sociology a down-to-earth approach 8/e sociology chapter eight: deviance and social control this...

SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGYA Down-to-Earth Approach 8/eA Down-to-Earth Approach 8/e

SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGYA Down-to-Earth Approach 8/eA Down-to-Earth Approach 8/e

Chapter Eight: Chapter Eight: Deviance and Social Deviance and Social

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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 2

Chapter 8:Deviance and Social Control

“It is not the act itself, but the reactions to

the act, that make something deviant.”

Howard Becker, 1966

What is Deviance?What is Deviance?



Relative Deviance

What is Deviant to Some is not

Deviant to Others

“Deviance” is Nonjudgmental Term

What is Deviance?What is Deviance?



Crime

Violation of Norms as Laws

Deviance

Violation of Rules or Norms

Stigma

Blemishes on “Normal” Identity

Deviance TerminologyDeviance Terminology



No Norms - Social Chaos

Social Control

Group’s Formal and Informal

Means of Enforcing Norms

Norms Make Social Life PossibleNorms Make Social Life Possible



Negative Sanctions

Positive Sanctions

SanctionsSanctions



Shaming is a Sanction

Can Be Centerpiece of Public Ritual

Degradation Ceremony

Shaming and Degradation CeremoniesShaming and Degradation Ceremonies



Sociobiology

Look for Answers Inside Individuals

Genetic Predispositions

Explanations of DevianceExplanations of Deviance



Psychology

Focuses on Abnormalities

Within Individuals

Personality Disorders

Deviant Personalities




Sociology

Look for Answers Outside Individuals

Social Class




Families

Friends, Neighbors

Subculture

Prison or Freedom?

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveDifferential Association Theory

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveDifferential Association Theory



Inner Controls

Morality

Conscience

Religious Principles

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Control Theory

Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Control Theory



Outer Controls

Attachments

Commitments

Involvements

Beliefs that Actions are Morally Wrong

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveControl Theory

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveControl Theory



Focuses on the Significance of Labels

Labels Become Part of Self-Concept

Propel Towards or Away from Deviance

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveLabeling Theory




Denial of Responsibility

Denial of Injury

Denial of a Victim

Symbolic Interactionist PerspectiveRejecting Labels




Condemnation of Condemners

Appeal to Higher Loyalties





Embracing Labels—Outlaw Bikers

The Power of Labels—Saints and

Roughnecks





Clarifies Moral Boundaries

and Affirms Norms

Promotes Social Unity

Promotes Social Change

Functionalist PerspectiveCan Deviance Be Functional?Functionalist PerspectiveCan Deviance Be Functional?



Social Values Produce Deviance

Cultural Goals

Institutional Means

Strain Leads to Anomie

Functionalist PerspectiveStrain TheoryFunctionalist PerspectiveStrain Theory



Innovators

Ritualism

Retreatism

Rebellion

Functionalist PerspectiveFour Deviant PathsFunctionalist PerspectiveFour Deviant Paths



Unequal Access to Institutional

Means to Success

Street Crime

White-Collar Crime

Gender and Crime

Functionalist PerspectiveIllegitimate Opportunity StructuresFunctionalist PerspectiveIllegitimate Opportunity Structures



Class, Crime, and the Criminal

Justice System

Power and Inequality

The Law as an Instrument of

Oppression

The Conflict PerspectiveThe Conflict Perspective



Street Crime and Prisons

Reaction to DevianceReaction to Deviance



Recidivism



The Decline of Crime



Recidivism

The Death Penalty Bias



The Decline of Crime



Legal Change

Trouble with Statistics

Medicalization of Deviance Neither Mental nor Illness?

Homeless Mentally Ill

Need for More Humane Approach


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