1. Sociological Perspective BY MRS. LUISA Y. SANTOS

2. What is Sociological Perspective? a sociological mindset in regards to being able to connect individual experiences and societal relationships. the lens that an individual chooses to view the scope of society from. go beyond the obvious and question what is accepted as true or common sense. 3. Why do we need a Sociological Perspective? To help us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals To offers insights about the social world that extend far beyond explanations that rely on individual quirks and personalities 4. Sociological Imagination ...the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. going beyond the individual and understanding how structural forces shape individuals and their action. 5. 3 Major Sociological Perspectives Symbolic Interactionism Structural-Functionalism Conflict Theory These offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. 6. Jeremy & Kim Jeremy and Kim broke up last year. When Jeremy received an email from Kim to go out he agreed and they went to a bar. Then Kim started talking about their happier days. A confused Jeremy offered to take her home. The night didnt end well. 7. Symbolic Interactionism directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Originated from Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of the symbols 8. Symbolic Interaction Model Individual Interaction Individual Analysis of the Interaction by other Persons 9. Quick Questions: Who is in charge of spiritually nurturing a child? Who is in charge of disciplining a child? Who is in charge of taking care of a childs rights? Who is in charge of teaching our children about various knowledge areas like reading, writing and arithmetic? 10. Structural-Functionalism Also known as the Consensus Theory A sociologist with this perspective will try to identify the structures of society and how they function. Stresses that relations among the individuals, groups and societies follow well-defined patterns of social organization. Emphasizes Stability, Harmony and Evolution 11. The Structural Functionalism Model Social structures provide pre-set patterns, which evolve to meet human needs. Stability, Order and Harmony Maintenance of Society 12. Who has a bigger chance of attending college? 13. Conflict Theory Addresses the point of stress and conflict in society and the way they contribute to social change. View a societys legal system as a political instrument used by the wealthy and powerful to protect and extend their privileges, not a rational tool for the resolution of conflict and preservation of order. Society is not about solidarity or social consensus but about competition. 14. The Conflict Theory Model Social Structures produces patterns of inequality in the distribution of scarce resources. Conflict Reorganization and Change 15. Culture and Norms BY MRS. LUISA Y. SANTOS 16. Culture Defined Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities (high culture) An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization, or group 17. Elements of Culture Language Norms Values Beliefs and ideologies Statuses and Roles Cultural Integration 18. Language a set of symbols used to assign and communicate meaning. a way of signaling identity with one cultural group and difference from others a way of signaling cultural rank a social product, as it is not a creation of an individual 19. Norms the agreed-upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its members in any given situation. Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist and function. Internalize Socialize Control 20. Kinds of Norms Folkways - sometimes known as conventions or customs, are standards of behavior that are socially approved but not morally significant. Example: Belching loudly after eating dinner at someone else's home breaks an American folkway. Mores norms of morality. Breaking mores will offend most people of a culture Example: Attending church in the nude 21. Kinds of Norms Laws - a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state. Example: Child abuse is against U.S. and Philippine laws. Taboos absolutely forbidden by a certain culture. Example: Incest is a taboo in Philippine and American culture. 22. Social Control Internal social control Ideologies, beliefs, values External social control Informal Sanctions Physical and verbal reactions. Embarrassment and stigma. Avoidance and ostracization. Formal sanctions. Formal sanctions in large organizations. Governments, laws, and police. Courts, hearings, trials, and punishments. 23. Values anything members of a culture aspire to or hold in high esteem. things to be achieved, things considered of great worth or value Can be complimentary (set of values) as well as contradictory (equity and justice vs. compassion and humanitarianism Filipinos generally value: 24. Beliefs & Ideologies Collective social agreements produced during interaction and reified over time. What is "true" or "factual" for a given people is what they collectively agree to be true at that point in time. Sets of beliefs and assumptions connected by a common theme or focus. 25. Statuses and Roles Status - a slot or position within a group or society. They tell us who people are and how they "fit" into the group. Can be ascribed or achieved Roles - norms specifying the rights and responsibilities associated with a particular status. Cultural Integration The increasing integration of the different cultures found throughout the world and the diffusion of a dominant global culture. 26. Filipino Values and Worldview BY: MRS. MA. LUISA Y. SANTOS 27. Filipino Values Defined as the set of values or the value system that a majority of Filipino people have historically held important in their lives. rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships. (U.S. Library of Congress) 28. Common Filipino Values Strong religious faith Respect Smooth interpersonal relationships Hiya Utang na loob (indebtedness) Close family ties Have positive and negative aspects 29. Filipino Worldview 1 : Family Family is the focus of the Filipino worldview. The welfare of the community and the nation takes a less prominent role. Do not bring shame to the family Possibly responsible for nepotism and government corruption. 30. Filipino Worldview 2: non- dualism -> means that the Filipino wants to harmonize the object and the subject, while at the same time, holding both as distinct. Filipino as Man: non-dualism urges him to harmonize his faculties as well as be in support with his fellowmen Filipino and the World of Things: the non-dualistic principle appears in the Filipinos harmony-with-nature orientation Filipino and the Other World: non-dualism is the basis of the non-dichotomy between the profane and the sacred 31. Economy & Education BY: MRS. MARIA LUISA Y, SANTOS 32. Economy Fishing The dominant form of economic activity characterizing a society. What kind of economy does the Philippines have? Agricultural The structures, relationship and activities that produce and distribute wealth in a society. State & Economy shapers of individual opportunities and places in the society. 33. Different Types of Economy 34. Major Forms of Political Economy Major Forms of Political Economy Capitalism accumulation and investment of capital by private individuals - Individuals own the means of production and distribution of the goods and services. Examples 35. Major Forms of Political Economy Socialism the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. (ex. by the State) - relies on social cooperation between workers to create wealth. - Wage paid for labor Examples: Major Forms of Political Economy 36. Major Forms of Political Economy Communism ideal type of economic system - All property is communally owned - No social distinctions based on peoples ability to produce. Examples: Major Forms of Political Economy Communism ideal type of economic system - All property is communally owned - No social distinctions based on peoples ability to produce. Examples: 37. Factors of the Structural Transformation of the Economy Technology The Global Economy Capital Mobility Deindustrialization 38. Economic Structural Transformation & Inequality Economic transformation accentuated inequality in the Philippines. Unemployment Underemployment Segment Labor Market Job Displacement The Declining Middle Class 39. Education The action or process of educating and/or becoming educated. the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary course of study or discipline 40. Functions of Education Agent of Social Control Agent in Transmitting Culture Agent of Social Change Agent of Socialization Agent of Social Placement Agent of Social Integration Agent of Social and Cultural Innovation 41. Problems the Philippine Educational System are Facing Today Bilingualism Lack of textbooks / Dependence on foreign textbooks Hidden Curriculum Highly authoritarian schools