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Investigating Spoken Interaction Chapter 3 Wolfson, N. (1989)

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Page 1: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

Investigating Spoken Interaction

Chapter 3

Wolfson, N. (1989)

Page 2: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

Investigating Spoken Interaction

Sociolinguistics patterns and functions oflanguage in use

Ethnography of SpeakingDell Hymes

(1962)

Page 3: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Philosophic Tradition

Per formative verbsAustin (1962)

sentence, warn, promise, beg

Ex. “I sentence you to ten years prison”

*Implicitly performed act: promise, warn

*Illocutionary act illocutionary force

Indirect speech actSearle (1975)

Form and function do not coincide

Ex. Can you close the door? Indirect request

Page 4: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Philosophic Tradition

Limitations

Limited to simulated or brief fragments of exchanges

Seldom contextualized in sociocultural settings

Lack of paralinguistic and non verbal elements

Idealized conditions

Grice (1975)

Make your contributionas informative as required.

Be truthful.

Be relevant.

Be brief and orderly.

Page 5: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

Ethnomethodology

a view of social organization

theoretical and methodological approach

investigate the activity of day-to-day interaction

uncover speakers’ unconscious cultural knowledge

assumption to interpret and react to experiences

University of California at Berkeley

Page 6: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

Ethnomethodology

create events they are engaged in.“environments for each other”.

McDermott (1977)

Organization of conversation

How speakers accomplish interaction

Shared assumptions

Coherence

Examine

Page 7: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Notion of Face

Brown and Levinson (1978)

People’s feeling

Negative (desire of the individual no to be imposed on)

Positive (desire of the individual to be liked and approved of)

More polite

Higher statusPerceived of being powerfulSocially distantGravity of the threat to the other’s face

Less polite

Bald on record do no take the feeling of the other person into account.

Less powerful thanthe addressee

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Elicitation as a Method of Sociolinguistics

Research in TESOL

Blum-Kulka(1982)

Collect DATA cross-linguistics studies sociolinguistics problems of second language learners

TESOL Elicitation instruments: get native speakers norms throughrole-plays, written dialogues (DCT)

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

Control specific variables of situationGathering a large amount of data quicklyInsight into social and psychological factors

They are not natural speechThey do not reflect: actual wording use,

strategies used (avoidance), the depth ofemotion (tone, content).

Page 9: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Use of Spontaneous Speech Data

Research in TESOL

Provide reach source of data speech behavior.

Age, sex, socioeconomics status, educational background, ethnic group and occupation are important factors.

Data is collected in real settings.

Special attention is paid to the point where miscommunication have occurredin a isolated instance or something which happens regularly.

Page 10: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Sociolinguistic Behavior

of English Speakers

Chapter 4

Wolfson, N. (1989)

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FORMS OF ADDRESS

REQUESTS

APOLOGIESGREETINGS

THE EXPRESSION

OF GRATITUDE

REFUSALSDISAPPROVAL

THE TELEPHONE

INVESTIGATE

PARTINGS

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Forms of Address

Indicator of status relationship, solidarity, and degree of social distance

Inequality between sexes

First-naming/ No-naming

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Apologies

Asserting imbalance or showing deference.

Asserting that an offense has occurred.

Expressing an attitude toward the offense.

Requesting the restoration of balance.

Owen (1980)

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Requests

Categories byErvin-Trip (1976)

1. Needs statements superior in work settings/ age family

2. Imperatives family, downwards ranks, equals, blue collar workers

3. Imbedded imperatives superior in rank and age, speaker is the beneficiary

4. Permission directives infrequent, activity includes action by the addressee

5. Nonexplicit question difficult or impossible, escape route, negative tag questiondirectives

6. Hints addressee’s option is open, familiarity and solidarity

Page 15: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Telephone

American speaker s may :

begin offering an apology for disturbing at mealtime or late in the evening

tend to verify the phone number

Goodbye

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Disapproval

Dressed interrogatives (RQ, REQ), declaratives

Undressed imperatives

Direct / Indirect

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Refusal

Direct “I refuse” “no”

Response to intimates and status unequal or stranger

Indirect “I am sorry” , “My kids will be home that night”, I’d love to”

Response to acquaintances of equal status :Expression of a positive opinionExpression of regretAn excuse, reason, explanation

Page 18: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

The Expression of Gratitude

Thanking formulas “Thanks”

Expressing pleasure “That’s great”

Compliment the giver “You’re wonderful”

Expressing the desire to repair the favor.

Ritual refusal “You shouldn’t have”

Religious undertone “Bless your heart, honey”

Page 19: Sociolinguistics investigating spoken interaction

Greetings

Topic initiation

Verbal salutes

References to the interlocutor

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Partings

NONVERBAL

Breaking eye contact

Leaning toward the door

Leaning forward

VERBAL

Reinforcement of the relationship

among status equals but not

among unequal

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