Anthony Filauro, area foresterwith Great Northern Paper, Inc., inMillinocket, Maine.

• Keith D. Horn, president of KeithHorn, Inc., in Kane, Pennsylvania.

• L. Keville Larson, vice-presidentand part owner of Larson & McGowinin Mobile, Alabama.

• William F. Milliken, founder ofthe Milliken Forestry Company, Inc.,of Columbia, South Carolina.

• Doug Nickles, urban fire foresterfor the Glendale (California) FireDepartment.

• Stephen E. Patterson of McCall,Idaho, forest silviculturist for thePayette National Forest.

• Ronald W. Severs, forest managerat the University of Minnesota’sCloquet Forestry Center.

The awards will be presented at the2003 SAF National Convention, whichwill be held October 25-29 in Buffalo,New York. For more informationabout the award winners, visit the SAFwebsite at www.safnet.org/who/nationalawards.cfm. ◆

Blanchard, Murray Named Best Field Foresters

T

Joseph Murray

Gary Blanchard

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he Society of American Forestershas identified outstanding con-

tributors to the forestry profession byannouncing the winners of six nation-al awards. Two are from Oregon. Thewinners will be recognized at a specialceremony at the 2003 SAF NationalConvention, to be held October 25-29in Buffalo, New York.

The award winners were approvedat an SAF Council meeting held June7-8 at the SAF National Office. Theawards process begins with writtennominations and references by profes-sional peers. The Forest Science andTechnology Board or the Committeeon Professional Recognition thenreviews the nominations. These twobodies then forward their recommen-dations to the SAF Council for itsreview and approval.

The rigorous review process pro-duces candidates with a national pro-file and a comprehensive history ofsustained contributions to the forestryprofession and service to the public.

The TechnologyTransfer andExtension awardwas awarded toTom Landis. Thisaward recognizesoutstandingachievement intechnology transfer,implementationand extension by an SAF member asevidenced in the recipient’s career orinvolvement in SAF working group andscience activities. Enhancing the prac-tice of forestry based on good science isa foundation principle of SAF. Tech-nology transfer is critical to ensuringthat sound technical informationbecomes available to those concernedwith the management and conserva-tion of forest resources. Presentedannually, the award includes a $1,000cash honorarium.

Tom Landis has spent more than 20years transferring technology to grow-ers and users of tree, shrub and othernative plant seedlings for reforestation,restoration and conservation. For themajority of his professional career,Landis has served as national nursery

specialist for the USDA Forest ServiceCooperative Programs. During thattime, he has assisted with planningmost of the regional forest and conser-vation nursery meetings held in theUnited States and coauthored whatmany believe to be the definitiveseedling production guides for the for-est and conservation nursery indus-try—the Forest Nursery Manual and thesix-volume Container Tree NurseryManual. In 1980, he started ForestNursery Notes, a semi-annual publica-tion on pertinent forest nursery issues,and he later helped launch the NativePlants Journal and the web-based plantpropagation protocol database. An SAFmember since 1970, Landis holds abachelor’s degree in forest manage-ment from Humboldt State Universityand master’s and PhD degrees in forestecology from Colorado State University.

The outstanding Journalism award,given to Jim Peterson, recognizes high-quality journalistic coverage of topicsthat increase the American public’sunderstanding of forestry and naturalresources. Established in 1996, theaward may be pre-sented to an indi-vidual, a team or amedia organizationinvolved in pub-lishing, televisionor radio journal-ism. Presentedannually, the awardincludes a cashhonorarium of $500.

Jim Petersen is founder and editor ofEvergreen Magazine, which functions asthe voice of the Evergreen Foundation,a nonprofit forestry research and edu-cation organization with a membershipof 30,000. The magazine’s summer2002 edition, “The New Pioneers: HopeRises from the Ashes in SouthwesternForests,” focuses on forest ecology, sus-tainability, technology and current

restoration research. In developing thisissue, Petersen consulted with forestersand other resource managers and poli-cymakers on the federal, state and locallevel; forest products industry represen-tatives; tribal forest landowners; andothers. His research efforts resulted in afactual, comprehensive and informa-tive publication that uses abundantphoto documentation to illustrate itssubject matter. In addition to his workon Evergreen Magazine, Petersen isexecutive director of the EvergreenFoundation, serves on the board ofdirectors for the Pacific LoggingCongress, and maintains a rigorouspublic speaking schedule. He joinedSAF in 2000.

Other award winners include MartinF. Jurgensen, Carl Alwin SchenckMemorial award for outstanding per-formance in the field of forestry educa-tion; David Van Lear, Barrington MooreMemorial award, for achievement inbiological research leading to theadvancement of forestry; GeorgeGertner, Award in Forest Science, fordistinguished individual research inany branch of the quantitative, mana-gerial or social sciences leading to theadvancement of forestry; and BillBanzhaf, Gifford Pinchot Medal, foroutstanding contributions by a forestryprofessional in the administration,practice and professional developmentof North American Forestry. Moredetailed information on these awardsand recipients are available in theSeptember issue of The Forestry Source.

It’s not too early to begin thinkingabout nominating colleagues for the2004 SAF National Awards. The nomi-nation period for 2004 awards is fromDecember 1, 2003, to February 28, 2004.

For more information, visit the SAFwebsite at www.safnet.org/who/nationalawards.cfm, or contact LouiseMurgia, associate director, field servic-es, at 301-897-8720 x118 [email protected]. ◆

SAF Names National Award Winners

T

Jim Petersen

Tom Landis


he Oregon Society of AmericanForesters Foundation has been

providing support for forestry educa-tion and other worthwhile activities toenhance the development of youngforestry professionals since 1985.

For 2003, the foundation is proud toannounce that Taylor Fielder andJoseph Berry have been awarded schol-arships for the 2003-04 school years.

Taylor Fielder, from Newport, Ore.,

is a junior in Forest RecreationResources with a minor in Fish andWildlife and an option in LawEnforcement at Oregon StateUniversity. After graduating she plansto apply to the Peace Corps. Taylorintends to focus her career on thepreservation and conservation of ourrecreation areas and wildlife and habi-tat. She was awarded $4,500.

Joseph Berry, a Native American

from Beaverton, Ore, is a transfer stu-dent from Mount Hood CommunityCollege to Oregon State University. Hehopes to become a forest practicesforester and possibly pursue aMaster’s in silviculture. He wasawarded $3,500.

Today, the OSAF Foundation fundstands at about $214,000, which yieldsenough interest for an annual projectbudget of approximately $13,000 (wedon’t spend more than we receive ininvestment returns).

Please consider giving a gift to theOSAF foundation to help support itsgoals of attracting the best students tothe profession of forestry and improv-ing the knowledge of Oregoniansabout professional forestry.

Contributions can be mailed toOSAF Foundation, 4033 SW CanyonRd., Portland, OR 97221. For additionalinformation, contact the NorthwestOffice at 503-224-8046 or [email protected] or any of the followingfoundation trustees: Rick Barnes, chair,Tom McLain, secretary, Bill Peterson,Leslie Batten or Jerry Anderson. ◆


OSAF Foundation Forum

Scholarships Awarded to OSU Students

T

arriers to sustainable forestry willbe the topic of a workshop on

November 7 at the World ForestryCenter in Portland, Ore. The PacificNorthwest Research Station is sponsor-ing a three-year sustainable wood pro-duction initiative to identify andunderstand the key issues related tosustainable forestry in Washington andOregon. As a part of this initiative, theworkshop speakers will identify majorbarriers to sustainable forestry, poten-tial compatibilities of wood productswith other forest resources, public per-ceptions about sustainable forestry,and the implications of active manage-ment on the social, economic and eco-logical aspects of sustainable forestry.

The full agenda is posted atwww.westernforestry.org. For furtherinformation, contact Richard Zabel at503-226-4562 or [email protected]. ◆

SustainableWorkshop Slated

B


Calendar of Events

OTHER EVENTSCINTRAFOR’s Annual Conference onInternational Forest ProductsMarkets, Oct. 16-17, Seattle, WA. Contact:CINTRAFOR at www.cintrafor.org.

Post-fire Restoration and Salvage:Applying our Knowledge andExperience, sponsored by the SAFCentral Oregon Chapter, Oct. 21-23,Riverhouse, Bend, OR. Contact: LenaTucker at [email protected].

SAF National Convention, Oct. 25-29,Buffalo, NY. Contact: SAF at 301-897-8720or www.safnet.org/convention/index.cfm.

Professional Timber Cruising, Oct. 28-29, Beaverton, OR. Contact: Atterbury.

ArcReader Training, Oct. 30, Beaverton,OR. Contact: Atterbury.

Overcoming Barriers toSustainable Forestry: CriticalIssues, Current Findings & OngoingResearch in the Pacific Northwest,Nov. 7, World Forestry Center, Portland,OR. Contact: WFCA.

GPS for Mobile Professionals, Nov. 19,Beaverton, OR. Contact: Atterbury.

ArcReader Training, Nov. 20, Beaverton,OR. Contact: Atterbury.

Logger Training-Harvest Planning,Dec. 1 in Coeur d’Alene, ID, and Dec. 9 inCorvallis, OR. Contact: Forest Engineering.

Logger Training-Skyline Payloads,Dec. 2 in Coeur d’Alene, ID, and Dec. 10 inCorvallis, OR. Contact: Forest Engineering.

Logger Training-Multi-Span Systems,Dec. 3 in Coeur d’Alene, ID, and Dec. 11 inCorvallis, OR. Contact: Forest Engineering.

Logger Training-Guying andAnchoring, Dec. 4 in Coeur d’Alene, ID,and Dec. 12 in Corvallis, OR. Contact:Forest Engineering.

Logger Training-Cost Control, Dec. 5in Coeur d’Alene, ID, and Dec. 8 in Corvallis,

OR. Contact: Forest Engineering.

Western Forestry & ConservationAssociation Annual Meeting, Dec. 9-10, Sacramento, CA. Contact: WFCA.

Conservation Easements andForestry: Understanding How theyWork, cosponsored by SAF NorthwestOffice and WFCA, Dec. 18, WilsonvilleHoliday Inn, Wilsonville, OR. Contact:WFCA.

2004 Joint Washington State/OregonSAF Leadership Conference, January9-10, Doubletree Jantzen Beach, Portland,OR. Contact: Terry Orton at 360-740-6850or [email protected].

Contact InformationOSU: OSU College of Forestry Outreach Education Office, Peavy Hall 202, Corvallis, OR97331-5707; 541-737-2329; http://outreach.cof.orst.edu/.

WSU: Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Cooperative Extension, WashingtonState University, P.O. Box 646410, Pullman, WA 99164-6410; 509-335-2963;http://ext.nrs.wsu.edu/.

Atterbury: Atterbury Consultants, 3800 SW Cedar Hills Blvd., #190, Beaverton, OR97005; 503-646-5393; fax 503-644-1683; [email protected]; www.atterbury.com.

WFCA: Western Forestry & Conservation Association, 4033 SW Canyon Rd., Portland,OR 97221, 503-226-4652; [email protected]; www.westernforestry.org.

Forest Engineering: 620 SW 4th St., Corvallis, OR 97333, 541-754-7558,[email protected].

Send calendar items to the editor, Western Forester, 4033 SW Canyon Rd., Portland, OR 97221; fax (503) 226-2515;[email protected]. The deadline for the November/December 2003 issue is October 20.

UNIVERSITY-SPONSORED EVENTSCourse Dates Sponsor LocationStarker Lecture Series: Complexity in Fire Oct. 23 OSU Corvallis, OR

Ecology: The Case of the Biscuit Fire

Advanced Variable Probability Sampling Nov. 5-7 OSU Corvallis, OR

Starker Lecture Series: Complexity in Forest Nov. 6 OSU Corvallis, ORProducts: Forest Products Life Cycle Analysis

PNW Integrated Vegetation Management Nov. 12-13 WSU Portland, OR

Fall Forestry Educational Seminar Nov. 15 WSU Eatonville, WA

Risk Assessment for Decision-making Nov. 17-19 OSU Portland, ORRelated to Uncharacteristic Wildfire

Starker Lecture Series: Complexity and the Nov. 20 OSU Corvallis, ORCommon Good—So Why Are We Confused?

Selling Forest Products Dec. 4-5 OSU Corvallis, OR

How to Dry Lumber for Quality and Profit Dec. 8-11 OSU Corvallis, OR

Introduction to GIS Applications in Natural Resources with ArcView 8.3 Dec. 11-12 OSU Corvallis, OR

Intensive Plantation Forestry in the PNW Jan. 20-22 OSU Portland, OR

Human Dimensions of Family and Farm Forestry International Symposium Mar. 28-Apr.1 WSU Pullman, WA


ike Cloughesyjoined the

Oregon ForestResources Institute(OFRI) August 1 inthe newly createdposition of directorof forestry informa-tion and interpretation. He will beresponsible for the development and

implementation of OFRI’s forestryeducation programs for landownersand the general public and will serveas a liaison with constituents, forestryexperts and other organizations withforestry information needs or pro-grams. He was previously director ofoutreach education, assistant leaderof the Forestry Extension Programand professor of forest resources at

the Oregon State University College ofForestry. Mike joined SAF in 1978.

Mike was a forester with theConfederated Tribes of Siletz Indiansbefore joining OSU’s College of Forestryas a Douglas County forestry extensionagent in 1987. Prior to that, he was staffchair for the Douglas County ExtensionService office and a Lane Countyforestry extension agent. ◆

Cloughesy Joins OFRI

M

Please call our Regional Office

360-896-970016508 S.E. 24th St., Suite 105, Vancouver, WA 98683

he WorldForestry

Center’s board ofdirectors has select-ed Gary Hartshornas the center’s newpresident and CEO.He begins hisappointment in October.

Hartshorn will be responsible foroverseeing the forestry center’s ForestDiscovery Center museum, demon-stration forests and World ForestInstitute. He comes to the centerwith strong credentials includingwork in fields of forest ecology, forestmanagement, biodiversity conserva-tion and environmental assessment.

His degrees include a B.S. fromMoravian College, an M.S. from NorthCarolina State University, and a Ph.Din forest resources from theUniversity of Washington.

Currently the chief executive officerof the Organization for TropicalStudies (OTS) based at DukeUniversity, Hartshorn is professor ofthe Practice of Tropical Ecology in theNicholas School of the Environment.Prior to joining OTS, Hartshorn servedas chief scientist and a vice presidentof the World Wildlife Fund U.S. inWashington, D.C.

The World Forestry Center is anindependent, community nonprofitorganization located in Portland,Ore., dedicated to educating andinforming people about the world’sforests and trees, and their impor-tance to all life, in order to promote abalanced and sustainable future. ◆

Forestry CenterSelects NewPresident

T

Allen W. Neff1924-2003

Al Neff died July 5, 2003, in Salem,Oregon. He was born in New Haven,Connecticut, on July 21, 1924.

Mr. Neff received his bachelor of sci-ence from the University of NewHampshire in 1948, and his masters fromthe Yale School of Forestry in 1949. Hewas a 50-year plus member of SAF. Mr.Neff also served in the U.S. Navy in WWIIand the Korean War, retiring as a Lt.Commander after 27 years of service.

Mr. Neff began his career working at asmall family sawmill. For several years,he was a consulting forester in NewHampshire, Maine and Connecticut. Helater followed the advice to “Go West,young man” and worked for the OregonDepartment of Revenue, Timber Section,for almost 30 years. He was a very dedi-cated forester, trained in “old school”methods, very proud to be an SAF mem-ber, and treasured the many close friend-ships acquired during his career.

He loved spending time with familyand friends, baseball, traveling, stampcollecting and fishing. Going on hisannual pilgrimage to Arizona for SpringTraining was among his favorite things todo. Al and his wife Edie traveled theworld often, including Peru, Iran andArgentina, visiting many of the foreignexchange students they had hosted.

Thomas Bradford Glazebrook1917-2003

Tom Glazebrookdied July 27, 2003, atage 86. He was bornin Nashville,Tennessee on May 4,1917.

In 1939, Mr.Glazebrook earned abachelor’s degree inforestry from PurdueUniversity in West Lafayette, Indiana, andhe received his master’s degree in forestryin 1941 from the University of Idaho inMoscow, Idaho. He was a 50-year SAFmember and a Fellow.

Mr. Glazebrook began his 37-yearcareer with the USDA Forest Service dur-ing the summers of 1939 and 1940 as alookout, and one year as state forester inNevada. He then enlisted with the 799th

Forestry Engineers Company of the Army.He served in Alaska, Germany and thePhilippines.

After being discharged in 1945, Mr.Glazebrook resumed his career with theForest Service. He was stationed at the ElDorado, Modoc, Stanislaus and Klamathnational forests, as well as Region 5 head-quarters before coming to Portland in1959. While in Portland, Mr. Glazebrookhad a 10-year assignment in timber andwatershed management. He wasappointed director of watershed manage-ment at the national headquarters inWashington, D.C., and he held this posi-tion until he retired in 1977.

Robert Stanley Winniford1921-2003

Bob Winniford of Sweet Home, Ore.,died on July 9, 2003, when a tree fell andstruck him on the head at his tree farm inHolley, Ore. Mr. Winniford was born onOctober 10, 1921, in Portland.

During World War II, Mr. Winnifordserved in the U.S. Army. He graduatedfrom Oregon State College, received amasters from California Tech, and a PhDfrom the University of Tennessee. For 10years, he worked as an industrial researchchemist. He taught chemistry atWhitworth College in Spokane, Wash., for20 years until he retired as a professoremeritus in 1981. After his retirement,Mr. Winniford and his wife, Georgene,moved to Sweet Home and built a loghouse and managed the timber on histree farm in Holley. Mr. Winniford was amember of SAF. ◆

We Remember


Policy Scoreboard

Editor’s Note: To keep SAF membersinformed of state society policy activities,Policy Scoreboard is a regular feature in theWestern Forester. The intent is to provide abrief explanation of the policy activity—youare encouraged to follow up with the listedcontact person for detailed information.

Three OSAF Position StatementsApproved. Two revised OSAF positionstatements (Clearcutting and UsingPesticides in Forests) and a new positionstatement (Salvage Harvesting) wereapproved by the Oregon SAF ExecutiveCommittee at its meeting in Salem onMay 7. Final revision and executive com-mittee approval of an updated position onactive management to achieve and main-tain forest health is expected late thissummer. The approved statements havebeen posted on the OSAF website(www.forestry.org) and also will be pre-sented for endorsement by OSAF votingmembers in a referendum to be held in

late 2003 or early 2004. Although notrequired under SAF guidelines, OSAFtakes this step to strengthen the credibili-ty and member understanding and own-ership of the positions. Contact: PaulAdams, OSAF Policy chair, 541-737-2946;[email protected].

Oregon Board of ForestryConsidering Rule Changes andForestry Plan. The Board of Forestry(BOF) continues to discuss revisions tothe Forest Practices Rules for stream pro-tection, a process stemming from theOregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds,the input of several advisory groups, and asynthesis of concepts by OregonDepartment of Forestry (ODF) staff. TheForest Practices Act requires that pro-posed rule revisions be supported bymonitoring or research evidence, and thatnon-regulatory alternatives be consid-ered. Because ODF staff found some pro-posed rules lacked a specific scientificbasis, as an alternative the BOF was askedto endorse development of some volun-tary measures under the Oregon Plan.Both voluntary measures and rulechanges will continue to evolve as ODFstaff work with regional forest practicescommittees and other interested parties.The formal rulemaking process will begin

following approval of the proposedchanges by the BOF, possibly at itsJanuary 2004 meeting. The formalprocess will focus on general public inputabout the proposed rule changes, andafter final approval by the BOF, new rulescould become effective in July 2004.

The Forestry Plan for Oregon (FPFO) is astrategic plan to help guide the OregonBoard of Forestry and the State Forester asthey work with the public, landowners,political leaders and others in developingand implementing forest policy in Oregon.Having last completed an FPFO in 1995,an updated draft plan was developed andreleased for public comment in earlyMarch. Although professional forestersrepresented by OSAF were not recognizedamong the core stakeholders invited toassist in developing the 2003 FPFO, OSAFChair Bill Peterson sent a letter to the ODFin late May with some comments aboutthe draft FPFO. Input received during thepublic comment period is likely to promptsome revisions, and the BOF is expected toconsider endorsing a final revision of the2003 FPFO within the next few months. Toview the draft FPFO, visit www.oregonforestry.org/fpfo/2003/default.htm.Contact: Paul Adams, OSAF Policy chair,541-737-2946; [email protected].

Forestry and Salmon PositionStatement Expired. The SAF regionalposition statement on Forestry’s Role inthe Protection of Pacific Salmon Habitat inForested Watersheds expired in September2003. Renewal of this statement willdepend on the involvement of SAF units inAlaska, California, Idaho, Oregon andWashington. Contact: SAF CouncilRepresentative Ann Forest Burns at 206-527-5942 or [email protected].

Update: President’s HealthyForests Initiative. A good source forkeeping up to date on the many policyactivities associated with the President’sHealthy Forests Initiative is provided onthe U.S. Forest Service website atwww.fs.fed.us/projects/HFI.shtml.Contact: Jay O’Laughlin, IESAF Policychair, 208-885-5776; [email protected].

Wildfire Risk AssessmentConference. Assessments of wildfirerisks and risks to endangered species habi-tats are at the center of many forestrydebates. Experts will address decision-mak-ing issues at a conference on RiskAssessment for Decision-making Related toUncharacteristic Wildfire on November 17-19 in Portland, Ore. A policy panel ofagency leaders, including USDA ForestService Chief Dale Bosworth and U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service Director Steve Williams,will follow an opening keynote address by


Policy Scoreboard

Garlon® Herbicide VersatilityControls unwanted competing vegetation

Freshly Cut Stumps—Apply Garlon 3A rightafter cutting hardwoods.

Resprouted Hardwoods—• Thinline Garlon 4 hand spray for small bigleaf

maple clumps.• Low Volume Basal Garlon 4 in W.E.B. oil on small to large clumps.

For information on these or any other herbicides, call:

Bruce Alber or Kurt SpingathPortland office: 1-800-452-5625

Spokane Office: Joel Fields 1-800-727-9186

USDA Under Secretary for NaturalResources and Environment Mark Rey. Therest of the conference is designed to developtools and information necessary to assessrisks and benefits associated with restora-tion to prevent uncharacteristic wildfire,and the risks and benefits of no suchrestoration. See http://outreach.cof.orst.edu/riskassessment.

Pilot Projects Position Statement.The SAF advocates the development,authorization and implementation ofpilot projects to test alternative approach-es for managing federal forestlandsadministered by the U.S. Forest Serviceand Bureau of Land Management (BLM).Pilot projects are needed to address andhelp resolve the ecological, economic andsocial challenges presented by the cur-rently complex and confusing statutoryand regulatory framework that encumbersfederal lands management decision mak-ing. The SAF supports the further devel-opment and implementation of existingpilot projects and additional new ones.Examples of existing pilot projects andthose proposed by various sources aredescribed in the Background section.Additional pilot projects should addressthe concepts detailed in theRecommendations section. See “PilotProjects for Evaluating Innovative FederalLand Management Opportunities” atwww.safnet.org/policyandpress/positionstatements.cfm. Contact: Jay O’Laughlin,IESAF Policy chair, 208-885-5776;[email protected].

Forests and Economic Development.A new University of Idaho report analyzesIdaho’s rural communities for evidence tosupport the commodity-based and ameni-ty-based models of economic develop-ment. Some policy analysts have suggest-ed that the choice is either a future basedon wood products manufacturing or onebased on amenities protection. This reportfound little evidence that the path is“either/or.” Communities can do both.The key to implementing either the com-modity-based or amenity-based model offorest resource development, or somecombination of the two, is maintaining orrestoring desired forest ecosystem condi-tions. How to define those conditions haslong been and continues to be a topic ofdebate and disagreement among forestscientists, resource managers and policyanalysts, as well as many citizens andinterest groups. Much work needs to bedone to reconcile these differences, andthe work will not commence until thereare discussion forums that promise totake ideas forged through consensus andimplement them on the ground. Thereport is online at

www.cnr.uidaho.edu/pag/pdfs/Report%2022.pdf. Contact: Jay O’Laughlin,IESAF Policy chair, 208-885-5776;[email protected].

Forest Service Moving on Bug Kill.The Gifford Pinchot National Forest pro-posed this summer a series of activitieswithin the Gotchen Late SuccessionalReserve (LSR) to deal with a severe sprucebudworm infestation. Gotchen LSR isbetween Trout Lake and Mt. Adams andhas been under attack by the budwormfor about 10 years. Several previousattempts to act have been appealed andstopped, but this EIS and its proposedactivities appear well done and likely tosucceed. Contact: Bob Dick, WSSAFPolicy co-chair, 360-352-3910;[email protected].

Wenatchee/Okanogan NationalForests Get New Supervisor. SAFwelcomes new Wenatchee/OkanoganNational Forest Supervisor, Jim Boynton,from California’s Sierra NF. Boynton is ahydrologist and has spent most of hiscareer in California. He brings a BSF andMS from Utah State and 20 years experi-ence as a forest supervisor to the new job.Previous Forest Supervisor Sonny O’Nealretired earlier this year. Contact: BobDick, WSSAF Policy co-chair, 360-352-3910; [email protected].

DNR’s Sustained Yield NumbersOut. DNR technical staff recentlyreleased initial western Washington sus-tained yield estimates for six scenarios.Estimated harvest levels range from 400MMBF to 820 MMBF per year. The Boardof Natural Resources seems most fascinat-ed with Alternative Six (780 MMBF) and islikely to tinker with that alternative toproduce the preferred alternative.Washington SAF has closely followed theprocess and will comment on the EIS,which is due out in October.

DNR, at Board of Natural Resourcesrequest, will evaluate an “Alternative 7,”but will not propose it in the immediatefuture. A-7 substantially increases timber

production, but departs significantly fromDNR’s EIS and will require reworking theHCP over the next several years. Contact:Bob Dick, WSSAF Policy co-chair, 360-352-3910; [email protected].

WEC vs. DNR Update. TheWashington Environmental Council suedDNR and the Board of Natural Resourcesin July 2002, alleging SEPA violations relat-ed to the sustained yield and forest planupdate and certain aspects of the timbersales program. They threatened to ask thecourt to enjoin the timber sales programuntil the court had ruled. Much of thecase was dismissed in February 2003, andDNR asked the Washington Appeals Courtto dismiss what the lower court did not.The appeals court commissioner (theCourt’s traffic cop) accepted the appeal,which will be heard next spring. Contact:Bob Dick, WSSAF Policy co-chair, 360-352-3910; [email protected].

DNR Combines Regions. WashingtonDNR is in the process of combiningSouthwest and Central Regions in a cost-cutting move. DNR’s budget, as did allstate agency budgets, took a significantwhack in general fund allocations and hasmade several moves to address the short-fall. It is unlikely that other regions will becombined, but it is likely that appropriateactivities will be co-mingled. Contact:Bob Dick, WSSAF Policy co-chair, 360-352-3910; [email protected].

Washington’s SEPA Rules Amended.Washington’s Department of Ecologyrecently adopted SEPA rule revisions thatmake SEPA regulations consistent with thestatutes. Forest landowners no longer needto fear SEPA challenges to forest practicesapplications based on SEPA segmentationrules. Environmental attorney PeterGoldman asked the Forest Practices Boardto adopt the rules dropped by DOE, anaction that was denied by FPB. DOE’s orderis available at www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/activity/wac19711.html. Contact:Bob Dick, WSSAF Policy co-chair, 360-352-3910; [email protected]. ◆


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