Sociology

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Syllabus

Curriculum under CBCS for 02 Year (Four Semester)

Post Graduate Course

SOCIOLOGY

MASTER OF ARTS

SEMESTER – 2

SESSION : 2018-2020

B. R. A. Bihar University

Muzaffarpur

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2nd SEMESTER

(JANUARY TO JUNE)

COMPULSORY PAPER

PAPER THEORY INTERNAL

5. Research Methods in Sociology 70 30

6. Sociology of Population Studies 70 30

7. Gender and Society 70 30

8. Urban Sociology 70 30

9. Crime and Society 70 30

AEC – 1

(Ability Enhancing Elective Paper)

Maximum Marks : 100

Computer IT & Skills

Contact for any problems :

Dr. Ranjana Sinha – 9661577677 (Whatsapp No.)

Paper - VII : Gender and Society

Paper – IX : Crime and Society

Dr. Arya Priya – 8376002364 (Whatsapp No.)

Paper – V : Research Methods in Sociology

Paper – VI : Sociology of Population Studies

Dr. Ranbir Kumar – 9835049719 (Whatsapp No.)

Paper – VI : Sociology of Population Studies

Paper – VII : Urban Sociology

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The question paper shall be set as following pattern :

Part – A

Ten Objective type questions

All Questions to be answered 10 X 2 = 20 Marks

(Question shall be picked up from the whole syllabus preferably two

questions from each unit.)

Part – B

Five Short Answer Questions

Four question to be answered 04 X 5 = 20 Marks

(Question shall be picked up from the whole syllabus preferably one

questions from each unit.)

Part – C

Five Long Answer Questions

Three question to be answered 03 X 10 = 30 Marks

(Question shall be picked up from the whole syllabus preferably one

questions from each unit.)

Duration of Examination : 03 Hours

Maximum Marks : 100 Marks

Theory Marks : 70 Marks

Internal Assessment Marks : 30 Marks

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SEMESTER – II Compulsory Paper – 5

RESEARCH METHODS IN SOCIOLOGY

Unit – I Schools of Epistemology : Empiricism, Positivism, Interpretative, Emerging methodological issues. Sociology as a Science : Science and Scientific approach, Nature of Social Phenomena, Objectivity.

Unit – II Conceptual Foundations of Research : Concept, Fact, Hypothesis, Theory : Theory Construction Research Design : Exploratory, Descriptive, Experimental. Sampling – Basic Sampling Issues, Probability Sampling & Non-Probability Sampling

Unit – III Data Sources – Primary Data, Secondary Data Methods & Techniques of Data Collection – Questionnaire, Interview, Schedule Observation, Case study method.

Unit – IV

Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research : Measurement – Levels, Problems (Reliability and Validity) Scaling Techniques – Thurstone, Likert, Guttman & Bogardus

Unit – V Statistics in Social Research – Measures of central tendency (Mean, Median and Mode), Measures of Dispersion, Standard deviation, Quartile deviation, Spearmans Correlation, Pearsons R, Chi Square.

Books Recommended

1. Research Methods on Social Relations – Jahoda & Other. 2. Social Research – Goode & Hatt. 3. Research Methodology – P. K. Bose. 4. Fundamentals of Statistics – Ethance English & Hindi 5. Methodology on Social Research : Dilemmas & Perspective – P. N. Mukherjee 6. Introduction of Social Research, Quantatives & Qualitative approach - K. F. Punch

7. lkekftd vuqla/kku & jke vkgqtk

8. lkekftd vuqla/kku & thΠdsΠvxzoky

9. lkekftd vuqla/kku & izksΠxksih je.k izlkn flag

10. lkekftd “kks/k ,oa lkaf[;dh & jfoUnz ukFk eqdthZ

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SEMESTER – II Compulsory Paper – 6

SOCIOLOGY OF POPULATION STUDIES

Unit – I Social Demography : Meaning, Scope and Significance Theories of Population : Malthusian, Optimum and Demographic Transition

Unit – II Demographic Processes in India :

a) Fertility : Social cultural determinants, measurement and

consequences b) Mortality : Determinants, measurement and consequences

Infant mortality. c) Migration : Nature, Causes and Consequences.

Unit – III Population Growth and Composition in India :

a) Trends of Population Growth

b) Distribution and density of population.

c) Composition of Population : Age, Sex, Marital Status, Education,

Religious and Ethnic.

Unit – IV Population and Economic Development in India :

a) Causes and Consequences of Population explosion b) Population as constraint and source of development

Unit – V Programme and Policy of Population Control in India :

a) History of Family Welfare.

b) Philosophy, Principles and need of Population policy.

c) Measures and Programmes of Family Planning (Welfare)

Books Recommended :

1. Demographic Diversity – A. Bose

2. An Introduction to Social Demography – M. K. Premi.

3. Demography and Population Problem – R. Sharma.

4. Demography and Population Studies – O. S. Shrivastava

5. tukafddh & chΠdqekj

6. tukafddh & nwcs ,oa feJk

7. tukafddh & MhΠ,lΠc?ksy

8. tukafddh & tsΠihΠfeJk

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SEMESTER – II

Compulsory Paper – 7

GENDER AND SOCIETY

Unit – I

Gender : Concept, Gender Role Development; Theoretical Perspective on gender role : Biological; Socio-Cultural and the symbolic Interactionist Approach to gender roles.

Unit – II

Feminism : Theories of Feminism : Liberal; Radical; Socialist and Post Modernist.

Unit – III

Gender Inequality; Violence against Women; Feminist movements.

Unit – IV

Gender Construction; Sexual behaviour as an aspect of gender role; Gender and Social stratification in contemporary India; Gender as social structure.

Unit – V

Women Empowerment : Policies, Programmes, Legislations and their

impact on status of women in contemporary Indian Society.

Books Recommended :

1. Women and Society in India – Neera Desai and M. Krishna

2. Women in Modern India – G. Forbes.

3. Towards Equality : Report of Committee on the status of Women – Govt. of India

4. Empowerment of Women in India – Arun Kumar Singh

5. Gender and Society in India : Vol. 2, Rural & Tribal Studies – R. Indira

6. Hkkjrh; efgyk;sa % n”kk ,oa fn”kk & lqHkk’k “kekZ

7. lkekftd eqís & thŒ ,yŒ “kekZ

8. efgyk mRihM+u] ngst izrkM+uk rFkk ngst gR;k & dkUrk HkkVh

9. dU;k Hkqz.k gR;k vkSj efgykvksa ds izfr ?kjsyw fgalk & izdk”k ukjk;.k ukVk.kh

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SEMESTER – II

Compulsory Paper – 8

URBAN SOCIOLOGY

Unit – I

The meaning and concept of Urban & the domain of Urban Sociology.

Nature and Rise of early cities.

Typologies of City : Sjoberg’s Classification, Functional Classification,

Cultural Classification : Orthogenetic and Hetrogenetic cities.

Unit – II

Theoretical perspectives in Urban Sociology –

Ecological (Classical and Neo-classical); Socio-Cultural

Louis Wirth - Urbanism as a way of life.

Theories of Spatial Structure :

Concentric Zone theory, Sector Theory, Multi-nuclei theory, Locational

Theories – Central Place, Median Location.

Unit – III

Social Structure of Urban India – Continuities and Change : Social

Stratification in Urban India :

Urban Family & Kinship

Unit – IV

Urban Issues and Problems :

Slums, Housing, Urban Poverty – Magnitude, Causes, theories, State

initiative to eradicate Urban poverty, Urban unemployment.

Unit – V

Urbanism and Urbanization :

Pattern and Trends of Urbanization (With reference to India)

Urban Planning : Needs of Urban Planning

Initiatives in the Five Year Plans

Books Recommended :

1. Urbanization in India , An Inventory of Source Materials – A. Bose

2. Urban Sociology in India – M. S. A. Rao

3. Hand Book of Urban Studies – P. Raman.

4. India’s Urban Future – Turner.

5. Urbanization and Urban India – Turner.

6. uxjh; lekt”kkL= & MhŒ ,lŒ c?ksy

7. uxjh; lekt”kkL= & thŒ dsŒ vxzoky

8. uxjh; lekt”kkL= & x.ks”k ik.Ms; ,oa v:.kk ik.Ms;

9. xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; lekt”kkL= & xqIrk ,oa “kekZ

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SEMESTER – II

Compulsory Paper – 9

CRIME AND SOCIETY

Unit – I

Criminology : Meaning, Subject – matter, Importance

Unit – II

Conceptual Approaches to Crime –

(a) Legal and Sociological, Deviance, Delinquency

(b) Type of Crime

Unit – III

Perspective on Crime Causation – (a) Classical (b) Sociological (c) Typological

Unit – IV

Theories of Punishment – Retributive, deterrent & Reformative. Types of Punishment.

Unit – V

Correction and its forms : (a) Meaning & Significance (b) Forms Prison

based and Community based.

Prison : (a) History of Prison reform in India.

(b) National Policy on Prison.

Alternative to Imprisonment : Probation, Parole, Open Prison, After-

care Rehabilitation.

Books Recommended :

1. Crime in India – Ministry of Home Affairs.

2. Punishment and the Prison – India and International Perspectives – R. D. S. Das.

3. Report of all India Committee on Jail Reforms – Ministry of Home Affairs.

4. Crime, Criminals and Society – M. J. Sethna

5. Understanding Criminology – S. Walklete.

6. Criminological Theory – Williams & Others

7. vijk/k”kkL= & “;ke/kj flag

8. vijk/k”kkL= & tSu ,oa yokfu;k

9. vijk/k”kkL= & MhŒ ,lŒ c?ksy

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SEMESTER – II

AEC – 1

(Ability Enhancing Elective Paper)

Computer IT & Skills

Unit – I

Introduction : Introduction in Computer System, uses, types. Data Representation : Number Systems and Character representation, binary arithmetic. Human Computer Interface : Types of Software. Operating system as user interface, utility programs.

Unit – II

Devices : Input and output devices (with connections and practical demo), Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner, OCR, OMR, Bar Code reader, Web Camera, Monitor, Printer, Plotter. Memory : Primary, Secondary, Auxiliary Memory, RAM, ROM, cache memory, Hard disks, Optical disks.

Unit – III

Computer Organization and Architecture : C.P.U., registers, system bus,

main memory unit, cache memory, Inside a computer, SMPS, Motherboard,

Ports and Interfaces, expansion cards, ribbon cabbies, memory chips,

processors.

Unit – IV

Windows (Operating System), MS Office : MS Word, MS Excel, MS

PowerPoint, MS Outlook, Internet.

Unit – V

Computer Organization and Architecture

Books Recommended :

1. Fundamental of Computers – P. K. Sinha & P Sinha

2. Introduction to Information Technology – P. Aksoy & L. DeNardis

3. Computer Fundamentals – Goel

4. Internet for Everyone – Leon and Leon

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Paper – V

Research Methods in Sociology

Model Question with Study Material

(M. A. IInd Semester, Session : 2018-2020)

Model Question : 1- oSKkfud i)fr dh ifjHkk’kk nsaA blds fo”ks’krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

2- midYiuk D;k gS \ blds lzksrksa dk o.kZu djsaA

3- “kks/k&izk:Ik ds izdkjksa dk o.kZu dj saA

4- vuqlwph rFkk iz”ukoyh esa vUrj Li’V djsaA

5- voyksdu D;k gS \ blds izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

6- oS;fDrd v/;;u i)fr dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li’V djsaA

7- fun”kZu D;k gS \ blds p;u dh izeq[k izfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

8- FklZVu ,oa cksxkMZl ds Ldsy dk o.kZu djsaA

9- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dh izd`fr dk o.kZu djsaA

10- rF; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ o.kZu djsaA

11- iz”ukoyh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ iz”ukoyh fuekZ.k dh izeq[k izfof/k;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

12- lk{kkRdkj D;k gS \ lkekftd vuqla/kku esa lk{kkRdkj dh izfØ;k dk fo”ys’k.k djasA

13- lkekftd vuqla/kku dk vFkZ crkosaA

Study Material :

midYiuk (Hypothesis) %& lkekftd 'kks/k ds vUrxZr rF;ksa dk fu;fU=r

vkSj oLrqfu"B :i ls v/;;u djus esa midYiuk vFkok ifjdYiuk dh ,d

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA 'kkfCnd :i ls ifjdYiuk 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ds ;ksx ls cuk

gS&^ifj* rFkk ^dYiuk*A ^ifj* dk vFkZ gS ^pkjksa vksj* rFkk ^dYiuk* dk vFkZ gS ^,d

lkekU; vuqekuA* bl izdkj fdlh Hkh v/;;u dks tks lkekU; vuqeku pkjksa vksj

ls izHkkfor fd, jgrk gS] mlh dks ge ifjdYiuk vFkok midYiuk dgrs gSA

fofHkUu fo}kuksa us midYiuk dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gS %&

yq.MoxZ us crk;k gS fd ^^,d izkdYiuk ,d lkekftd ;k

dkepykÅ lkekU;hdj.k gS] ftldh oS/krk dh tk¡p “ks’k jgrh gSA**

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ihΠohΠ;ax ds vuqlkj ^^,d dk;Zokgd fopkj tks mi;ksxh [kkst

dk vk/kkj curk gS] ftldh lR;rk dh ijh{kk vHkh ckadh gSA**

xqMs rFkk gkV us fy[kk gS fd ^^izkdYiuk ,d ,slh ek/;e gksrh gS

ftldh lR;rk fl) djus ds fy, mldk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldsA**

bl izdkj ;g Li’V gS fd midYiuk “kks/k&izk:i dh ,d egRoiw.kZ

dM+h gSA fdlh Hkh vuqla/kku vkSj losZ{k.k dh leL;k ds pquko ds ckn

vuqla/kkudrkZ leL;k ds ckjs esa dk;Zdj.k lEcU/kksa dk iwokZuqeku yxk ysrk gS ;k

iwoZ fpUru dj ysrk gSA ;g iwoZ fpUru ;k iqokZUkqeku gh izkdYiuk] ifjdYiuk ;k

midYiuk dgykrh gSA midYiuk dh lgk;rk ls ge lkekftd “kks/k ds p;fur

{ks= esa izos”k djrs gSa vkSj ml {ks= ls lEcfU/kr okLrfod rF;ksa dks izdk”k esa ykrs

gSaA

“kks/k&izk:Ik (Research Design) %& lkekftd 'kks/k ,d tfVy izfØ;k gS

ftlesa lEiw.kZ vè;;u dks O;ofLFkr :i nsus rFkk mls lgh fn'kk iznku djus ds

fy, ,d ^izjpuk vFkok vfHkdYi* dk fuekZ.k djuk vR;f/kd vko';d gksrk gSA

;g izk:i ges'kk 'kks/k ls lEcfU/kr leL;k dh izdfr] mís';ksa ,oa midYiuk ds

vuq:i gksrk gS vkSj vuqlU/kku ds vkjafHkd Lrj ij gh 'kks/k izk:i dk fuekZ.k

fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/k izk:i ,d ,slh izjpuk vFkok :i&js[kk gS tks u dsoy

vè;;u dks O;ofLFkr cukdj mls lgh fn'kk iznku djrh gS cfYd vè;;u ls

lEc) fookniw.kZ n'kkvksa ij fu;a=.k yxk;s j[kus esa Hkh lgk;d gksrh gSA ftl

izdkj fdlh fo'kky Hkou dk fuekZ.k vkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mldk ,d O;ofLFkr

izk:i rS;kj dj ysuk vko';d gksrk gS] mlh izdkj 'kks/k dk;Z dks vkjEHk djus ls

iwoZ 'kks/k izk:i dk fu/kkZj.k djuk Hkh vko';d gksrk gSA 'kks/k izk:i dk fuekZ.k

bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh mi;ksxh gS fd blds ekè;e ls fdlh Hkh 'kks/k dk;Z ds

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fofHkUu vk;keksa rFkk mudh okLrfod izd`fr dks ljyrkiwoZd Kkr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; ij 'kks/k dk;Z dh vuqefr izkIr djus vFkok fdlh

laLFkk ds 'kks/k ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr djus ds fy, 'kks/kdrkZ dks ,d 'kks/k

izk:i izLrqr djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA

lk{kkRdkj (Interview) %& lk{kkRdkj lkekftd vuqla/kku rFkk losZ{k.k ds

vUrxZr rF; ladyu dh ,d izeq[k izfof/k gSA lkekU;rk nSfud thou esa tc ge

lk{kkRdkj vFkok (Interview) 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z gksrk gS

fdlh vf/kdkjh ls feyuk fdlh ukSdjh gsrq vFkok fdlh izf'k{k.k nsus okyh laLFkk

esa izos'k gsrq izR;kf'k;ksa dh ;ksX;rk] dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa {kerk dh tk¡p djuk fdUrq

lekt'kkL= esa bldk vFkZ fHké gS lekt'kkL=h; n`f"V ls lk{kkRdkj ,d ,slh

izfØ;k gS ftlesa lk{kkRdkj dÙkkZ ,oa lwpuknkrk ds e/; fdlh fof'k"V mn~s'; dks

ysdj vkeus&lkeus dh fLFkfr esa okrkZyki vFkok mÙkj&izR;qmÙkj gksrk gSA ;g ,d

euksoSKkfud fLFkfr gS ftlesa lk{kkRdkj rFkk lwpuknkrk ,d&nwljs ds fudV vkrs

gS rFkk LorU= fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSA lk{kkRdkj dk mn~s'; O;fDr ds fopkjks]

fo'oklksa] ewY;ksa] Hkkoukvksa] vrhr ds vuqHkoksa rFkk Hkfo"; ds bjknks dks Kkr djuk

gSA lk{kkRdkj yksxksa ds ckjs esa gekjs Kku ,oa vuqHko esa of) djrk gS rFkk

lk{kkRdkj lkexzh ds lR;kiu ,oa fu;a=.k esa lgk;rk djrk gSA ;g ,d yphyk

midj.k gS ftlesa le; ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i ifjorZu ,oa lek;kstu lEHko

gSA ekuo'kkL=] lekt'kkL= vkSj euksfoKku esa lk{kkRdkj dk iz;ksx cgqr gqvk gSA

euksfpfdRlkdks] euksfo'ys"kdks ,oa fpfdRldksa }kjk jksfx;ksa ls fpfdRlk lEcU/kh

lk{kkRdkj Hkh fd, tkrs jgs gSA ekuoh; ewY;ksa ,oa eukso`fÙk;ksa dks tkuus esa

lk{kkRdkj dk egRo crkrs gq, vkYiksVZ us fy[kk gS ;fn ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gS

fd yksx fdl izdkj vuqHko djrs gS] os D;k vuqHko djrs gS vkSj os D;k ;kn

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j[krs gS muds laosx ,oa eukso`fÙk;ksa fdl izdkj dh gS rFkk ml izdkj ls dk;Z

djus ds dkj.k D;k gS ftl izdkj ls dk;Z djrs gS rks muls iwN gh D;ksa u ysA

lkekftd vuqla/kku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Social Research)

%& ekuoh; fØ;kvksa ds {ks= esa lkekftd vuqla/kku dk mn~s'; lkekftd thou ds

ckjs esa Kku izkIr djuk gksrk gSA vuqla/kku ns[kus esa flQZ nks 'kCnksa dk esy yxrk

gS ysfdu bldk eq[; y{; oSKkfud fu"d"kksZ dh izkfIr] lkekU;hdj.k rFkk fu;eksa

dk izfriknu djuk gksrk gSA bl y{; dh iwfrZ gsrq oSKkfud i)fr dk izfriknu

djuk vko';d gksrk gSA bl vuqla/kku ds dbZ pj.k gSA ftuls gksdj 'kks/kdÙkkZ

dks xqtjuk iM+rk gSA lR; rd igq¡pus ds fy, blds vfrfjDr dksbZ y?kq ekxZ

ugha gSA lkekftd 'kks/k HkkSfrd fo}kuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd o O;kid gSA bldh

lQyrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd 'kks/kdÙkkZ lqfuf'pr vkSj O;ofLFkr :i ls

oSKkfud dk;Z fof/k ds izeq[k pj.kksa dks /;ku esa j[krk gqvk vkxs c<+sA lkekftd

'kks/k izkjaHk ls ysdj vUr rd lqfuf'pr <ax ls dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ,d

fuf'pr Øe ls ,d pj.k nwljs pj.k esa vFkkZr~ Øekuqlkj fofHké pj.kksa ls gksrk

gqvk vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA lkekftd 'kks/k ds pj.k ,d gh gS bruk vko';d gS fd

'kks/kdÙkkZ vius v/;;u eas fdu pj.kksa dk mi;ksx djsxk vkSj fdl Øe esa djsxk

;g 'kks/k dh izdfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

lkekftd 'kks/k dh izdfr oSKkfud gS D;ksafd blesa oSKkfud i)fr;ksa

dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/k dk izeq[k y{; oSKkfud fu"d"kksZ dh izkfIr

lkekU;hdj.k rFkk fu;eksa dk izfriknu djuk gSA

vxLr dkEV us oSKkfud i)fr ds dbZ pj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS

tSls fo"k; dk pquko voyksdu }kjk rF;ksa dk ladyu rF;ksa dk oxhZdj.k] rF;ksa

dk ijh{k.k rFkk fu;eksa dk izfriknuA

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cksxkMZl us Hkh viuh jpuk 1954 esa losZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,

fy[kk gS fd lkekftd losZ{k.k dk eksVs rkSj ij fdlh ,d {ks= fo'ks"k ds yksxksa ds

jgu&lgu rFkk dk;Z djus dh n'kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dks ladfyr djuk gSA

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd losZ{k.k dks

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd losZ{k.k esa ,d fo'ks"k {ks=

esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dh lewg dh lajpuk] fØ;kdykiksa vkSj jgu&lgu dh

n'kkvksa ds lEcU/k esa gks] pkgs lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa gks lkekftd

losZ{k.k dHkh&dHkh lkekftd egÙo okyh fdlh izpfyr vFkok rkRdkfyd

O;kf/kdh; n'kk ds lq/kkj ls lEcfU/kr gksuk Hkh gks ldrk gSA

vuqlwph (Schedule) %& lkekftd vuqla/kku rFkk losZ{k.k esa lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ

ckr fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr oS| ,oa fo'oluh; rF;ksa dk ladyu gSA rF;ksa ds ladyu

dh ,d izeq[k fof/k vuqlwph gSA ;|fi iz'ukoyh vkSj vuqlwph esa i;kZIr lekurk gS

fQj Hkh vuqlwph dh viuh futh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSA blds }kjk lk{kkRdkj ,oa

voyksdu ij fu;a=.k j[kk tkrk gSA

vuqlwph okLro esa iz'uksa dh ,d fyf[kr lwph gksrh gSA ftls

vuqla/kkudÙkkZ lwpuknkrk ls iqNrk tkrk gS vkSj Hkjrk tkrk gSA vuqlwph dks

mÙkjnkrk ds ikl Mkd }kjk ugha Hkstk tkrk gSA iz'ukoyh esa vkus okys nks"kksa dks

nwj djus ds fy, Hkh vuqlwph fof/k gS] ftlesa voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj rFkk iz'ukoyh

rhuksa dh gh fo'ks"krkvksa ,oa x.kksa dk leUo; ik;k tkrk gSA vuqlwph ds ek/;e ls

oS;fDrd ekU;rkvksa lkekftd vfHkofÙk;ksa] fo'oklksa] fopkjksa] O;ogkj] izfrekuksa]

lewg] O;ogkjks] vknrksa rFkk tux.kuk vkfn ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa ls ,d:irk ykdj

mudk xq.kkRed ,oa la[;kRed ekiu ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k

gS fd oÙkZeku esa lkekftd ltkrh;rk ds fy, vko';d gS fd lHkh {ks=h;

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dk;ZdÙkkZ ls lkekU; iz'u iwNs ,oa ,d gh izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ ,df=r djsa] ftlds

fy, vuqlwph ,d izeq[k midj.k gSA

vuqlwph ,d QkeZ ds :i esa gS ftlesa v/;;u fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr

iz'u ,oa lkjf.k;k¡ gksrh gSA ftls vuqla/kkudrkZ lwpuknkrk ls iwNdj ;k O;fDrxr

:i ls voyksdu djds Hkjrk gSA

iz'ukoyh (Questionnaire) %& vuqlwph dh Hkk¡fr iz”ukoyh Hkh iz”uks dh

vk;ksftr o Øec) lwph gS ftlds }kjk fo’k; oLrq ls lacaf/kr lwpuk;s izkIr

djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS vkSj Hkh Li’V :i esa iz”ukoyh tSlk fd uke ls

Li’V gksrk gS fd iz”uks dh ,d lwph gS vkSj iz”uks dh ,d lwph ftudk

fuekZ.k fdlh lkekftd lwpuk dh izkfIr ds m}s”; ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj

ftudk mÙkj lwpuknkrkvks ls viuh bPNkuqlkj vuqla/kkudrkZ dh lgk;rk ds

fcuk gh nsrk gS Jherh ih0oh0 ;ax us iz”ukoyh dks bl izdkj ls ifjHkkf’kr

fd;k gS ^^ekius ;ksX; lkekftd ?kVuk ds v/;;u esa lkekftd oS;fDrd

oSKkfud iz”ukoyh dks izeq[k ls lgk;d ;a= ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gSA**

xqMs ,oa gkV ds vuqlkj iz”ukoyh dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, fy[kk

gS lekt esa lkekU; :i esa iz”ukoyh ls rkRi;Z iz”uks ds mÙkj izkIr djus dh

i)fr ls gS ftlesa ,d i=d dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls Lo;a mÙkjnkrk

Hkjrk gS A

cksxkMZl ds vuqlkj iz”ukoyh fofHké O;fDr;ks ls mÙkj nsus ds

fy, nh x;h iz”uks dh rkfydk gS ;g izekf.kdr ifj.kkeks dks izkIr djrh gS

lkj.kh;u rFkk lkaf[;dh; iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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voyksdu (Observation) %& voyksdu izR;sd oSKkfud 'kks/k dh ,d egRoiw.kZ

izfof/k gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa voyksdu i)fr dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd

;g dsoy oSKkfud 'kks/k dk gh vk/kkj ugha gS cfYd vius nSfud thou ds pkjksa

vksj dh ?kVukvkaasa dks ns[kus vkSj le>us esa Hkh ;g egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

lkekU; 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd voyksdu dk rkRi;Z ,d

fo'ks"k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dks O;ofLFkr :i ls ns[kuk rFkk viuh cqf) vkSj

dq'kyrk ds vk/kkj ij ?kVukvksa ds dk;Z dj.k laca/k dks le>uk gSA blh

n`f"Vdks.k ls ge voyksdu dks fulhr.k vFkok izs{k.k tSls 'kCnksa }kjk Hkh Li"V

djrs gSA voyksdu dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, Hkkstj us vR;kf/kd la{ksi esa fy[kk gS

fd ^voyksdu dk rkRi;Z dkuksa vFkok ok.kksa ds LFkku ij Lo;a viuh n`f"V dk

vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx djuk gSA ih- oh- ;ax ds vuqlkj ^voyksdu ?kVukvksa ds

LokHkkfod :i ls ?kfVr gksrs le; {ks=ksa }kjk fd;k x;k lqO;ofLFkr vkSj

lqfopkfjr v/;;u gSA*

vkWDlQksMZ 'kCndks'k esa dgk x;k gS fd ^lexz esa ?kfVr gksusokyh

?kVukvksa ds dk; & dj.k laca/k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgsa ;FkkFkZ :i ls ns[kuk

vkSj fy[kuk gh voyksdu gSA*

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd voyksdu izkFkfed

lkexzh dks ladyuk djus dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ izfrfof/k gSA v/;;udrkZ ;g

voyksdu izR;u :i ls Hkh dj ldrk gS rFkk vizR;{k :i ls HkhA ysfdu izR;sd

fLFkfr esa voyksdu dk;Z dk O;ofLFkr gksuk vR;kf/kd vko';d gSA

fun'kZu (Sampling) %& lkekU; :i ls ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd fun'kZu

dk rkRi;Z leLr bdkb;ksa esa ls dqN bdkb;ksa dk p;u djuk ,slh /kkj.kk cgqr

lkekU;dr vkSj viw.kZ gSA okLro esa fun'kZu ,d ,slh i)fr gS ftlds }kjk leLr

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bdkbZ;ksa esa ls dqN bdkbZ;ksa dk p;u vusd Lohdr dk;Zfof/k;ksa dh lgk;rk ls

bl izdkj djrs gS ftlls pquh x;h bdkbZ;k¡ lEiw.kZ lexz dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk

izfrfuf/kRo dj ldsaA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ge lEiw.kZ lexz dk fdrus {ks=

Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djsasxs] izR;sd Hkkx esa ls fdruh bdkbZ;ksa dk p;u djsaxs rFkk

p;u dk ;g dk;Z fdl iz.kkyh ds }kjk fd;k tk;sxk] ;g lc dqN v/;;udrkZ

dh bPNk ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk cfYd izR;sdLrj ij fd;s tkusokys dk;Z ds laca/k

esa dqN fuf'pr vkSj iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;e gksrs gSA dqN izeq[k fo}kuksa us fun'kZu dks

vusd izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS %&

xqMs rFkk gkV ds vuqlkj ^fun'kZu fdlh fo'kky lexz dk ,d NksVk

izfrfuf/k gSA*

mi;qZDr lHkh ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd fun'kZu fdlh Hkh

lexz dk og bdkbZ gS ftlesa lexz dk lHkh xq.k O;kIr jgrk gSA vFkkZr~~ lEiw.kZ ds

lanHkZ esa fu"d"kZ rd igw¡p dj mlds dqN bdkbZ dk p;u djus dh fof/k ;k

izfØ;k fun'kZu dgk tkrk gSA

oSKkfud i)fr (Scientific Method) %& lkekU;rk fof/kiwoZd Kku izLrqr

djuk ;k Kku dk laxzg djuk gh oSKkfud i)fr gSA lkekftd vuqla/kku ,oa

losZ{k.k esa oSKkfud fof/k;ksa dk cM+k egÙo gSA ;s fof/k;ksa gh lEiw.kZ foKku dh

vk/kkjf'kyk gSA oSKkfud i)fr ls izkIr Kku dks gh iw.kZ Kku ekuk tkrk gSA

foKku ds dk;kZs ds laca/k esa dkyZ fi;lZu us dgk gS fd rF;ksa dk oxhZdj.k muds

Øe rFkk lkisf{kr egÙo dh ekU;rk dh foKku dk dk;Z gSA iqu% mUgksaus dgk gS

fd tks O;fDr fdlh Hkh izdkj ds rF;ksa dk oxhZdj.k djrk gS tks muds ikjLifjd

laca/k dks ns[krk gS rFkk muds Øeksa dk lgh o.kZu djrk gS rks og oSKkfud i)fr

dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

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yq.Mo.kZ us oSKkfud i)fr dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh gS %& foLr`r

Hkk"kk esa oSKkfud i)fr rF;ksa dk voyksdu] oxhZdj.k rFkk foospu gSA

,ulkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk esa oSKkfud i)fr dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj

nh x;h & oSKkfud i)fr ,d lkewfgd 'kCn gS tks mu fof/k;ksa] izfØ;kvksa dk

Kku nsrk gS ftudh lgk;rk ls foKku dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr foospukvksa ds vk/kkj ij ;fn ge bl ij foLrkjiwoZd fopkj

djsa rks bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡psaxs fd vuqla/kku dh og fo'ks"krk ftldh lgk;rk ls

ge fu"i{k ;k O;ofLFkr Kku izkIr djrs gS] oSKkfud i)fr dgykrh gSA

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Paper – VI

Sociology of Population Studies

Model Question with Study Material

(M. A. IInd Semester, Session : 2018-2020)

Model Question :

1- lkekftd tukafddh ds fo’k; oLrq dk o.kZu djsaA

2- ekYFkl ds tula[;k fl)kUr dk o.kZu djsaA

3- izokl ls vki D;k le>rs gSa blds dkj.kksa dk o.kZu djsaA

4- izokl ds izeq[k ifj.kkeksa dk fo”ys’k.k djsaA

5- tula[;k o`f) ds izo`fr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

6- tula[;k lajPkuk ds izeq[k vk/kkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

7- tula[;k o`f) ds nq’ifj.kkeksa dk o.kZu djsaA

8- Hkkjr dh tula[;k uhfr dk o.kZu djsaA

9- ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadj.k djasA

10- Hkkjr esa eR;q nj dks izHkkfor djus okys izeq[k dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA

11- tula[;k dk vuqdqyre fl)kUr dk o.kZu djsaA

12- Hkkjr esa tula[;k ?kuRo dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djsaA

Study Material :

tukafddh (Demography) % tukafddh ds vUrxZr tula[;k ds leLr

fu/kkZjd rRoksa rFkk muds ifj.kkeksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA la{ksi esa ge dg

ldrs gSa fd tukafddh esa tula[;k dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd rFkk

tSfodh; fLFkfr dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr tula[;k ds

ifjek.kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed nksuksa gh igyqvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

tukafddh ekuo tula[;k ds vkdkj] lajpuk] {ks=h; forj.k rFkk le;&le; ij

bu n”kkvksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa] tks ik¡p izeq[k fØ;kvksa & iztuu”khyrk]

eR;qØe] fookg] ns”kkUrj.k rFkk lkekftd xfr”khyrk ds QyLo:Ik gksrs jgrs gSa(

dk lkaf[;dh; ,oa xf.krh; v/;;u gSA ;|fi blds vUrxZr izfØ;kvksa rFkk

mlds “kq) ifj.kkeksa dk fujUrj o.kZukRed rFkk rqyukRed fo”ys’k.k gksrk jgrk gS]

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ijUrq bldk nh?kZdkyhu y{; mu ?kVukvksa dks] tks blesa lfUufgr gSa rFkk ftudh

rqyuk dh tkrh gS] ds lEcU/k esa fl)kUrksa dk fu:i.k djuk gSA dqN izeq[k

fo}kuksa us tukafddh dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf’kr fd;k gS %&

vkf”kys xqbZykMZ us tukafddh dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd

^^tukafddh tula[;k dh lkekU; xfr vkSj HkkSfrd] lkekftd rFkk ckSf)d n”kkvksa

dk xf.krh; Kku gSA**

ihŒ vkjŒ dkWDl ds “kCnksa esa] ^^tukafddh og foKku gS ftlesa ekuo

tula[;k ds v/;;u esa lkaf[;dh; i)fr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g

eq[;r;k tula[;k ds vkdkj] of) vFkok gzkl] thfor O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k rFkk

vuqikr] fdlh {ks= fo”ks’k esa tUesa rFkk er rFkk ,sls Qyuksa dh eki tSls

iztuu”khyrk] eR;q rFkk fookg njksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA**

gkmtj ,oa Mdj ds vuqlkj **tukafddh tula[;k ds vkdkj] {ks=h;

forj.k] xBu o muesa ifjorZu vkSj bu ifjorZuksa ds ?kVd] tks fd tUe] eR;q]

{ks=h; xeu ¼izokl½ ,oa lkekftd xfr”khyrk ¼Lrj esa ifjorZu½ ds :Ik esa tkus

tkrs gSa] dk v/;;u djrk gSA**

bl izdkj mijksDr ifjHkk’kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij Li’V gS fd tukafddh

tula[;k ds vkdkj] {ks=h; forj.k rFkk lajpuk ds v/;;u ds lkFk&lkFk buds

ifjorZuksa dk izHkkfor djus okys rRoksa tSls tUe&nj] eR;q&nj] izokl rFkk {ks=h;

,oa lkekftd xfr”khyrk dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA tula[;k ds lajpuk ds

vUrxZr tula[;k ds ifjek.kkRed ,oa xq.kkRed nksuksa i{kksa dk lekos”k gSA

ifjek.kkRed lajpuk ds vUrxZr tula[;k ds vkdkj dks vk;q] fyax] oSokfgd

fLFkfr rFkk jk’Vªh;rk ds vk/kkj ij izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk xq.kkRed i{k ds

vUrxZr f”k{kk] LokLF; rFkk vU; vftZr xq.kksa dk lekos”k fd;k gSA

izokl (Migration) % izokl ¼iyk;u½ ,d lkekftd leL;k gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa

izokl xzkeksa ls uxjksa dh vksj gks jgk gSA xzkeh.k tula[;k 'kh?kzrk ls uxjksa dh

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vksj Hkkx jgh gSA 1911 esa Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk 88-8 izfr'kr Hkkx xzkeksa esa

fuokl djrk Fkk tcfd flQZ 11-2 izfr'kr tula[;k gh uxjksa esa jgrh FkhA 2011

esa Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k dk yxHkx 68 izfr'kr Hkkx gh vc xzkeksa esa jg jgh gS

tcfd 32 izfr'kr Hkkx uxjksa esa jg jgh gSA blls lkQ Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeksa ls

uxjksa dh vksj tula[;k LFkkukarfjr gqbZ gSA

lkekU; cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa iyk;u ls rkRi;Z tula[;k ds

vkokxeu ls fy;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa euq"; ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku dks

vkrk tkrk jgrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mldk lkekU; fuokl cny tkrk gSA

euq"; ds fuokl LFkku ds ifjorZu dh bl ?kVuk dks gh iyk;u dgrs gSaA

ns'kkUrj.k dh dqN izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,¡ bl izdkj nh xbZ gS %&

MsfoM ,eΠghj (David M. Heer) us ns'kkUrj.k vFkok izokl dks

ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ^^ns'kkUrj.k dk vFkZ gS vius LokHkkfod fuokl dks

ifjofrZr dj nsukA** la;qDr jk"Vª la?k (UNO) ds vuqlkj ns'kkUrj.k dh ifjHkk"kk

bl izdkj nh x;h gS] *^ns'kkUrj.k fuokl LFkku dks ifjofrZr djrs gq, ,d

HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ ls vU; HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ esa fopj.k dk ,d Lo:i gSA*^

bl izdkj mijksDr fopkjksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ns'kkUrj.k ds

vUrxZr fuokl esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g ifjorZu vYidkyhu u gksdj

nh?kZdkyhu ,oa LFkk;h gksrk gSA lkFk gh ns'kkUrj.k ds fy, fdlh HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ

dks ikj djuk Hkh vko';d gksrk gSA izokl dk vFkZ gS ,d ewy LFkku dks NksM+dj

nwljs LFkku dks tkuk] ;gk¡&ogk¡ vLFkk;h rkSj ij fuokl djuk rFkk vius ewy

LFkku ls lEidZ cuk;s j[kuk rFkk dHkh&dHkh vkrs tkrs jgukA

izokl ds dkjd (Causes of Migration) %& izokl fofo/k dkjdksa vFkok

rRoksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA blds fy, fdlh fof”k’V dkjd dks ftEesnkj

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Bgjkuk mfpr ugha gksxkA izokl dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa esa dHkh dksbZ

izHkkoh gksrk gS rks dHkh dksbZ vU; ?kVd rFkk dHkh&dHkh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa

mRiUu gks tkrh gSa fd izokl dks izHkkfor djus okys dbZ ?kVd ,d lkFk

izHkkoh gks tkrs gSaA izokl dks izHkkfor djus okys leLr dkjdksa dks

tukafddhfonksa }kjk eq[; :Ik ls nks oxkasZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA izFke

vkd’kZd dkjd rFkk f}rh; izR;kd’kZd dkjdA

vkd’kZd dkjd & izotZu ds vkd’kZd dkjd ls rkRi;Z mu

dkjdksa ls gS tks euq’; dks viuk fuokl LFkku NksM+dj vU;= clus dks

izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ os dkjd tks euq’; dks viuh vksj vkdf’kZr djrs

gSaA vkd’kZd dkjdksa esa ls dqN izeq[k dkjd fuEuor~ gSa%

1- jkstxkj ,oa O;olk; ds Js’B voljA

2- vf/kd] vk; vftZr djus ds volj A

3- f”k{kk] rduhdh f”k{kk] rduhdh izf”k{k.k rFkk vkokl dh

lqfo/kk,aA

4- euksjatu ds lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk A

5- LokLF;izn tyok;qA

6- lxs&lEcfU/k;ksa ,oa b’V&fe=ksa dk vkd’kZ.kA

7- mUur uxjh; thouA

mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ls vkdf’kZr gksdj O;fDr vius LokHkkfod fuokl

dks NksM+dj vU;= pys tkrs gSaA bls ldkjkRed izotZu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

xkao ls “kgjksa dh vksj izokl ds fy, ;g dkjd gh eq[; :Ik ls vkdf’kZr

djrs gSaA iksfUlvksu ds vuqlkj] ^^vkfFkZd fodkl izk;% lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa esa

leku :Ik ls ugah forfjr jgrk gS vkSj fodkl izfØ;k gh xkaoksa ls “kgj dh

vksj izokl dk izeq[k dkj.k gSA xzkeh.k yksx “kgjks dks le) Hkwfe ekurs gSaA

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yksx “kgjh thou dks mlds vkSipkfjd iz”kklu] voS;fDrd fu;eksa dk “kklu]

foi.ku rFkk cSafdx ls lEc) ekSfnzd vFkZO;oLFkk] cktkjksUeq[k mRiknu

O;oLFkk] lk{kjrk] Ldwyh f”k{kk] vkjke ds {k.kksa dks fcrkus ds fy, yfyr

dyk,a] fgrdkjh laLFkkxr lsok,a rFkk lqyHk iqfyl cy ds dkj.k izkFkfedrk

iznku djrs gSaA**

izR;kd’kZd dkjd & izotZu ds izR;kd’kZd dkjdks ds vk”k; mu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gksrk gS ftuls ck/; gksdj dksbZ O;fDr vius LokHkkfod fuokl

dk ifjR;kx djrk gSA izR;kd’kZd dkjdksa esa ls dqN izeq[k dkjd fuEuor gS %

1- jkstxkj ds voljksa dk vHkkoA

2- f”k{kk] LokLF;] vkokl rFkk izf”k{k.k dk vHkkoA

3- euksjatu dh lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkkoA

4- vk; izkfIr rFkk mUufr ds voljksa dk vHkko A

5- lkekftd frjLdkj rFkk cfg’dkj A

6- oSeuL; ,oa “k=qrkA

7- vlekftd rRoksa dk vkrad

8- jktuSfrd] tkrh; rFkk /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij HksnHkko A

mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ls O;fDr xkao NksM+dj “kgj dh vksj Hkkxrk gS

fd ogka thou&;kiu dk dksbZ vPNk jkLrk fudy tk,xk vkSj og d’Vksa ls

NqVdkjk ik tk,xkA

izotZu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks v/;;u dh n`f’V ls

fuEu “kh’kZd ds vUrxZr foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS %

¼1½ izkd`frd dkjd & izkd`frd] vFkok HkkSxksfyd dkj.kksa ls izk;%

yskx izokl djrs gSaA izkd`frd dkj.kksa ds vUrxZr tyok;q lEcU/kh ifjorZu]

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izkd`frd izdksi] lw[kk] ck<+] nqfHkZ{k] egkekfj;ksa] HkwdEi] Tokykeq[kh vkfn

?kVuk,a vkrh gSa tks izotZu dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

¼2½ vkfFkZd dkjd & izotZu ns”kkUrj.k dks izksRlkfgr djus okys

dkjdksa esa vkfFkZd dkjd lcls egRoiw.kZ gSaA yksx lq[kh ,oa le)”kkyh thou

O;rhr djus dh ykylk esa vius ewy ,oa LokHkkfod fuokl dks NksM+dj vU;=

tk clrs gSaA izotZu ns”kkUrj.k dks izksRlkfgr djus okys dqN izeq[k vkfFkZd

dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa %

¼d½ d`f’k ;ksX; Hkwfe dk vHkko] ¼[k½ vkS|ksxhdj.k] ¼x½ ;krk;kr

dh lqfo/kk,a] rFkk ¼?k½ lkekU; vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkjA

¼3½ jktuSfrd dkjd & vusd jktuSfrd fu.kZ; Hkh izotZu dks

izHkkfor djrs gsA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa u, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ,d jktuSfrd

fu.kZ; gksrk gS rkfd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls uxjksa dh vksj izokl dks de fd;k tk

ldsaA

;q) dk izHkko Hkh izotZu ij iM+rk gSA ;q) esa tks fot;h gksrk

gS] og thrh gqbZ Hkwfe ij cl tkrk gS vkSj tks gkjrk gS og LFkku NksM+dj

vU;= cl tkrk gSA

mifuos”kokn rFkk jax&Hksn dh uhfr Hkh izotZu dks izksRlkfgr

djrh gSa mnkgj.k ds fy,] xr o’kksZ esa vÝhdh ns”kksa esa Hkkjrh; ewy ds

O;fDr;ksa dk fu’dklu dj fn;kA

¼4½ lkekftd dkjd & izotZu ds fy, lkekftd jhfr&fjokt

rFkk ijEijk,a Hkh mrjnk;h gksrh gSA tSls& fookg ds mijkUr yM+fd;ksa vius

ifr ds ?kj pyh tkrh gSa rFkk mldk ifr ;fn fdUgha dkj.kksa ls izokflr

Sociology

25

gksrk gS rks lkFk&lkFk mls Hkh tkuk iM+rk gSA la;qDr ifjokj izFkk izokl ds

ekxZ esa ck/kd Fkh] ijUrq vkt bl ikfjokfjd v”kkfUr rFkk xg&dyg ls

eqfDr ikus ds fy, O;fDr ?kj ls ckgj jgus dk iz;kl djrk gSA f”k{kk]

LokLF; ekufld fodkl ,oa cPpksa ds mTtoy Hkfo’; dh dkeuk Hkh O;fDr

dks xkao ls “kgj esa izokl gsrq izsfjr djrh gSA

vkt O;fDr egRodka{kh gS rFkk O;fDrxr pkgr vkSj Lora=rk dk

i{k/kj gSA bl izofr ls izHkkfor yksxksa dk xkaoksa ls uxjksa dh vksj izokl tkjh

gSA

¼5½ tukafddh; dkjd & ftu LFkkuksa ij tula[;k dk ncko

vf/kd gksrk gS ogka ls tula[;k dk izokl ml rjQ gksrk gS tgka tula[;k

dk ncko vis{kkd`r de gksrk gSA

tula[;k of) ds izeq[k dkjd (Causes of Population Growth) %&

tula[;k ds dkj.kksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA tula[;k ds dkj.kksa

ij fopkj djus ij ,slk yxrk gS fd vf'k{kk] /kughurk rFkk euksjatu ds lk/kuksa

dk vHkko tula[;k of) ds fy, lcls vko';d rRo gSA tul[;k of) ds izeq[k

dkj.k fuEu izdkj gSa %&

Hkkjr esa yxHkx 33 tUe izfrfeuV] 2000 izfr?kaVk] 48000 izfrfnu ds

j¶rkj ls gj o"kZ tula[;k esa 12 fefy;u vkSj tqM+ tkrs gSaA bl j¶Rkkj ls ;fn

ge c<+rs jgs rks 'kh?kz gh phu dh tula[;k ikj dj fo'o ds izFke ns'k tula[;k

ds ekeys esa cu tk;saxsA Hkkjr esa tula[;k dh of) rhoz xfr ls gks jgh gSA 1901

esa Hkkjr dh tula[;k 23-8 djksM+ Fkh tks 2001 esa c<+dj 102-7 djksM+ rFkk 2011

esa 121-02 djksM+ gks x;hA tula[;k dh n`f’V ls fo”o esa Hkkjr dk phu ds ckn

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26

nwljk LFkku gSA iFoh ij gj NBok¡ O;fä Hkkjrh; gSA tla[;k esa bl of) ds

ifj.kkeLo:Ik fu;ksftr vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkjs iz;kl fu’Qy fl) gks jgs gSaa rFkk

ns”k esa Hkkstu] oL= rFkk vkokl dh leL;k fodjky gksrh tk jgh gSA fo'ys"k.k

djus ij gesa tula[;k of) ds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa %&

!! xjhch %& tula[;k of) dk izeq[k dkj.k xjhch gSA xjhch vfHk'kki rks

gS gh ijUrq blds lkFk vKkurk vkSj va/kfo'okl Hkh tqM+s jgrs gSaA xjhcksa esa ,slh

/kkj.kk gS fd vf/kd cPps vFkkZr~ vf/kd dekus okyksa dh la[;kA bl rjg ds

Hkkouk vkSj va/kfo'okl dks fuewZy djuk vko';d gSA Hkkjr esa yksxksa dh izfr

O;fDr vk; fuEu rFkk jgu&lgu dk Lrj uhpk gS vkSj euksjatuksa ds lk/kuksa dk

vHkko gSA fuEu Lrj ij jgus okyk O;fDRk lkekU;r;k vius cPpksa ds fy, cgqr

Å¡ps Lrj dh ckr ugha lksp ikrk gSA jgu&lgu dk uhpk Lrj jgus ij f”k{kk dk

Lrj rFkk fookg dh vk;q Hkh uhph jgrh gSA vKkurk ds dkj.k ;g yksx ijEijkvksa

,oa :f<+;ksa esa c¡/ks jgrs gSaA vf/kdrj ns[kk tkrk gS fd ,sls ifjokjksa esa tUe nj

Å¡ph gh jgrh gSA ;g rF; loZekU; gS fd /kuokuksa dh vis{kk xjhcksa ds vf/kd

cPps gksrs gSaA

!! /kkfeZd fopkj %& cPps Hkxoku dh nh gqbZ HksaV ekudj vf/kdka'k Hkkjrh;

bl ij jksd yxkuk ugha pkgrsA ;g lc ckrsa tUenj c<+kus esa viuh fo'ks"k

Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA Hkkjrh; thou vHkh Hkh /keZ dh :f<+;ksa rFkk vU/kfo”oklksa ds

o”k esa dgk tk ldrk gSA /kkfeZd :f<+;ksa ds fo:) yksxksa dks le>kuk dfBu

gksrk gSA ijEijkvksa ,oa :f<+;ksa ds dkj.k lh/ks lk/ks yksx vHkh Hkh izdfr ds fo:)

fd;k x;k dksbZ iz;kl vPNk ugha le>rsA iztuu ds lEcU/k esa Hkh yksx yxHkx

;gh /kkj.kk j[krs gSaA

!! lkekftd ,oa lkaLdfrd ekU;rk,¡ %& Hkkjrh; lekt esa iq= dk fo'ks"k

egRo gSA ifjokj esa iq=jRu dh izkfIr dh vfHkyk"kk esa dbZZ yM+fd;ksa dk tUe gks

tkrk gSA bl izdkj tula[;k of) ds izeq[k dkj.kksa es ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gSA

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27

Hkkjr esa vf/kdrj yksx :f<+;ksa rFkk iqjkuh ijEijkvksa ls izHkkfor gSaA u;s fopkj

viukus esa bl izdkj ds yksxksa dks dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ijaijkvksa ,oa :f<+;ksa ds izHkko

esa tc yksx tUe fojks/k ds u, mik, ugha viukrs vkSj cPps iSnk gksus ds fo:)

dksbZ Hkh iz;kl ugha djrs rc tUe nj m¡ps Lrj dh cuk jguk LokHkkfod gh gSA

blds lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkt Hkh yM+fd;ksa dh vis{kk yM+dksa dk egRo

dgha vf/kd gSA fgUnq /keZ ds vuqlkj iq= dk gksuk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ le>k trk

gSA ,slk fo”okl fd;k tkrk gS fd iq= ds iSnk gksus ls gh ekrk&firk dks eks{k

izkfIr gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd dbZ iqf=;ksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh iq= dh dkeuk esa

yksx vf/kd cPps iSnk djrs gSaA

!! vKkurk %& mijksDr ijs'kkfu;ksa ls cpus ds fy;s Kku dh vko';drk

gksrh gSA mldh vuqifLFkfr ,oa ifjokj gh ,d ek= euksjatu dk lk/ku gS ,sls

fopkjksa ds QyLo:i Hkh vf/kd cPps mRiUu gks tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa f”k{kk dk Lrj

vHkh Hkh cgqr fuEu gSA ns”k esa vHkh Hkh yxHkx ,d frgkbZ vkcknh f”kf{kr ugha gSA

f”k{kk tUe nj dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVdksa esa lcls izeq[k gSA f”k{kk euq’; dks

;qfäijd rFkk cqf)eku cukdj ifjokj ds vkdkj dks lhfer djus dh izsj.kk iznku

djrh gSA f”kf{kr O;fDr ifjokj ds NksVs vkdkj ds egRo dks le>rk gSA f”k{kk dh

deh ds dkj.k yksx lk/kkj.kr;k ifjokj fu;kstu lEcU/kh lqfo/kkvksa dh u rks

tkudkjh j[krs gSa vkSj u gh lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk gh mBk ikrs gSaA fo}kuksa dk er gS

fd f”k{kk ds Lrj ds c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk “kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd] vkfFkZd

rFkk ,sls tukafddh; ifjorZu mRiUu gks tkrs gSa ftuls tUe nj vUrr% vOk”;

?kV tkrh gSA

!! foKku %& fpfdRlk Kku esa fodkl ds dkj.k tUenj esa of) gqbZ gSA

fofHkUu chekfj;ksa ij dkcw ik fy;k tkrk gSA csgrj fpfdRlk O;oLFkk ds dkj.k

xHkkZoLFkk ,oa izlo ds nkSjku f'k'kq ds eR;qnj esa deh vk;h gSA ;g ekuo tkfr o

lekt ds fy;s 'kqHk gSA ijUrq fu%lUnsg tUenj ds c<+kus esa bldh vge Hkwfedk

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28

gSA nwljh vksj foKku ds peRdkj] mRd"V xHkZ fujks/kd ,oa xHkZikr dh O;oLFkk ls

bls de Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tula[;k foLQksV (Population Explosion) %& tula[;k of) ds

ifj.kkeLo:i vkt lekt esa tula[;k foLQksV dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks x;h gSA

vf/kd tula[;k ls iznw"k.k O;kid iSekus ij QSyus yxk gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk

f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj ds le{k fodV ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gks x;h gSA izkdfrd lalk/kuksa

esa deh ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA vkt ge [kk| o vukt tula[;k of) ds vuqikr

esa ugha c<+k ik jgs gSa rHkh rks fo'o cSad ds erkuqlkj fo'o Lrj ij pkj o"kZ ls

de ds yxHkx ipkl izfr'kr cPps dqiks"k.k ds f'kdkj gS ftueas lokZf/kd Hkkjr ds

gSaA

tula[;k fu;a=.k dh leL;k fdlh jktuSfrd ny] O;fDr vFkok

ljdkj dh ugha cfYd ;g rks ,d jk"Vªh; leL;k gS ftldk lek/kku Hkh jk"Vªh;

Lrj ij ,oa foLr`r lksp ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tula[;k of) gekjs

fodkl dks izHkkfor djrh gs vkSj vusd leL;kvksa tSls & csjsktxkjh] vkokl

leL;k] [kk|kUu] fu/kZurk] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fo"kerk,a] uSfrd iru] fuEu

mRikndrk vkfn dks tUe nsrh gS vkSj bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku tula[;k of)

dh leL;k ds gy esa fufgr gSA

ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj yksxksa dh lkekftd mUufr esa tula[;k

of) lcls cM+h ck/kk gSA tula[;k of) ls fodkl dh lHkh ;kstuk,¡ xM+cM+k

tkrh gS vkSj fodkl nj esa Hkh deh vkrh gSA vr% ge lHkh dks ;g ckr jk"Vª ,oa

Loa; ds fgr esa lkspuh gksxh fd tula[;k fu;a=.k dksbZ ljdkjh dk;ZØe ugha gS

cfYd ;g rks ge lHkh dk dk;ZØe gS vkSj thou Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus dk ,d

lkewfgd iz;kl gSA bleas gesa iw.kZ :i ls lfØ; gksdj lg;ksx djuk gSA fo'sk"kdj

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29

xzkeh.k {ks= ds Ykksxksa ds eu esa ;g ckr cSBkuh gksxh fd gekjk fodkl tula[;k

fu;a=.k esa gh fufgr gS rFkk mUgsa ifjokj fu;kstu dh Hkjiwj lqfo/kk,¡ mfpr

ewY;@eq¶r miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg, vkSj mUgsa blls mRiUu [krjksa tSls

i;kZoj.k vlarqyu] Hkwfe dk mifoHkktu ,oa vi[k.Mu] chekfj;ksa ds laØe.k dk

[krjk] vkoklh; ,oa [kk| leL;k] vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh vkfn ds ckjs esa

voxr djk;k tkuk pkfg,A bl dk;ZØe dks dkjxj fl) djus ds fy, geas

viuh bPNk 'kfDr dks lqn`<+ djuk gksxk rHkh ge mijksDr leL;kvksa ls futkr ik

ldsaxsA

fu;af=r tUenj vFkkZr~ tula[;k fu;a=.k gh tula[;k foLQksV dk

funku gSA ftlds fy, gesa lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd bPNk'kfDr ds lkFk&lkFk

/kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks Hkh fu;fer djuk gksxkA dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk ekuo ds mij ugha

gSA tc ekUko Loa; gh vO;ofLFkr o vLr&O;Lr gksxk rks dSlk lekt] dSlh

jktuhfr rFkk dSlk /keZA izR;sd dks viuk ;ksxnku djuk gksxkA efgykvksa dks

f'kf{kr djuk gkssxkA ifjokj fu;kstu dh mi;ksfxrk ekuuh gksxh vU;Fkk izdfr

viuk :i fn[kk;sxh tks ekuo tkfr ,oa lH;rk ds vuqdwy u gksxk vkSj

rjg&rjg ds egkekjh ,oa jksxksa dk f'kdkj gksdj ekuo thou dh foHkhf"kdkvksa dks

xys yxkus ds fy;s ck/; gksxkA bl izdkj tula[;k of) dks jksdus ds fy;s

lekt dh gj bdkbZ dks gj Lrj ij dfVc) gksuk gksxk rHkh thou lqjf{kr jg

ldsxkA

ekYFkl dk tula[;k fl)kUr (Malthusian Theory of Populaiton) &

ekYFkl us tula[;k of) ds lUnHkZ esa vius fopkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k vkSj vius

ladfyr vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li’V djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd tula[;k eas

of) vis{kkdr vf/kd rsth ls gksrh gS tcfd Je dh ekax dk fu/kkZj.k djus okyh

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[kk|kUUk dh ek=k esa of) dh nj de jgrh gSA ekYFkl ds fopkjkuqlkj [kk|kUu

ds mRiknu dh nj ds /kheh gksus ds dkj.k df’k esa mRifÙk gzkl fu;e dk ykxw

gksuk gSA [kk|kUu dh ek=k gh tula[;k dh ekax dk izrhd gSA ekYFkl ds Je dh

ekax ds lEcU/k esa viuk fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, ek”kZy us fy[kk gS fd ^^izdfr

euq’; dh fØ;kvksa ds cnys esa tks mRiknu iznku djrh gS ogh mldh tula[;k

dh izHkkoiw.kZ ekax gS vkSj igys ls gh vf/kd tula[;k esa vkt rd ftl rsth ls

of) gqbZ gS] mldh vis{kk ekax esa de vkuqikfrd of) gqbZ gSA** vU; “kCnksa e sa

ek”kZy ds dgus dk vFkZ ;g Fkk fd ftl vuqikr esa tula[;k of) gksrh gS ml

vuqikr esa [kk|kUu esa of) ugha gksrh gSA ekYFkl dk tula[;k laca/kh fopkj

fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjHkwr ifjdYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS %&

¼1½ L=h ,oa iq:’k ds chp dke Hkkouk LokHkkfod gSA bl izdkj iq:’k dh

iztuu “kfDr rFkk lUrku mRiUu djus dh bPNk ;Fkk fLFkj jgrh gSA ;g f”k{kk

rFkk lH;rk dh izxfr ls vizHkkfor gSA

¼2½ euq’; dks thfor jgus ds fy, Hkkstu vfuok;Z gS rFkk df’k esa mRifÙk

gzkl fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA

¼3½ vkfFkZd lEiUurk esa of) ds lkFk & lkFk euq’; esa lUrkuksRiknu dh

bPNk Hkh rhoz jgrh gS rFkk thou Lrj esa deh gksus ij og ?kVrh gSA

ekYFkl us vius tula[;k fu;a=.k laca/kh fn;s x;s fopkjksa esa dgk gS

fd [kk|kUu dh vis{kk tula[;k esa rhoz of) ds QyLo:Ik vlUrqyu dh fLFkfr

mRiUu gks tkrh gSA bl vfr tula[;k ;k tukf/kD; dh fLFkfr ;k iqu% lUrqyu

esa ykus ds fy, izdfr Loa; fØ;k”khy gks tkrh gS vkSj ftlls izkdfrd vojks/k

Hkq[kejh] vdky] ;q)] chekjh] ck<+] HkwdEi] vukof’V rFkk vU; ?kksj ladVksa ds :Ik

dk;Z”khy gks tkrs gSa tks tula[;k dks ?kVkrs gSaA ekYFkl dk dFku gS fd izdfr

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31

[kk| lkexzh ds vuq:Ik gh tula[;k dk lUrqyu djrh gSA blh dks izkdfrd

vojks/k dgk x;k gSA

Hkkjr dh tula[;k uhfr (Population Policy of India) & Hkkjr ljdkj us

1976 esa jk’Vªh; tula[;k uhfr dh ?kks’k.kk dh ftlesa ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dks

izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd mik;ksa dks “kkfey fd;k

x;kA fdUrq 1977 esa ljdkj cnyh vkSj 1978 esa ,d ubZ tula[;k uhfr dk

“kqHkkjaHk fd;k x;k tks 1976 dh tula[;k uhfr esa lq/kkj ns[kk x;k vkSj bls

LoSfPNd cuk fn;k x;kA lu~ 2000 esa ubZ tula[;k uhfr dh ?kks’k.kk dh xbZA

bl ubZ tula[;k uhfr dh izeq[k ckrsa Fkh fd iztuu] f”k{kk] LokLF;] lsokvksa rFkk

vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps lacaf/kr vko”;drkvksa dks izeq[krk iznku djuk] tula[;k fu;a=.k

ds rkRdkfyd] e/;dkyhd rFkk nh?kZdkfyd dne mBkuk] ldy iztuurk nj ds

izfrLFkkiu Lrjksa dks izkIr djus gsrq NksVs ifjokj ds ekunaMksa dks c<+kok nsukA

iztuu fofue; ds lykg vkSj lsokvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed igqap rFkk xHkZ fujks/kd ds

O;kid fodYiksa dk irk yxkuk bR;kfnA bl lanHkZ esa fo”ks’k :Ik ls ;g

mYys[kuh; gS fd ubZ tula[;k uhfr ds mi;qZDr ,ao vU; mís”;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u

dks lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, 11 ebZ 2000 dks jk’Vªh; tula[;k vk;ksx dk xBu

fd;k x;k ftlds v/;{k iz/kkuea=h gSaA blds lnL;ksa dh la[;k 100 ds vkl&ikl

gS tks fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds fo”ks’kK gSa vkSj fo”ks’k :Ik ls tukafddh fo”ks’kKksa dks “kkfey

fd;k x;kA jk’Vªh; tula[;k vk;ksx dh izFke cSBd esa gh tula[;k fLFkjhdj.k

dks’k ds xBu dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k ftldk mi;ksx tula[;k fu;a=.k dh

ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, foÙkh; lalk/ku miyC/k djkus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA

tula[;k of) dks ns”k dh lcls izeq[k leL;k ekurs gq, NksVs

ifjokj dks izksRlkgu nsus ds ifjizs{; esa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk 15 Qjojh 2000 dks ubZ

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32

jk’Vªh; tula[;k uhfr & 2000 dh ?kks’k.kk dh xbZ FkhA bl tula[;k uhfr dk

rkRdkfyd mís”; viwfjr {ks=ksa esa xHkZ fujks/kdksa dh vkiwfrZ djuk] LokLF; lqj{kk]

<k¡ps dk foLrkj djuk rFkk rnuq:Ik LokLF; dfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfDr djuk gS tcfd

e/;dkyhu mís”; lu~ 2010 rd dqy iztuu”khyrk nj dks 2%1 ds izfrLFkkiu

Lrj ij ykuk FkkA ubZ tula[;k uhfr dks nh?kZdkfyd mís”; lu~ 2045 rd fLFkj

tula[;k ds y{; dks izkIr djuk gSA bl uhfr esa tula[;k dks ,d ,sls Lrj ij

cukus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS tks vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl rFkk Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k

esa ldkjkRed Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj ldsA ubZ tula[;k uhfr dh izeq[k ckrsa bl

izdkj gS %&

1- tula[;k uhfr ds vUrZxr tula[;k dh u;h lhek ds rgr yksdlHkk ds

lhVksa ds iquZfu/kkZj.k dh vof/k dks vxys 25 o’kksaZ ds fy, c<+k fn;k x;kA

2- NksVs ifjokj ds ekud dks viukus gsrq izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj

mu iapk;rksa vkSj ftyk ifj’knksa dks izksRlkfgr djsxh tk s vius {ks= esa jgus

okys yksxksa ds tula[;k fu;a=.k ds vk; dks vf/kdkf/kd viukus ds fy,

izksRlkgu djsaxsA

3- cky fookg fujks/kd vf/kfu;e dks “kfDr ls ykxw fd;k tk;sxk rFkk

yM+fd;ksa ds fy, fookg dh U;wure vk;q lhek 18 o’kZ ls c<+kdj 20 o’kZ ls

vf/kd dj nh tk;sxhA

4- cqfu;knh f”k{kk dks eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z cuk;k tk;xkA

5- tUe] eR;q rFkk fookg dk iathdj.k djkuk vfuok;Z cuk;k x;kA

6- xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou&;kiu djus okys nEifÙk dks ;fn mls nks cPpk

;k de gS rks mls 5000 dk LokLF; thou chek ;kstuk esa “kkfey fd;k

tk;xkA

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7- nks cPpksa ds tUe ij xjhch js[kk ds uhps okys nEifr;ksa dks izR;sd ds tUe

ij 500 :Ik;k mudh ns[kHkky ds fy, fn;s tk;saxsA

8- xHkZikr lqfo/kk ;kstuk dks vkSj izHkkoh cukukA

9- xjhch js[kk ds uhps okys mu nEifr;ksa dks iqjLdr fd;k tk;sxk tks

fu/kkZfjr vk;q ds i”pkr~ fookg djus ds ckn igys cPps dks tUe ns tc ek¡

dh vk;q 21 o’kZ gks tk, vkSj os NksVs ifjokj ds fl)kUr esa fo”okl j[krs

gq, nks cPpksa dks tUe nsus ds ckn cU/;kdj.k djk ysaA

10- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ,EcqysUl dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds fy, mnkj “krksaZ ij

_.k rFkk vkfFkZd lgk;rk miyC/k djk;h tk;sxhA

11- xSj&ljdkjh Loa;lsoh laLFkkvksa dks ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe ls tqM+us ds

fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA

12- ubZ tula[;k uhfr esa bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k fd jkT;ksa dks

vkfFkZd lgk;rk] tula[;k of) ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds vf/kdkj Hkh nh

tk;sxhA

ubZ tula[;k uhfr & 2000 ds fØ;kUo;u ij fuxjkuh j[kus o

mldh leh{kk ds fy, iz/kkuea=h dh v/;{krk esa ,d mPpLrjh; jk’Vªh; tula[;k

vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl vk;ksx esa dqYk 127 lnL; gSaA dsUnzh; ifjokj

dY;k.k ea=h rFkk dqN vU; lEcfU/kr dsUnzh; eaf=;ksa lfgr leLr jkT;ksa o dsUnz

“kkflr {ks=ksa ds eq[;ea=h bl vk;ksx ds insu lnL; gksrs gSaA buds vfrfjDr yC/k

izfrf’Br tula[;kfonksa] tu LokLF; fo”ks’kKksa rFkk XkSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds

izfrfuf/k;ksa dks Hkh blesa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA

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34

Paper – VII

Gender and Society

Model Question with Study Material

(M. A. IInd Semester, Session : 2018-2020)

Model Question :

1- efgyk l”kfDrdj.k ij fucU/k fy[ksaA

2- efgykvksa ds fo:) gksus okys fgalk dk o.kZu djsaA

3- efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, cuk;s x;s lkaoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dk o.kZu djsaA

4- efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, izeq[k ;kstukvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

5- ngst ,d lkekftd vfHk”kki gS \ o.kZu djsaA

6- efgyk vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu djsaA

7- Hkkjrh; lekt esa ySafxd vlekurk dh vo/kkj.kk dk o.kZu djsaA

8- ukjhokn ds izeq[k fl)kUrksa dk o.kZu djsaA

9- Hkkjrh; lekt esa fyax vk/kkfjr lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dk o.kZu djsaA

10- fyax vk/kkfjr Hkwfedk ds lS)kfUrd i`’BHkwfe dk o.kZu djsaA

11- Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djsaA

Study Materials :

ngst izFkk (Dowry System) %& ngst izFkk ukjh mRihM+u dk lcls eq[;

vk/kkj cu xbZ gSA ukjh dks ngst ds fy;s ihVk tkrk gS] mldks viekfur o

“kksf’kr fd;k tkrk gS] mlds lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k tkrk gS fd og viuh ftUnxh

ls nq%[kh o rax gks tkrh gS vkSj fry&fry dj ejrh gSA ysfdu bu lcds ckn Hkh

ngst dh Hkw[k “kkUr ugha gksrh gS rks iq#’k }kjk mlls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy;s

mldks tgj nsdj] Qank Mkydj] xyk dkVdj ;k fQj ftUnk tykdj ekj fn;k

tkrk gS o bruk izrkfM+r fd;k tkrk gS fd os Loa; Hkh vkRegR;k dj ysaA vkt

ngst yksHkh O;fDr fcuk dek;s /ku dh izkfIr esa fo”okl j[krs gSa o /ku fdlh Hkh

ek/;e ls izkIr gks og mlds lk/kuksa ds uSfrd vkSfpR; esa fo”okl ugha djrs rFkk

tc og ngst esa feys /ku ls lUrq’V ugha gksrs rks og Hkw[ks HksfM+;k dh rjg xqjkZrs

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35

gq, ml fu%lgk; o/kw dh xnZu ij lh/kk izgkj djrs gSa vkSj mldh gR;k djds

vius vge~ dh rfIr djrs gSA vxj ,slk dj ikus esa os vleFkZ gksrs gSa rks bruk

izrkfM+r fd;k tkrk gS fd ihfM+r efgyk Loa; gh vkRegR;k dj ysrh gSA

;fn ,d lUrqfyr vuqeku yxk;k tk; rks Hkkjr esa ngst u nsus

vFkok iwjk ugha nsus ds dkj.k izfro"kZ gR;kvksa dh la[;k yxHkx 5]000 ekuh tk

ldrh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj dh ebZ 2000 esa nh xbZ ,d fjiksZV ds vuqlkj Hkkjr eas

orZeku esa gj 90 feuV esa ,d ngst ls lacaf/kr gR;k gksrh gS rFkk ,d fnu esa 16

o ,d o"kZ esa yxHkx 6000A vf/kdka'k ngst gR;k,¡ ifr ds ?kj ds ,dkUr esa vkSj

ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh feyhHkxr ls gksrh gSaA blfy, vnkyrsa izek.k ds vHkko esa

nafMr u dj ikus dks Lohdkj djrh gSaA dHkh & dHkh iqfyl Nkuchu djus esa brus

dBksj gks tkrh gS fd U;k;ky; Hkh iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dk;Z & dq'kyrk vkSj

lR;fu"Bk ij lansg izdV djrs gSaA ngst izFkk o ngst dh ek¡x vc xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa

Hkh viuk iSj ilkj jgh gS rFkk ogk¡ Hkh gjsd tkfr o gjsd {ks= ds yksxksa ds chp

ngst izFkk dk izpyu ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA o"kZ 2005 ls ysdj 2011 rd ds o"kksZsa

esa ntZ fd;s x;s ngst ds ekeyksa dks bl izdkj us'kuy Økbe fjdkWMZl C;wjks us

izLrqr fd;k gS %&

foxr o"kksZa esa gq, ngst gR;kvksa ds dqy ekeys

o"kZ ngst gR;k,¡

2005 6787

2006 7618

2007 8093

2008 8172

2009 8383

2010 8391

2011 8618

lzksr % us'kuy Økbe fjdkWMZl C;wjks] Hkkjr ljdkj

mijksDr vk¡dM+s dsoy ngst gR;k,¡ dks iznf'kZr djrh gS rFkk tks

ekeys ntZ djk;s x;s gSaA jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx ds eqrkfcd bus vk¡dM+ks ds nqxquk

Sociology

36

ngst gR;k,¡ gksrh gSA tcfd ngst ds fy, izrkfM+r fd, tkus okys vU; ekeyksa

dh la[;k mijksDr vk¡dM+ks ls vf/kd gSA

gkykfd ngst fu"ks/kkKk dkuwu] 1961 ¼Mkbjh izksfgfc'ku ,DV] 1961½

esa ngst izFkk ij jksd yxk nh x;h gSA ijUrq lekt esa ngst :ih nkuo us viuk

fodjky :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA ngst T;knk ls T;knk ek¡xus ds fy, ngst

gR;k,¡ dh tkrh gSA buesa dqN ;qok ifRu;k¡ izrkfM+r gksdj vkRegR;k dj ysrha gSaA

dqN dks ngst dh ek¡x esa ifr }kjk vfXu esa lefiZr dj nh tkrh gS rkfd og

nwljh 'kknh dj ngst vkSj izkIr dj ldsA ngst gR;k izk;% nq?kZVuk ds :i esa

izLrqr dh tkrh gS tSls & jlksbZ xSl flys.Mj dk QVuk] LVkso QVuk rFkk

bysDVªhd ghVj }kjk 'kkWV yxuk bR;kfnA bu gR;kvksa esa T;knkrj izdj.k ?kjksa ds

vUnj esa gksrsa gSa vr% ;g dfBu gksrk gS fd mldk dksbZ p'enhn xokg gksA bls

vkdfLed ?kVuk crk;k tkrk gSA vr% bls gR;k djkj nsuk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSSA

bu ekeyksa esa tks efgyk,¡ thfor jgrh gSa os vius ifr ds fo:) iqfyl dks c;ku

ugha nsrhA ;g c;ku erd efgyk }kjk oQknkjh ds foijhr ekuk tkrk gSA

efgyk l”kDrhdj.k ds laoS/kkfud izko/kku ¼Empowerment of Women

Role of Legislation½ %& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa L=h&iq:’kksa dks leku vf/kdkj

fn;s x;s gSa ijUrq lkekftd psruk ds vHkko ds dkj.k gh fL=;ksa dks iq:’kksa ds

leku vf/kdkj izkIr ugha gq, gSaA pkgs os lkekftd] /kkfeZd] “kSf{kd ;k jktuSfrd

gksaA ijUrq chloha lnh ls efgykvksa esa ,d psruk dk tUe gqvk vkSj muds

l”kDrhdj.k esa dbZ vkUnksyu lfØ; gq, ftudk ifj.kke vusdks a egRoiw.kZ vk;ksxksa

ds xBu ,oa jktuSfrd Hkkxhnkjh dh fØ;k esa ns[kk x;kA

efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dksbZ u;h ugha gSaA ;g lHkh lektksa

esa lnk ls gks jgh gS ysfdu efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dks ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa

ns[kk tkuk vkSj bls ,d lkekftd vkUnksyu ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tkuk vkSj

Sociology

37

tulk/kkj.k esa bldk foLrkj bR;kfn rF;ksa dks u;k le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g

efgyk dY;k.k ls efgyk fodkl vkSj efgyk fodkl ls efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dk

:i ys pqdk gSA rFkk bldh ppkZ fjiksZfVax vkSj vkykspukRed ewY;kadu fd;k tk

jgk gSA efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dk vFkZ mUgsa vkfFkZd :i ls LokoyEch] vkRefo”oklh

vkSj viuh vfLerk ds izfr ldkjkRed lksap okyk cukuk gS rkfd os dfBu

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus esa l{ke gksa vkSj fodkl dk;ksZa esa Hkh mudh

Hkkxhnkjh gks ldsA ,d l”kDr efgyk dks fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa fgLlk ysus ds

fy, leFkZ gksuk pkfg,A bl leFkZrk ds fy, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vusd fo/kkuksa

dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA

1933 esa lafo/kku esa 73 ok¡ ,oa 74 ok¡ la”kks/ku djds r`.kewy Lrj ij

iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa rFkk uxj fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa dks 33 izfr”kr vkj{k.k fn;k

x;k D;ksafd ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd fo/kku lHkk ;k laln esa vkj{k.k dsoy mPp

?kjkuksa dh fL=;ksa dks gh igq¡pk;sxkA nlosa for vk;ksx dks nks vuq”kalk,¡ Hksth x;h

& d½ dsUnz ls jkT;ksa dks fuf/k nsrs le; tks ekin.M cuk;s tk;s muesa ^^jkT; esa

efgykvksa dk fodkl** ,d ekin.M gksA [k½ jkT; ljdkj }kjk ,d fuf”pr jkf”k

efgykvksa dh lgk;rk tSls & tykiwfrZ] LokLF; lsok,¡] iks’kkgkj] lQkbZ vkfn ds

fy, lqjf{kr gksA

iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa ds vkj{k.k ij Hkh fojks/kh er gSA jktLFkku ds

,d xSj&ljdkjh laxBu vkLFkk ds vuqlkj ik;k x;k fd ek= 16 izfr”kr efgyk

ljiap ds :i esa viuh {kerk ,oa lk[k fl) dj ldhA vf/kdrj ncax ifr;ksa dh

ns[k&js[k esa ^ewd Hkkxhnkj* dh Hkwfedk esa jghA blds lkFk gh mUgsa ?kj ds nksgjs

nkf;Ro dks Hkh fuHkkuk iM+rk gSA

;gh gky jkT; lHkk ,oa yksd lHkk esa Hkh gSA ,slk ik;k x;k gS fd

efgyk izfrfuf/k efgyk laca/k eqíksa ij T;knk lfØ; gksdj cgl esa Hkkx ysrh gSaA

jktuSfrd ikfVZ;k¡ efgykvksa dks 1@3 fVdV nsus esa vkukdkuh djrs jgs gSA ikVhZ

v/;{k ¼dkaxzsl dh lksfu;k xk¡/kh½ dqN jkT;ksa dh eq[;ea=h ;k 11 o’kksZa rd bafnjk

Sociology

38

xka/kh iz/kkuea=h vkfn fxfu pquh efgykvksa dh oS/kkfud or esa viuh txg cuk

ik;h gSaA

1996 ls efgyk vkj{k.k fo/kk;d yksdlHkk esa is”k gksdj ikfjr gksus

ds fy, yafcr gS tks iq:’k iz/kku jktuhfr ds xys ugha mrjrh gSA blds ckotwn

;g vk”kk fn[krh gS fd fL=;k¡ f”kf{kr gks jgh gSa vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr lpsr

FkhA xk¡o dh efgyk;sa bl nkSj esa vHkh ihNs gSa ijUrq lkekftd iquZfuekZ.k esa mudh

Hkwfedk cgqr c<+h ;g ,d lkdkjkRed fn”kk gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, oSf/kd rFkk

okLrfod lekurk rFkk vU; vf/kdkjksa dk lekos”k fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku

esa efgykvksa dks l”kDr djus] ySafxd lekurk vkSj HksnHkko ls cpko ds fy;s dbZ

/kkjkvksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gSA muesa fo”ks’k :i esa fuEukafdr izko/kku gSa %&

1½ dkuwu dh fuxkg esa cjkcjh vkSj dkuwuksa dh cjkcj j{kk ¼vuqPNsn & 14½

2½ vU; oLrqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko] ghurk fo”ks’kr;k

lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij igq¡p dh eqDr miyC/krk] vkSj jkT;ksa dks efgykvksa ds

fy, fo”ks’k izkfo/kku cukus ds vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn & 15½

3½ tulsok ;kstuk ¼jkstxkj½ ds voljksa dh lekurk ¼vuqPNsn & 16½

4½ jkT; }kjk L=h&iq:’kksa ds LokLF; ,oa “kfDr dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy,

viuh lkoZtfud uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k ¼vuqPNsn & 39 bZ rFkk ,Q½A

5½ dk;Z dh ekuoh; n”kk, ¡ rFkk efgykvksa ds fy, ekrRo jkgr ¼vuqPNsn &

42½A

6½ jkT; }kjk leku ukxfjd lafgrk cukus ds iz;kl ¼vuqPNsn & 44½A

7½ efgykvksa ds lEeku esa foijhr izFkkvksa dks R;kxuk izR;sd ukxfjd dk

ewyHkwr drZO; ¼vuqPNsn & 51 ,&bZ½A

laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa dh vuq:irk esa ljdkj us efgykvksa dh j{kk vkSj

mudh izfLFkfr esa lq/kkj ds fy, fo”ks’k dkuwuksa dks ykxw fd;k gSA tks bl izdkj

gS %&

Sociology

39

1½ fo”ks’k fookg vf/kfu;e] 1954 & fdlh Hkh tkfr vFkok /keZ dh 18

o’khZ; yM+dh rFkk 21 o’khZ; yM+dk bl dkuwu ls ykHkkfUor gks ldr s gSaA

2½ fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955 & dqN jhfr;ksa fo”ks’kdj lIrinh ds

laikfnr gksus ij fookg lEiUu ekuk tkrk gSA tc rd izFke fookg vfLrRooku

gS] nwljk fookg oftZr gS] dkuwuh vyxko vkSj rykd dk vf/kdkj fo”ks’k vk/kkjksa

ij miyC/k djk;k x;k gS tSls & rykd] ikxyiu] /keZ&ifjorZu] vlgk; ;k

lØked jksx vkfnA

3½ ngst fu’ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961 & ngst ek¡xuk] ysuk ;k nsuk jkT;

ds fo:) ,d xSj tekurh] laKs; vijk/k gS vkSj ftlesa de ls de 5 o’kZ ds

dkjkokl rFkk 15000 ;k ngst dh jkf”k ds cjkcj vkfFkZd n.M dh O;oLFkk g SA

4½ cky fookg izfrcU/k ¼la”kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1976 & fookg dh vk;q

lhek yM+fd;ksa ds fy, 15 o’kZ ls c<+kdj 18 o’kZ rFkk yM+dksa ds fy, 21 o’kZ dj

nh x;h gSA

5½ fgUnw nrd ,oa fuokZg vf/kfu;e] 1955 & LoLFk efLr’d dh

vfookfgr efgyk] fo/kok vFkok rykd”kqnk ,d cPps dks xksn ys ldrh gSA

6½ fgUnw mrjkf/kdkj dkuwu] vf/kfu;e] 1956 & blesa efgykvksa ds

fy,] iq:’kksa ds leku] lEifr ds mrjkf/kdkj rFkk lEifr ds vf/kdkj ds

gLrkarj.k ds vf/kdkjksa dks lfUufgr fd;k x;k gSA

blds vfrfjDr efgyk Jfedksa dh lqj{kk gsrq dbZ dkuwu cuk;s x;s

gSaA ekr`Ro ykHk vf/kfu;e] 1961 vkSj leku ikfjJfed dkuwu] 1976 nks ,sls

i;kZIr ,oa fof”k’V dkuwu gS ftuesa ;s izeq[k gS %&

d½ f”k”kq tUe ds mijkUr N% lIrkg dk osru lfgr vodk”k] izlo

ds N% lIrkg iwoZ ls Bhd igys ,d ekg ds fy;s Je lk/; dk;ksZa esa u yxkuk

rFkk

[k½ iq:’kksa ds leku] leku dk;Z gsrq leku ikfjJfed dk Hkqxrku

dk izko/kku gSA

Sociology

40

vU; dkuwuksa esa Hkh dqN ,sls izko/kku gS tks Øsp] f”k”kq dks Lruiku

djkus gsrq dk;Z foJke] iqFd “kkSpky; bR;kfn dh lqfo/kk iznku djrs gSaA xHkZikr

vf/kfu;e] 1971 fpdfRldh; nf’Vdks.k ls mfpr gksus ij] xHkZikr dh vuqikr

nsrk gSA izlo iwoZ ijh{k.k rduhd ¼nq:i;ksx] fu;a=.k ,oa jksdFkke½ vf/kfu;e &

1994 Hkzq.k fyax fu/kkZj.k gsrq ijh{k.k dks fu;af=r djrk gSA fyax fu/kkZj.k ijh{k.k

izk;% dU;k Hkzq.k dh igpku rFkk mlds xSj dkuwuh xHkZikr gsrq fd;s tkrs gSaA

blds ckjs esa ljyk xksikyu ¼2000½ esa dgk gS fd ^^ekuoh; “kjhj ds

fo:) fgalk] pkgs iq:’k ;k L=h tks Hkh izHkkfor gks] lk/kkj.kr;k n.Muh; vijk/k

gSA bl fo’k; dks efgykvksa esa izHkkfor djus okys dkuwuh izko/kkuksa fo”ks’kdj n.M

laca/kh izko/kkuksa dks vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh ,oa vijk/k jksdus esa l{ke cukus gsrq

le;&le; ij iqujh{k.k ,oa lq/kkj fd;k tkrk gSA cykRdkj] vigj.k] ngst ds

fy;s izrkfM+r djds ekj Mkyuk] NsM+NkM+ o dk;ZLFky ij ;kSu “kks’k.k lHkh

efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr gksus okys vijk/k gSa ftu ij cgq/kk lkekftd cgl ,oa tk¡p

gksrh gSA**

efgyk l”kfDrdj.k (Women Empowerment) & efgyk l'kfDrdj.k

dh vo/kkj.kk dksbZ u;h ugha gSA ;g lHkh lektksa esa lnk ls jgh gS ysfdu efgyk

l'kfDrdj.k dks ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k tkuk vkSj tulk/kkj.k

esa bldk foLrkj bR;kfn rF;ksa dks u;k le>k tk ldrk gSA vc ;g ^efgyk

dY;k.k* ls ^efgyk fodkl* vkSj efgyk fodkl ls ^l'kfDrdj.k* dk :i ys pqdk

gS rFkk bldh ppkZ] fjiksZfVax vkSj vkykspukRed ewY;kadu fd;k tk jgk gSA vkSj

Hkh u;h ckr gS ckfydkvksa vkSj efgykvksa dh fo'ks"k lewg ds :i esa igpku rFkk

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ls lacaf/kr izeq[k fcUnqvksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;s tkus dh

vUrZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU;rk dk feyukA blls Hkh c<+dj u;h ckr ;g gS fd

vUrZjk"Vªh;] jk"Vªh;] lkekftd ,oa ikfjokfjd fodkl rFkk izxfr ds fy;s efgyk

Sociology

41

l'kfDrdj.k ds vifjgk;Z ekus tkus dh le> vkSj vuqHkwfr c<+h gSA ;g Hkh eglwl

fd;k vkSj ekuk tk jgk gS fd efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dks LFkkfir djus ds fy;s

ljdkjh] xSj ljdkjh vkSj oS;fDrd Lrjksa ij okLrfod ladYi vkSj iz;kl fd;s

tkus dh laHkkouk gSA

ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds vUrZxr 1985 esa efgykvksa ¼rFkk

f'k'kq fodkl½ ds fy;s ,d vyx foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ Fkh ftldk mís';

,d ,sls ljdkjh ra= dh LFkkiuk djuk Fkk tks efgykvksa rFkk cPpksa ds lexz

fodkl dks izkIr djus gsrq vko';d uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dk fu/kkZj.k

djs vkSj ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds chp rkyesy cSBk;sA fiNys dqN

o"kksZa esa] efgykvksa ls lacaf/kr fopkj.kh; ckrksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy;s] ljdkjh Lrj

ij uhfr;ksa esa dbZ cnyko gq, gSaA lÙkj ds n'kd esa efgyk dY;k.k dh lksp Fkh

rks vLlh ds n'kd esa fodkl vkSj uCcs ds n'kd esa l'kfDrdj.k vkSj {kerk

fuekZ.k ij vf/kd tksj gSA

dk;Z'khy efgykvksa ds fy;s gkWLVy dh lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj muds cPpksa dh

ns[kHkky ds fy;s Ms ds;j dsUnz vkSj ikfjokfjd leL;kxzLr efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa

ds fy;s Yk?kq vof/k vkokl dh ;kstuk,¡] efgyk dY;k.kksUeq[kh FkhaA LiksVZ Qkj

Vªsfuax&de& ,EIyk;esaV dk;ZØe] tks xjhch js[kk ls uhps dh efgykvksa ds dkS'ky

vkSj jkstxkj ds volj c<+kus gsrq cuk;k x;k Fkk] fodkl lks mUeq[k FkkA xzkeh.k

efgykvksa esa ferO;f;rk dks izksRlkfgr djus okyh efgyk lef) ;kstuk] fupys

Lrj ij efgykvksa dks laxfBr djus ds fy;s cuh bfUnjk efgyk ;kstuk vkSj

vukSipkfjd {ks=ksa esa xjhc efgykvksa dh iwathxr vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ djus gsrq

cuk;k x;k jk"Vªh; efgyk dks"k tSlh ;kstuk,¡ l'kfDrdj.k mUeq[kha FkhA jk"Vªh;

Lrj ij efgykvksa dh ns[kHkky gsrq dsUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZ loZizFke LFkkfir

laLFkkvksa esa gSA ;g 1953 esa cuk;k x;k FkkA xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk lEidZ

tky cukuk bldh eq[; dk;Z'kSyh jgh gSA lkekftd & vkfFkZd dk;ZØe]

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jkstxkjijd izf'k{k.k] tkx`fr mRiUu djuk] dkedkth efgykkvksa ds fy;s

Nk=kokl tSlh lqfo/kk,¡ cukuk] ikfjokfjd ijke'kZ bR;kfn Hkh cksMZ dh eq[;

xfrfof/k;k¡ gSaA blh izdkj jkT; Lrj ij Hkh efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds dk;ZØe cuk;s

x;s gSaA

le;&le; ij egRoiw.kZ dkuwuh QSlyksa }kjk U;k;ikfydk us Hkh

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dks c<+kok nsus esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA jk"Vªh; efgyk

vk;ksx ,oa jkT; Lrj ij blds vuq"kaxh laxBu Hkh efgykvksa ds fy;s laoS/kkfud

vkSj dkuwuh lqj{kk rFkk mlds izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u dh tk¡p vkSj ijh{k.k dk dk;Z

dj jgs gSaA efgykvksa ds fo:) vR;kpkj dh O;fDrxr f'kdk;rksa ij fo'ks"k ekeyksa

esa] ;s gLr{ksi Hkh djrs gSa rFkk lq/kkjkRed mik; Hkh lq>krs gSaA ;s efgykvksa ds

chp dkuwuh tkxfr iSnk djus okys dk;ZØeksa dk Hkh vk;kstu djrs gSaA

efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk (Violence against Women) & efgykvksa dh

leL;k,¡ dsoy vk/kqfud lekt esa gh ugha ofYd ;s cgqr gh iqjkuh gSA efgykvksa

ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dks ;fn ns[ksa rks oSfnd dky ls vk/kqfud dky rd

efgyk,¡ fdlh&u&fdlh :Ik esa pkgs /keZ ds uke ij ;k tkfr ds uke ij ;k

lekt ds jhfr&fjoktksa ds uke ij vR;kpkj rFkk “kks’k.k dk f”kdkj jgh gSaA blds

fy, dksbZ Hkh lekt vNwrk ugha jgk gSA efgykvksa ij gjsd dky o gjsd lekt

esa fdlh&u&fdlh :Ik esa vR;kpkj fd;s x;s gSa rFkk mudk mRihM+u gqvk gSA MkWŒ

jke vkgqtk ds vuqlkj ^^efgyk mRihM+u ds vUrxZr ?kjsyw fgalk efgykvksa ds izfr

dh xbZ fgalk esa izeq[k gS] fL=;ksa dks ekjuk&ihVuk] mudks tykuk] ngst ds fy,

izrkfM+r djuk] muds lkFk yaSfxd nqO;Zogkj djuk vkfn izeq[k gS vkSj bl izdkj

ds vR;kpkj f”kf{kr efgyk dh vis{kk vf”kf{kr efgykvksa ds lkFk vf/kd gksrs gSaA**

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MkWŒ CkSyh ds vuqlkj ^^efgyk dks “kkjhfjd&ekufld {kfr igq¡pkuds

ds mís”; ls fd;k x;k O;ogkj efgyk mRihM+u ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA** MkWŒ cSyh

ds ifjHkk’kk ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd ,d efgyk dks dsoy ekufld ;k “kkjhfjd

{kfr igq¡pkuk gh mRihM+u ds vUrxZr ugha vkrk cfYd efgykvksa dks {kfr igq¡pkus

ds mís”; ls fd;k x;k O;ogkj Hkh efgyk mRihM+u ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA

Hkkjr esa efgyk mRihM+u ,d xaHkhj lkekftd leL;k cus tk jgh gSA

bu mRihM+uksa esa vf/kdrj muds ifjokj esa gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa jk’Vªh; vk¡dM+k ds

vuqeku ds vuqlkj tks ckrsa lkeus vk;h gSa os bl izdkj gSa %&

& çR;sd 26 feuV ij cykRdkj ;k NsM+NkM+

& çR;sd 102 feuV ij ngst gR;k

& çR;sd 51 feuV ij ;kSu nqO;Zogkj

& çR;sd 33 feuV ij Øwjrk ;k mRihM+u dk vijkf/kd nqO;Zogkj

& iatkc esa gq, v/;;u ds vuqlkj çR;sd cykRdkj ekeys dh lwpuk

iqfyl dks nh tkrh gS] 70 viathdr jgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k] çR;sd

ekeyk NsM+NkM+ ds :i esa ntZ gksrk gS] 375 viathdr FksA nLrkostksa

esa ntZ gSA ;s viathdr ekeys ihfM+r efgyk }kjk iapk;rksa]

uxj&ikfydkvksa] efgyk lek[;k ,oa LoSfPNd laxBuksa ds nLrkostksa

esa ntZ gSaA

& ubZ fnYyh esa fgalk ij gq, v/;;u ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd djhc

94 çfr”kr ekeyksa esa ihfM+r vkSj eqtfje ,d gh ifjokj ds lnL;

gksrs gSaA çR;sd nl esa ls ukS gR;k dh xbZ efgyk,a vius ifr }kjk

ekjh tkrh gSaA

& mÙkj&çns”k esa gq, v/;;u ds vuqlkj 10 esa ls 3 ifr iRuh ds

vfuPNk ds ckotwn ;kSu&laca/k LFkkfir djrs gSa] blesa ls 1@5

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“kkjhfjd cy dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr 3 ifr esa ls 1 ifr

}kjk vius rkdr

jk’Vªh; vijk/k fjdkMZ C;wjks d s ,d vkdyu ds vuqlkj efgyk fgalk

ds lEca) esa fuEufyf[kyr ckrsa Li’V gksrh gS %&

!! 3 feuV esa ,d efgyk fgalk dh f”kdkj gksrh gSA

!! 9 feuV esa ,d ikfjokfjd fgalk o ?kjsyw fgalk gksrh gSA

!! çR;sd 77 feuV esa ,d ngst gR;k gksrh gSA

efgykvksa ds fofHkUu leL;kvksa esa lcls Toyar leL;k mudk

mRihM+u ,oa muds fo:) fd;k tkus okyk vijk/k gSA ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tks

u dsoy vuSfrd gS cfYd çR;sd lH; lekt ds fy, fpUrk vkSj yTtktud “keZ

dk fo’k; gSA lcls vf/kd fpUrk dk fo’k; gS fd j{kd gh Hk{kd cu tkrs gS vkSj

mlds ckn fyax ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dks ix&ix fofHkUu çrkM+ukvksa dk f”kdkj

gksuk iM+ jgk gSA L=h fdruh vlqjf{kr] çrkfM+r ihfM+r vkSj oafpr gS 24 ?kaVs dh

?kqVu Hkjh ftUnxh thus dks foo”k gSA L=h ds vUnj dbZ ctqn igrs gSaA ,sls esa ek¡

csVh] cgu vkSj iRuh dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus okyh L=h ds lkFk fd;k x;k ;g fuyZTt

dR; egt ihfM+rk ds fy, vijk/k ugha gS cfYd iqjs lekt ds f[kykQ fd;k x;k

vijk/k gSA

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Paper – VIII

Urban Sociology

Model Question with Study Material

(M. A. IInd Semester, Session : 2018-2020)

Model Question :

1- uxjh; lekt”kkL= dh fo’k; {ks= dk o.kZu djsaA

2- uxjksa ds mRifÙk ,oa fodkl dk o.kZu djsaA

3- uxjh; lekt dh izeq[k fo”ks’krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

4- uxjhdj.k D;k gS \ blds izeq[k dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA

5- eyhu cfLr;ksa dh izeq[k leL;kvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

6- uxj fu;kstu dh D;k vko”;drk gS \ o.kZu djsaA

7- uxjh;rk thou dh ,d “kSyh gS \ dSlsA

8- uxjh; lekt esa vkokl leL;k dk o.kZu djsaA

9- uxjh; fu/kZurk ds izeq[k dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA

10- uxjh; csdkjh dh leL;kvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

11- uxjh; lekt dh Lrjhdj.k ds izeq[k vk/kkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

12- uxjh; ifjokj dh izeq[k fo”ks’krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Study Material :

uxjh; lekt esa vkokl dh leL;k (Housing Problems of Urban

Society) & uxjh; {ks=ksa esa vkokl dh leL;k ,d fodV leL;k gSA vkokl dh

deh ds dkj.k gh uxjh; {ks=ksa esa txg&txg xUnh cfLr;k¡ iuih gSA vkt

vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd uxjh; {ks=ksa esa ,d vksj xUnh cfLr;k¡ gVkus dk

iz;Ru fd;k tk;s vkSj nwljh vksj ftUgsa gVkuk dqN dkj.kksa ls lEHko ugha gks mls

lkQ&txgksa dk iwjk /;ku j[kk tk;s rkfd fofHkUu fdLe dh chekfj;k¡ ugha QSy

ldsA

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uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ls ekuo lH;rk dk fodkl gksrk gSA

euq’; ds thou&Lrj esa of) gksrh gS vkSj HkkSfrd lq[kksa dk vkuUn feyrk gSaA

euq’; dh ekSfyd vko”;drkvksa esa Hkkstu ds ckn vkokl O;oLFkk vkrk gSA ekuo

us izkjEHk ls gh bl O;oLFkk ds i zfr viuk /;ku vkdf’kZr fd;k gSA izkjEHk esa og

viuh HkkSfrd lqj{kk ds fy, isM+ksa ds uhps] xqQkvksa vkSj dUnjkvksa essa jguk “kq:

fd;k fdUrq fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk edkuksa ds Lo:Ik vkSj vk/kqfud lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh

fodflr gksrh xbZA ysfdu lEiw.kZ fo”o esa tula[;k o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk leqfpr

vkokl O;oLFkk dh of) ugha gks ldh ftlds QyLo:Ik vkokl&leL;k mRiUu

gqbZA ;g leL;k O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd u gksdj lkekftd leL;k cu xbZ gSA

19oha lnh esa m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk Hkkjr ds vusd uxj O;kikfjd uxjksa esa

ifjofrZr gks x;s vkSj 20oha lnh ds izkjEHk gksus ij dbZ vkS|ksfxd uxjksa ds fuekZ.k

ls uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k izkjEHk gqbZ vkSj ;gha ls tUe fy;k vkokl dh leL;k usA

;g leL;k vkt uxjksa easa viuk fodjky :Ik /kkj.k fd;s gq, gSaA ,d tukafddh;

losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; uxjksa esa yxHkx 28 izfr”kr O;fDr gh vius edku gSa

rFkk “ks’k vU; fdjk;s ij jgrs gSaA

uxjksa esa vkokl leL;k nwj djus ds iz;Ru %& Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn

ljdkj vkokl leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq lnSo tkx:d jgh gS mlus detksj

oxZ] vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy;s vusd uxj&egkuxjksa esa edkuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k

gSA ljdkj ds }kjk fuEu vkSj e/;e vk; oxZ ds fy, yk[kksa edku dk fuekZ.k

fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa ljy fdLrksa ij cspk x;kA izR;sd jkT; esa jkT; vkokl cksMZ

dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftUgsa dsUnz ljdkj }kjk foÙkh; lgk;rk Hkh iznku dh x;hA

Jfedksa ds vkokl leL;k dks ns[krs gq, bl ;kstuk ds rgr xg fuekZ.k ds fy,

dsUnz ljdkj }kjk tks jde eqgS;k djk;h tkrh gS mlesa 50 izfr”kr _.k ds :Ik

esa 37-5 izfr”kr vuqnku ds :Ik esa rFkk 12-5 izfr”kr jkT; ljdkj dks nsuh iM+rh

gSA uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls mRiUu vR;f/kd HkhM+&HkkM+ ,oa vkokl leL;k dks

lqy>kus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk fuEukafdr iz;Ru fd;s x;s gSa %&

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1- vkS|ksfxd vkokl ;kstuk & Hkkjr ljdkj us 1948 esa vkS|ksfxd

Jfedksa ds fy, ,d xg ;kstuk cuk;hA bl ;kstuk ds vuqlkj ml le; esa 10

o’kZ esa 10 yk[k :Ik;s bl dk;Z ds fy, O;; fd;k tkuk fuf”pr gqvkA

2- vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr vkS|ksfxd xg ;kstuk & Hkkjr ljdkj dh

vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr vkS|ksfxd x`g ;kstuk izkjEHk esa Lohdkj dh x;h Fkh( ckn esa

;g vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr vkS|ksfxd xg ;ktuk dgykus yxkA bl ;kstuk ds

vUrZxr dsUnzh; ljdkj izkUrh; ljdkjksa dks dqy ykxr dk 50 izfr”kr vkfFkZd

lgk;rk ds :Ik esa vkSj 50 izfr”kr _.k ds :Ik esa nsus dh O;oLFkk dh x;hA

3- fofHkUu iapo’khZ; ;kstuk vkSj xg&;kstuk %& izFke iapo’khZ; ;kstuk

ls ysdj ckjgoha iapo’khZ; ;kstuk rd xg&fuekZ.k ds fy, fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k x;kA

4- chl lw=h dk;ZØe ds vUrZxr Hkh vkokl leL;k ds fujkdj.k gsrq

izHkkoh dne mBk;s x;s gSaA

5- uxjksa esa vkokl leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, jk’Vªh; vkokl uhfr dk

fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl uhfr dk mís”;ksa cs?kjksa dks ?kj fnykuk] vi;kZIr

lqfo/kkvksa ds edkuksa esa jgus okyksa dh vkoklh; fLFkfr esa lq/kkj djuk gS blds

lkFk gh lkFk lHkh dks fuEure vkoklh; lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k djokuk gSA

blds lkFk gh gqMdks us 15 jkT;ksa ds 1120 uxjksa esa 19]65]870

bdkb;ksa ds fuekZ.k dh ;kstukvksa dh Lohd`fr nh gSA ;|fi ljdkj gqM+dks rFkk

fofHkUu forh; laLFkkvksa ds }kjk edku cukus gsrq _.k o vU; lqfo/kk,a nsrh gS

ysfdu uxjksa dh rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k ds fy, fdrus Hkh edku cuk fn, tk;s

os de gh iM+saxsA

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uxjh; lekt dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk,¡ (Characteristics of Urban Society) &

uxjh; lekt dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk,¡ bl izdkj gSa %&

¼d½ fo’kerk & uxjh; thou iz.kkyh esa fo’kerk ds rRoksa dk Hkh

izcy izHkko gksrk gSA uxj fo’kerkvksa dk dsUæ gksrk gSA foFkZ ds vuqlkj uxj lnk

iztkfr;ksa] tkfr;ksa ,oa laLÑfr;ksa dks fi?kykus okyk ,d ?kM+k gSA bl izdkj

tula[;kRed fotkrh;rk vFkkZr~ fo’kerk] vk/kqfud uxjh; thou dh ,d ewyHkwr

fo”ks’krk cu pqdh gSA muds vuq:i gh ;g izLFkkfir ekU;rk j[kh x;h gS fd

fldh leqnk; esa ftruh gh tula[;kRed lkeqnkf;d fotkrh;rk gksxh] uxjoknh

thou”kSyh dk mruk gh fodkl gksxkA

¼[k½ foLrr vkdkj & tula[;k ds vkdkj ij vusd izdkj ds

ifjorZu ls lkekftd lEcU/kksa esa Hkh ifjorZu mRiUu gksrs gSaA gj O;fDr fHkUu

{kerkvksa ds dkj.k ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrk gSA tula[;k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k

O;fDr gj ,d ls iw.kZ :i ls ifjfpr ugha gks ikrk] cfYd og dsoy va”kksa esa gh

nwljksa ls ifjfpr gksdj vko”;d lEcU/k j[k ikrk gSA foFkZ ds vuqlkj tula[;k

esa of) cnys gq, lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks lekfo’V djrh gSA

¼x½ fn[kkok & uxjh; yksx leL;kvksa ds rRdky lek/kku gsrq

uxjh; thou esa O;ogkj vkSj izofÙk;ksa ds dqN fuf”pr izfreku dks xzg.k djrs gSa]

ftls fn[kkokiu ds :i esa thou dh uxjh; iz.kkyh dgk tkrk gSA

¼?k½ vUrZfuHkZjrk & uxj ds yksxksa esa vUrZfuHkZjrk dh vf/kdrk ikbZ

tkrh gSA uxjoklh vf/kdka”k ek=k esa ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgrs g Sa] vkSj lkFk gh

izÑfr ij de fuHkZj jgrs gq, Hkh vizkÑfrd lk/kuksa] ;Fkkfo|qr ,oa bZ/ku ls cus

lk/kuksa] euksjatu ds lk/kuksa] nwljs euq’;ksa] lkekftd lEcU/kksa vkfn ij viuk thou

fuHkZj j[krs gSaA fuHkZjrk dh ;g ek=k buds thou&iz.kkyh esa O;kid vUrj yk

nsrh gSA

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¼³½ vLFkk;hRork & ;g uxjh;rk dh ,d izeq[k fo”ks’krk gSA blls

izHkkfor yksx vkil esa ,d nwljs ds lkFk lEcU/kksa dh fofo/krk ds lkFk tqM+s gksrs

gSaA bl fofo/krk ds dkj.k muds chp lEcU/kksa esa lhferrk vkSj LFkkf;Rork dk

vHkko jgrk gSA uxjh; O;fDr u;s lEcU/kksa dks lftr dj mlls vius dks tksM+rk

,oa rksM+rk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;gk¡ O;fDr vius HkkSfrd fgrksa dh iwfrZ gksus rd

dh lhfer vof/k ds fy, gh vU; O;fDr;ksa ls vius lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gSA

¼p½ vYiKrk & uxjh; O;fDr;ksa ds lEcU/k Ñf=erk vkSj

vkSipkfjdrk ls iw.kZ gksrs gSa] ftlesa izk;% nwljs milaLÑfr lewg] tkfr] /keZ] Hkk’kk

ds yksxksa dh l?ku tkudkjh dk vHkko gksrk gSA dk;Z ,oa O;olk; ds nkSj esa gh

,d nwljs dh lhfer tkudkjh gks ikrh gSA

¼N½ xqeukerk & uxjh;rk ls ifjiw.kZ lewgksa esa ijLij ,d nwljs ds

ifjp; vkSj tku&igpku dk vHkko jgrk gSA uxjksa esa lewgksa dk Lo:i HkhM+&HkkM+

okyk gksrk gS] ftlesa xqeukerk fo”ks’k :i ls ik;h tkrh gSA ;gk¡] O;fDr

vkRedsfUær vf/kd gksrk gS] fo”kky lewgksa esa ikjLifjd vfHkefr dk vHkko jgrk

gSA ,d edku esa jgus okys iM+kslh Hkh ;gk¡ ijLij ,d&nwljs dks ugha tkurs gSaA

¼t½ }Srh;d ,oa voS;fDrd lEcU/k & uxj esa lEcU/k izkFkfed u

gksdj }Srh;d gksrs gSaA bl lEcU/k esa foFkZ dk dguk gS fd ;s lEcU/k O;fDr;ksa ij

vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs cfYd voS;fDrd gksrs gSaA ;s fn[kkoVh] Ñf=e] vLFkk;h ,oa

dk;Z&fo”ks’k ls gh lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA uxjh; O;fDr ds lEcU/k rdZ ij vk/kkfjr

gksrs gSa] tks u;s izdkj ds lkekftd laxBu ,oa <+kpsa dks tUe nsrh gSA

¼>½ l?kurk & uxjh;rk dh ,d fo”ks’krk uxjh; tula[;k esa

l?kurk dk ik;k tkuk Hkh gSA nq[khZe ds vu qlkj l?kurk ds dkj.k fo”ks’khdj.k dk

fodkl gksrk gSA vr% l?kurk Hkh uxjh; thou iz.kkyh dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk ekuh

tkrh gSA

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¼V½ ekuoÑr HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k dh izkFkfedrk & uxjh; ifjos”k

eq[;r% ekuo fufeZr HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k dh iz/kkurk ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA uxjh;

lajpuk esa ,d ,slk Ñf=e ifjos”k gksrk gS] ftldk lek;kstu orZeku esa foKku]

rduhdh ,oa izfof/k ds midj.kksa] miyfC/k;ksa] ;a=ksa] vkStkjksa ls lek;ksftr gksrk gSA

uxj O;oLFkk ewyr% m|ksx ,oa okf.kT; iz/kku vFkZO;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS]

ftlesa izkfof/kd ;a=ksa dh iz/kkurk] JedkS”ky ,oa fo”ks’khdj.k vkfn ls feydj ,d

fof”k’V ifjos”k fufeZr gksrs gSa] ftls ekuoÑr HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k ls lEcksf/kr dj

ldrs gSaA

¼B½ m|ksx ,oa okf.kT;ewyd vFkZO;oLFkk dh iz/kkurk & uxjh;

leqnk; dh thouofÙk eq[; :i ls m|ksx ,oa okf.kT; iz/kku gksrh gSA cM+s&cM+s

dy&dkj[kkuksa rRlEcU/kh dk;kZy;] m|ksx] izfr’Bku cktkj ,oa O;kikj eafM;k¡]

ifjogu dsUæ] rFkk rn~tfur vfHkdj.k ;krk;kr] lapkj vkfn lHkh feydj uxjh;

vFkZO;oLFkk dh rUrq&lajpuk rS;kj djrs gSa] tks uxjh; lajpuk dk eq[; vk/kkj

gSA

¼M½ Je&dkS”ky ,oa fo”ks’khdj.k & uxjh; thou ds vUrxZr

ledkyhu rduhdh vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk ds lektksa esa izf”k{k.k] dk;Z dq”kyrk ,oa

fo”ks’k izkfof/kd vfHkKku ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds vyx&vyx izkfof/kK gksrs

gSa] tgk¡ dk;Z dk foHkktu le;Øe ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA bl izdkj dkyØe dh

fu;ferrk] JedkS”ky dk fof”k’V oxhZdj.k vkSj fo”ks’k dk;Z ds fy, fo”ks’k izf”k{k.k

ls ;qDr yksxksa }kjk uxjh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ltu] lapkyu vkSj fu;eu gksrk gSA

ftldh ewy iz/kkurk Je foHkktu] fo”ks’khdj.k] dk;kZof/k fu/kkZj.k ls tqM+h gksrh

gSA la{ksi esa uxj dh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh ^lko;oh lajpuk* dks izLrqr djrh gS]

ftls vk/kqfud lektksa dh igpku ds :i esa nqf[kZe us ^lko;oh lqn`<+rk* dh laKk

ds vUrxZr O;Dr fd;k gSA ;g lko;oh lqn`<+rk ijLij vUrZfuHkZjrk ij vk/kkfjr

gksrh gSA bl izdkj uxj ds vusd izfr’Bku ,oa m|eLFky] ljdkjh dk;kZy;]

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okpuky;] fpfdRlky;] euksjatu dsUæ] m|eh etnwj] vkfFkZd] vfHkdj.k tSls

cSad] chek dEifu;k¡] ifjogu ,oa lapkj ds vfHkdj.k vkfn lHkh feydj uxjh;

vFkZO;oLFkk esa fo”ks’khdj.k ,oa dk;Z foHkktu dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA

uxjhdj.k ds izeq[k dkjd (Factors of Urbanization) %& Hkkjr esa

uxjh;dj.k ds fodkl ds uxjh; dkjd Hkh vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSaA ftl izdkj

/ku&/ku dks [khaprk gS mlh izdkj uxjh; thou vkSj Hkh vf/kd uxjh;dj.k dh

vksj izoÙk gksrk gSA uxjh; dkjdksa dks fuEu izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS %&

¼i½ jktuSfrd dkjd ¼Political Factors½ & uxj vkokxeu ds

lk/kuksa dk dsUæ ,oa m|ksx /kU/kksa rFkk O;kikj dk izeq[k LFkku gksrk gSA ;gk¡ thou

dh vko”;drk,¡ ljyrk ls iw.kZ dh tk ldrh gSA blds QyLo:i ljdkjsa vius

dsUæ uxjksa esa gh cukrs gSaA bl Hkk¡fr Hkkjr esa jkt/kkuh uxjksa dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh

uxjh;dj.k dh izfØ;k vf/kd izcy gqbZ gSA bl nf’V ls fnYyh] vgenkckn]

y[kuÅ] gSnjkckn] eækl vkfn uxj mYys[kuh; gSA v¡xzsth “kklu ds le;

iz”kklfud n`f’V ls vfoLFkkfir dbZ dsUæ uxjksa esa cuk;s x;sA jkt/kkuh gksus ds

dkj.k uxj dk vkSj Hkh vf/kd fodkl gksrk gS D;ksafd og ml izns”k o {ks= fo”ks’k

dk vkd’kZ.k dsUæ cu tkrk gSA lsuk Hkh ;gk¡ ij vf/kd ek=k esa j[kh tkrh gSA

blds vfrfjDr izk;% izeq[k dk;kZy; Hkh jkt/kkuh esa fLFkr gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds

fy, Hkkjr dh jkt/kkuh fnYyh dk Hkh fodkl jktuSfrd dkj.kksa ls gqvk gSA Hkkjr

ds vU; jkT;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;ksa dh tula[;k rhoz xfr ls c<+rh tk jgh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, t;iqj dks gh yhft,A ;g uxj 1948 ds mijkUr la;qDr

jktLFkku dh jkt/kkuh cuk gSA ;gk¡ 1931 ls 1941 ds chp tula[;k dh of) 22-

2 izfr”kr Fkh tcfd 1941 ls 1951 ds chp tula[;k dh of) 65-3 izfr”kr gqbZA

blds foijhr vtesj uxj dh tula[;k ij dqN u dqN izHkko jkt/kkuh u jgus

dk vo”; iM+k gksxkA

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¼ii½ vkfFkZd dkjd ¼Economic Factors½ & uxj esa vkfFkZd

{ks= Hkh foLr`r :i esa ik;k tkrk gS] blfy, yksx ljyrk ls thfodkiktZu dj

ldrs gSaA xzkeksa esa Ñf’k ;k mlls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa dks NksM+dj vU; O;olk;

ugha ik;s tkrsA blds foijhr uxjksa esa O;olk;ksa dh Hkjekj gksrh gSA QyLo:i

Hkkjr esa vktdy vf/kd euq’; uxjksa esa vkdj clus yxs gSaA

¼iii½ uxjh; lqfo/kk;sa ;k lkaLÑfrd dkjd ¼Urban Facilities

or Cultural Factors½ & uxjksa esa euq’; dh mPp vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds

fy, vusd laLFkk;sa gksrh gSaA xzkeksa esa mudk fpUg Hkh ugha ik;k tkrkA

egkfo|ky;] fo”ofo|ky;] esfMdy dkWyst] bathfu;fjax Ldwy rFkk vU; mPp

dksfV dh f”k{k.k laLFkk;sa uxjksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSaA buds vfrfjDr vU;

lkaLÑfrd laLFkk;sa Hkh uxjksa esa ik;h tkrh gSaA xzkeksa esa euq’; vius vodk”k dk

lnqi;ksx ugha dj ikrk] tcfd uxjksa esa vodk”k ds mi;ksx dh vusd lqfo/kk;sa

miyC/k gksrh gSaA euksjatu ds vk/kqfud lk/ku rFkk pyfp=] laxhr ,oa

ukV~;”kkyk;sa vkfn ukxfjd thou dks vkSj Hkh euksjatd cuk nsrs gSaA bl izdkj

lkaLÑfrd lqfo/kkvksa ds dkj.k Hkh Hkkjr esa uxjh;dj.k dk fodkl gqvk gSA

¼iv½ euksoSKkfud dkjd ;k uxj dk pko ¼Psychological

Factors or lure of city½ & uxjh; fodkl ds euksoSKkfud dkjd Hkh vR;Ur

egÙoiw.kZ gSaA dqN yksxksa dh ekufld voLFkk ,slh gks tkrh gS fd og lqfo/kkvksa ds

gksrs gq, Hkh os xzke esa jguk ilUn ugha djrsA uxj dh pVd&eVd ,oa rhoz xfr

ls pyus okyk thou mUgsa vPNk yxrk gS vkSj os blds fcuk thfor ugha jg

ldrsA blh eu%fLFkfr ds dkj.k f”kf{kr ;qod vktdy xzkeksa esa ugha jguk pkgrs

vkSj uxjksa esa fdlh Hkh ewY; ij jguk Lohdkj djrs gSaA vk/kqfud f”k{kk us mudh

eu%fLFkfr dks cny fn;k gSA uxjh; thou ds izfr O;fDr;ksa dk ;g pko

uxjh;dj.k dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrk gSA

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¼v½ lqj{kk dh Hkkouk ¼Sense of Security½ & uxj esa lqj{kk

dh Hkkouk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ;g lqj{kk izkÑfrd ,oa lkekftd nksuksa gh izdkj

ds /;s;ksa ds izfr gksrh gSA izkÑfrd foink;sa tks Hkkjrh; xzkeksa esa fuR; izfr vuqHko

gksrh gSa( uxj esa mudh jksdFkke dh vusd voLFkk;sa miyC/k gksrh gSaA lekt ds

:f<+oknh fopkjksa ls Åcdj Hkh euq’; LorU=rk dh lk¡l ysus ds fy, uxj ds

okrkoj.k dks vf/kd ilUn djrk gS( D;ksafd ogk¡ ds }Srhf;d lEcU/k mls de ck¡/k

ikrs gSaA bu euksoSKkfud dkjdksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkh Hkkjr esa uxjh;dj.k dh

izfØ;k fodflr gqbZ gSA

¼vi½ thou dh vof/k esa of) ¼Increase in Life Scale½ &

uxjksa esa ekuo thou dh vof/k c<+ x;h gSA fpfdRlk foKku ,oa vU; oSKkfud

vuqla/kkuksa dh Økafrdkjh izxfr ds dkj.k euq’; vf/kd fnu thfor jg ldrk gSA

uxjh; fu/kZurk nwj djus ds mik; (Remedies of Urban Poverty) &

uxjh; {ks=ksa ls fu/kZurk lekIr djus dh n`f’V ls ljdkj }kjk pyk;h x;h dqN

izeq[k ;kstuk,a bl izdkj gS %

i) Lo.kZ t;Urh “kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk & ;g ;kstuk iwoZ esa py jgh rhu

;kstukvksa dks lfEefyr djus cuk;h x;h gSA usg: jkstxkj ;kstuk] xjhcksa ds fy,

“kgjh cqfu;kh lsok,a rFkk iz/kkuea=h dh lefUor “kgjh xjhch mUewyu ;kstuk A

Lo.kZ t;Urh “kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk dk mns”; “kgjh fu/kZuksa dks Lojkstxkj miØe

LFkkfir djus ds fy, forh; lgk;d nsuk gSA rFkk lkFk gh Loosru jkstxkj ltu

djuk gSA bl ;kstuk dks nks fo”ks’k Ldhe esa gSA

a- “kgjh Lojkstxkj dk;ZØe %& blesa y?kq m|e vkSj dkS”ky fodkl

}kjk Lojkstxkj miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh “kgjh esa efgykvk sa vkSj cPpksa ds

fodkl ij /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

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b- “kgjh etnwjh jkstxkj dk;ZØe %& bldk mns”; “kgjh LFkkuh;

fudk;ksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa xjhc&js[kk ds uhps jgus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks muds Je

dk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :Ik ls mi;ksx lkoZtfud lEifr ds fuekZ.k esa mi;ksx

dj etnwjh jkstxkj miYkC/k djkuk gSA

ii) cM+s m|ksxksa rFkk dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksxksas dk fodkl %& fu/kZurk ls

lekIr djus ds fy, ljdkj us cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA nloha

iapo’khZ; ;kstuk esa mnkjhdj.k ,oa vkfFkZd lq/kkjks dk nkSj tkjh j[kk x;k gSA

ljdkj us dqVhj ,oa y?kq m|ksxksa dks Hkh izksRlkgu fn;k gSA bu m|ksxksa ls yk[kksa

dks jkstxkj izkIr gksrk gSA ukSoha ;kstuk ds vfUre o’kZ 2001&02 esa y?kq m|ksxksa dh

bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu dk y{; 72530 djksM+ #i;s dk j[kk x;k rFkk bl o’kZ esa

185 yk[k O;fDr;ksa dks bl izdkj m|+ksx esa jkstxkj fey ldkA

uxjksa esa vkokl vkSj xUnh cfLr;ksa dh leL;k ,d izeq[k leL;k gSA

bl leL;k dks dsUnzh; ljdkj us gy djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vkokl lqfo/kkvksa

dh miyC/krk c<+kus gsrq leL;k us izfro’kZ 20 yk[k vfrfjDr edkuks a ds fuekZ.k

dk y{; j[kk gSA ljdkj dh uhfr dk eq[; lkj ;gh gS fd vkokl vkSj cqfu;knh

lqfo/kkvks ls tqM+h leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa ljdkjh vkSj futh Hkkxhnkjh etcwr

dh tk;A ljdkj ds jk’Vªh; ,st.Mk esa lHkh dks vkokl dks izkFkfedrk dk fo’k;

ekuk x;k gS vkSj bl Øe esa detksj oxksZa dh vko”;drkvksa ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k

x;k gSA izfro’kZ 20 yk[k vfrfjDr edkuksa ds fuekZ.k dk izLrko gS vkSj ,slk djrs

le; vkfFkZd :Ik ls detksj] oxksZa] fuEu vk; oxksZa] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk

tutkfr;ksa dh vko”;drkvksa ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k tk;sxkA 20 yk[k edkuksa esa ls

7 yk[k “kgjh {ks=ksa es vkSj 13 yk[k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa cuk;s tk;saxsA

o’kZ 2000&2001 ds nkSjku gqMdks us vkokl rFkk “kgjh ewyHkwr

lqfo/kkvksa dh ;kstukvksa ds fy, 7912-73 djksM+ #i;s ds _.k eatwj fd;sA ns”k ds

fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa gqMdks us vizSy 1990 ls vc rd 106 jSu clsjk ;kstukvksa dks

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eatwjh nh gSA ftlesa QqVikFk ij jgus okys 5 yk[k ls vf/kd yksxksa dks ykHk feyk

gSA

uxjh; {ks=ksa esa “kqYd “kkSPkky;ks dks de yxkr okys cgkÅ “kkSpky;

esa cny dj rFkk “kkSpky;ksa dh ubZ bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj eSyk <+ksus dh izFkk dh

iwjh rjg lekIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k

NksVs rFkk e>ksys uxjksa dk lefUor fodkl %& dsUnz ljdkj }kjk

izk;ksftr NksVs vkSj e>ksys uxjksa ds lefUOr fodkl dh ;kstuk 5 yk[k dh vkcknh

rd ds uxjksa ds fy, 1979&80 ls ykxw dh xbZ gSA bl ;kstuk ds vkjEHk gksus ls

ysdj vc rd 1058 uxjksa ds fy, 444-13 djksM+ #i, dh dsUnzh; lgks;rk tkjh

dh tk pqdh gSA

Ekgkuxj ;kstuk & egkuxjksa ds cqfu;knh <kaps ds fodkl ds dsUnz

}kjk izk;ksftr ;kstuk 1993&94 esa “kq: dh x;hA bldk mns”; ikap egkuxjksa

eqEcbZ] psUubZ] dksydkrk] gSnjkckn vkSj caxykSj dk fodkl djuk gSA dsUnz vkSj

jkT; ljdkjsa 25 % 25 ds vuqikr esa jde miyC/k djkrh gSa ckdh 50 izfr”kr

jde laLFkkxr for ds tfj, miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA

efyu cLrh (Slum Area) & eyhu ofLr;kas dh lkekU; ifjHkk"kk djuk vR;Ur

dfBu gS D;ksafd izR;sd ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vuq:i gh efyu cfLr;k¡

LFkkfir gksrh gSaA efyu cfLr;k¡ >ksiM+h] ljk;] NksVh & NksVh dksBfj;ksa] [kijSyksa

vkSj ck¡l ls cus gq, dPps edku] Vhu ds 'kSM ls fufeZr edku] ydM+h ds NksVs &

NksVs dsfcu vkfn ls LFkkfir gks tkrh gSA ,d LFkku ij lSdM+ksa ,sls edku gSa tks

fu/kZurk ds dkj.k curs gSa] efyu cLrh dk Lo:i /kkj.k dj ysrs gSaA f'kdkxks

egy tks jgus ds LFkku esa foHkkftr gks x;k gS] efyu cLrh gSA yhek vkSj is: esa

ydM+h ds fMCcsuqek edku efyu cLrh ds Lo:i le>s tkrs gSaA

foLr`r vFkZ esa efyu & cfLr;k¡ fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa ds jgus ds os LFkku

gSa] tgk¡ os Loa; >ksifM+;ksa] dsfcu jksM vFkok ydM+h ds NksVs & NksVs edku cukdj

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jgrs gSaA ;s edku vius Hkh gksrs gSa vkSj bu edkuksa esa fdjk;snkj Hkh gksrs gSaA

fons'kksa eas ,d edku okyh vusd cfLr;k¡ Hkh efyu cfLr;ksa ds vUrZxr vkrh gS

vkSj N% eaftys edkuksa okys {ks= Hkh efyu cfLr;ksa esa vkrs gSaA

vkokl dh leL;k us u;h efyu cfLr;ksa ds LFkkfir gksus esa tgk¡

lgk;rk dh gS ogha vla[; ttZj edku ftUgsa NksM+dj O;fDr vPNs edkuksa esa

pyk x;k gS] Hkh efyu cfLr;k¡ cu x, gSaA bu ttZj NksM+s gq, ?kjksa eas vla[;

fu/kZu O;fDr jgus yxs gSa] ftUgksaus efyu cfLr;ksa dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA bl

rjg u;h efyu cfLr;k¡ LFkkfir gksrh tk jgh gSa vkSj iqjkuh efyu cfLr;ksa ds

fu/kZu oklh blfy, mls ugha NksM+rs fd blls lLrk ?kj uxj esa dgha mUgas

miyC/k ugha gks ldrkA ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk dh fLFkfr rks ;g gS fd

efyu cfLr;ksa ds ?kj O;fDr mu phtksa ls cukrk gS ftUgsa O;fDr dqM+k & dpjk

le>dj Qsad nsrk gSA Hkkjr esa ,slh efyu cfLr;k¡ ukys] unh] jsyos ykbu dh

iVfj;ksa vkfn LFkkuksa ij ljyrk ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA efyu cfLr;ksa ds fy,

dksbZ fuf'pr i;kZoj.k fu/kkZfjr djuk dfBu gSA ;s dgha Hkh fodflr gks ldrh gSa]

tSls fQyhikbUl esa nynyh {ks=ksa esa] NksVs & NksVs igkM+h {ks=ksa esa vkSj ;q) esa tks

LFkku u"V gks x, Fks] efyu cfLr;k¡ LFkkfir gks x;h gSaA ySfVu vesfjdk esa NksVs

& NksVs igkM+ksa dh <+yku ij efyu cfLr;k¡ gSaA Hkkjr esa vgenkckn] dkuiqj]

ukxiqj] dksydkrk] eqEcbZ vkSj psUubZ esa ,d dejs okyh va/ksjh dksBfj;ksa dh efyu

cfLr;ksa dh la[;k vR;f/kd gSA

bl izdkj Li"V gS fd efyu cfLr;ksa ds Lo:i esa fofo/krk,¡ gSaA

izR;sd ns'k dh efyu cfLr;ksa dk viuk Lo:i gS] fdUrq mudk i;kZoj.k vkSj jgus

dh n'kk,¡ yxHkx leku gSA buesa fuokl djus okys O;fDr xjhc] csjkstxkj vkSj

de vk; okys O;fDr gSa] ftudk u dksbZ edku gS vkSj u edku gksus dh vk'kkA

;s ,sls vkoklh; vukFkky; gSa tgk¡ thou dh lEiw.kZ vlqfo/kk,¡ ,d lkFk ns[kus

dks feyrh gSA tgk¡ O;fDr ugha O;fDr ds uke ij i'kq dh rjg jgrs vkSj thrs

gSaA vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ds fodkl us m|ksxksa dk fodkl fd;k fdUrq vius djksM+ks

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Jfedksa dks jgus ds fy, ?kj ugha fn,A efyu cfLr;k¡ cgqr dqN blh Økafr dk

ifj.kke gSA efyu cfLr;ksa dk tUe vpkud gh ugha gks x;k gS cfYd blds

mRiUu gksus ds vusd dkj.k gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaS %&

¼1½ fu/kZurk & xjhch ,d vfHk'kki gSA xjhc O;fDr ds fy, og Hkw

& yksd gh uxj gSA fu/kZu] csjkstxkj] nSfud osru Hkksxh] Jfed ;s lc ml oxZ

ds O;fDr gSa] tks fQj ;s xjhc O;fDr egaxs fdjk, ds edku dSls ys ldrs gSa \ u

;s fdjk;s ds edku ys ldrs gSa vkSj u edku cuok ldrs gSaA vHkkoksa esa thuk

budh etcwjh gSA efyu cfLr;ksa dks bUgksaus gh clk;k gSA ;s fu/kZu yksx gh ogk¡

jgrs gSaA

¼2½ vf'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk dk vHkko & vf'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk ds

vHkko esa efyu cfLr;ksa ds fodkl esa vR;Ur c<+ksrjh dh gSA os O;fDr] tks

fu/kZurk ds f'kdkj gSa] efyu cfLr;ksa dh xUnxh ls vufHkK gSaA ;gk¡ lqfo/kk,¡

ukedk= dks Hkh ugha gSa vkSj chekfj;k¡ rFkk lkekftd cqjkb;k¡ vlhfer gaS fQj Hkh

;s ogk¡ bl dkj.k ls jgrs gSa D;ksafd mUgas ogk¡ uke ek= dk fdjk;k nsuk gksrk gSA

¼3½ 'kks"k.kh; izofr & mRiknu dk egRoiw.kZ vax Jfed efyu

cfLr;ksa esa jgrk gS vkSj ekfyd okrkuqdwfyr caxyksa vkSj egyksa esa iwathoknh

O;oLFkk dh ;g cqfu;knh uhfr gS fd vke vkneh dks jksth jksVh dh ijs'kkfu;kas esa

Qalk;s j[kasA Hkw[kk O;fDr vius ifjokj ds isV Hkjus dh fpUrk igys djrk gS] ckdh

dqN ckn esaA mls thus dh bruh lqfo/kk,¡ ugha feyrha ftlls fd og ngkM+us yxs

vkSj cktw mBkdj vius vf/kdkjksa dh ek¡x djus yxsA blfy, mls vHkko esa thus

nks ftlls fd ;g ges'kk ekfydkas dk nkl cudj jgsA ekfyd pkgs rks Jfedksa ds

fy, edku cuk ldrk gS ij mldh LFkk;h uh;r mudk 'kks"k.k djuk gS] Jfedksa

dk lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djuk ughaA vUrr% xjhc vkSj 'kksf"kr Jfed jgus ds fy,

efyu cfLr;ksa dh 'kj.k esa gh tkrk gSA

¼4½ uxjh; tula[;k dk ncko & efyu cfLr;k¡ vkS|ksfxd uxjksa dh

nsu gSaA ;gk¡ yk[kksa xzkeh.k O;fDr dke dh [kkst esa vkrs gSa vkSj ;gha cl tkrs gSaA

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mudh vk; bruh ugha gksrh gS fd os vPNs edkuksa esa jg ldsaA lhfer vk; vkSj

lk/kuksa dk vHkko mUgas efyu cfLr;kaas esa jgus ds fy, foo'k djrk gSA

¼5½ tula[;k esa vR;f/kd of) & uxj vkSj egkuxjksa dh tula[;k

dbZ & dbZ yk[k rd igq¡p xbZ gSA eqEcbZ vkSj dksydkrk dh tula[;k djksM+ksa esa

igq¡p xbZ gSA bruh cM+h tula[;k ds vuqikr esa edkuksa dk fuekZ.k ugha gqvk gSA

Jfed dkyksfu;k¡ uke ek= dh gSaA yk[kksa xzkeh.k tks bu uxjksa esa dk;Z djus vkrs

gSa os bUgha efyu cfLr;ksa esa 'kj.k ikrs gSaA uxj ds vUnj vkSj uxj ls nwj bu

efyu cfLr;ksa esa fujUrj of) gksrh tk jgh gSA bldh eq[; otg gS fujUrj

c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k dk nckoA

¼6½ izkdfrd izdksi & Hkkjrh; xk¡o lnSo izdfr ds f'kdkj jgs gSaA

dHkh lw[kk] dHkh ck<+] dHkh ikyk vkSj dHkh vksyk ;s lHkh df"k dks u"V djrs gSaA

df"k xzkeh.kksa dh vk; dk eq[; lk/ku gSA df"k ds u"V gksus ij xzkeh.k uxj esa

dke djus vkrk gSA ;s lc feydj efyu cfLr;ksa dks fodflr djrs gSa vkSj dbZ

efyu cfLr;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh djrs gSaA bUgsa tgk¡ LFkku feyk ogha bUgksaus >ksiM+h

cuk yha] tks dkykUrj esa efyu cLrh esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA

¼7½ uxj fu;kstu dk vHkko & uxj esa efyu cfLr;ksa dk ;fn

fodkl gks jgk gS rks bldk cgqr dqN mÙkjnkf;Ro uxjikfydk vkSj ljdkj ij

gSA ;fn uxj dk fodkl iwoZ fu;ksftr vkSj ;kstukc) <+ax ls fd;k tkrk gS rks

efyu cfLr;ksa dk fodkl 'kk;n bl :i esa lEHko ugha gks ikrk vkSj ;s uxj

ekuork ds fy, dyad ugha cursA

¼8½ xzkeh.k csjkstxkjh & Hkkjrh; xk¡oksa esa o"kZ esa dqN gh eghus O;fDr

dks dke feyrk gS vkSj 'ks"k ekg og csjkstxkjh ds vfHk'kki dks Hkksxrk gSA xzkeh.k

{ks= eas bl rjg dh O;oLFkk ugha gS fd O;fDr dks [kkyh le; esa dke fey ldsA

blfy, [ksrh ds le; rks xzkeh.k O;fDr xk¡o esa miyC/k jgrk gS] blds mijkUr

og uxjksa esa dk;Z djus vk tkrk gSA buesa ls vf/kdka'k O;fDr fjD'kk pkyd] Bsyk

[khapus okys ;k fey ds Jfed vkrs gSaA

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¼9½ uxj lqj{kk ds LFky gSa & xk¡o dks NksM+dj xzkeh.k blfy, Hkh

uxjksa esa vk jgk gS D;ksafd xk¡oksa esa lqj{kk uke dh dksbZ pht ugha gSA pksjh vkSj

MdSrh lkekU; ckr gSA MdSrh dk c<+rk gqvk vkrad xzkeh.kksa dks xk¡o NksM+us ds

fy, foo'k djrk gSA uxj esa iz'kkld] iqfyl dh O;oLFkk gS tks muds tku eky

dh j{kk djrh gS blfy, uxj dh tula[;k esa fujUrj of) gks jgh gS vkSj blh

ds lkFk efyu cfLr;kas dh HkhA

¼10½ efyu cfLr;ksa dh mis{kk & efyu cfLr;k¡ O;fDrxr lEifr Hkh

gSaA lSdM+ksa >qXxh >ksifM+;ksa] psjh vkSj vgkrkssa ds ekfydksa dks dsoy fdjk, ls

eryc gSA ogk¡ fdu n'kkvksa esa O;fDr thrk vkSj ejrk gS mlls mudk dksbZ

lEcU/k ugha gSA ;fn ljdkj bu ij ncko Mkydj bu efyu cfLr;ksa dh lQkbZ

djk, rks 'kk;n ogk¡ bruh xUnxh u jg ik, vFkok ljdkj bu efyu cfLr;ksa

dks lekIr dj ogha ij Jfedksa dks NksVs&NksVs edku cuok ns rc ;s efyu

cfLr;k¡ dqN de gks ldrh gSaA

bl izdkj Li"V gksrk gS fd vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k us eyhu

cfLr;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k gSA bu cfLr;ksa esa jgus

okys vf/kdka'k O;fDr fu/kZu gksrs gSa vkSj >ksiM+h] dksBjh vFkok ck¡l ds NIijksas ls

dqfV;k cukdj jgrk gS vkSj /khjs & /khjs ;gh cLrh eyhu cfLr;ks dk :i /kkj.k

dj ysrh gSA lSdM+ks Jfed bu efyu cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSaA

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Paper – IX

Crime & Society

Model Question with Study Material

(M. A. IInd Semester, Session : 2018-2020)

Model Question :

1- vijk/k”kkL= ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \ blds fo’k;&oLrq dk o.kZu djsaA

2- vijk/k dks ifjHkkf’kr djsaA blds izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

3- cky&vijk/k ds izeq[k dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA

4- n.M ds lq/kkjkRed fl)kUr dk o.kZu djsaA

5- vijk/k dh lekt”kkL=h; O;k[;k djsaA

6- Hkkjr dh tsy uhfr dk o.kZu djsaA

7- [kqyk cUnhxg D;k gS \ fooj.k izLrqr djsaA

8- Hkkjr esa tsy lq/kkj ds bfrgklksa dk o.kZu djasA

9- ijhfo{kk dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li’V djsaA

10- ijhfo{kk rFkk iSjksy esa vUrj Li’V djsaA

11- n.M ds izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

12- mÙkj laj{k.k dk;ZØe ij fucU/k fy[ksaA

Study Material :

vijk/k dh lekt”kkL=h; vo/kkj.kk (Sociological Concept of Crime) &

vesfjdk ds lekt”kkfL=;ksa esa lnjySaM dks vxzx.; ekuk tkrk gSA bUgksaus viuh

iqLrd vijk/k”kkL= ds fl)kUr esa loZizFke oSKkfud vk/kkj ij lkekftd O;k[;k

izLrqr dhA muds vuqlkj vijk/k dk dkj.k vijk/kh yksxksa ds lEidZ esa vkuk gSA

bl vk/kkj ij mUgksaus vijk/k ds ,d fl)kUr dk izfriknu fd;k ftls foHksnd

lkgp;Z dk fl)kUr dh laKk nh tkrh gSA vijk/k dk vkfo’dkj ugha gksrk cfYd

os lh[ks tkrs gSaA pw¡fd vijk/k lh[kuk ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa gksrk gS] vr%

lnjySaM us bls lh[kus dh izfØ;k dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k gSA

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lnjySaM ds erkuqlkj vijk/k dh nks O;k[;k,¡ izLrqr dh tk ldrh

gSa & ifjfLFkfr lEcU/kh O;k[;k rFkk tUe laca/kh ;k ,sfrgkfld O;k[;kA ifjfLFkfr

laca/kh O;k[;k esa vijk/k dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izfrQy ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds

fy, ,d ukSdjkuh ekyfdu dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlds vkHkw’k.k pqjkdj vius ?kj ys

tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk gS fd ekyfdu dh vuqifLFkfr ukSdjkuh dh vkHkw’k.k

dh pksjh djus ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr iznku dhA tUe lEcU/kh ;k ,sfrgkfld

O;k[;k vijk/k dks mldh ,sfrgkfld i’BHkwfe esa ns[krh gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g

gS fd vijk/k ifjfLFkfr ds QyLo:i ugha fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd og ,d yEcs

le; ds f”k{k.k dk ifj.kke gS] tks O;fDr dks vijk/kh yksxksa ds lEidZ esa vkdj

feykA lnjySaM blh er dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA mudh ekU;rk gS fd lekt esa

vf/kdka”k yksx vkijkf/kd ;k cky vkijkf/kd O;ogkj vijk/kh izfrekuksa ds lEidZ

esa vkdj lh[k tkrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa] lekt esa dksbZ nSfud thou esa

xSj&vijkf/k;ksa dh rqyuk esa vijkf/k;ksa ds lEidZ esa vf/kd vkrk gSA

lnjySaM vijk/k vkSj cky vijk/k dks laxfr vkSj lh[kus dk ifj.kke

ekurs gSaA mUgksaus laxfr dks eq[;r% rhu [k.Mkas esa foHkkftr fd;k gS &

¼1½ O;fDrxr fe=rk] ¼2½ fuf’Ø; lewg dh lnL;krk] tSls & fdlh Hkk’k.k vFkok

Jksrk lewg esa Hkkx ysuk rFkk ¼3½ vUr%fØ;kRed lewg] tSls&xSax] Dyc ;k [ksy

dk eSnkuA laxfr esa vkus ij O;fDr esa lq>ko xzg.k djus dh {kerk dk fodkl

gksrk gS vkSj og usrk dh iwtk djus yxrk gS vFkok vuqdj.k dks egÙo nsus

yxrk gSA ;fn og fdlh cqjh laxfr esa iM+ tkrk gS rks mlesa dbZ izdkj dh

vkijkf/kd vknrsa fodflr gksus yxrh gSA lekt ds izfr tc mldk n`f’Vdks.k

fu’ks/kkRed gks tkrk gS rks mlesa fo/oalkRed izofÙk;k¡ iSnk gksrh gSA QyLo:i

lektfojks/kh dk;ks± dks djus esa mls fdlh izdkj dk {kksHk ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k ds

fy, og thounk;uh nokvksa esa feykoV dj ldrk gS] cPpksa dk var&izR;ax

rksM+dj fHk[kkjh cuk ldrk gS ;k mlds vaxksa dks izR;kjksi.k gsrq cM+s “kgjksa ;k

fons”kksa esa csp ldrk gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr vijk/kh usrk }kjk izf”k{k.k izkIr dj xSax

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dh vijk/kh lafgrk dks viuk ysrk gS rks mls t?kU; vijk/k djus esa izfr’Bk dk

vuqHko gksrk gSA ,d feyulkj O;fDr vfeyulkj dh rqyuk esa vijk/k rqjar lh[k

ysrk gSA

lnjySaM ds fl)kUr dh dqN eq[; ifjdYiuk,¡ bl izdkj gS &

¼1½ vkijkf/kd O;ogkj lh[kk tkrk gSA ;g oa”kkuqxr ugha gS ftl

izdkj dksbZ O;fDr fdlh e”khu dk vkfo’dkj rc rd ugha dj ldrk tc rd

fd og e”khujh dh f”k{kk esa izf”kf{kr u gks] mlh izdkj vijk/k dk vkfo’dkj Hkh

rc rd ugha fd;k tk ldrk tc rc fd mls vijk/kh O;ogkj dk izf”k{k.k u

feyk gksA

¼2½ vkijkf/kd O;ogkj vU; yksxksa ls vUr%fØ;k }kjk ;k lapkj ds

ek/;e ls xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA

¼3½ vkijkf/kd O;ogkj izkFkfed lewgksa ds lEidZ dh nsu gSA

¼4½ tc vkijkf/kd O;ogkj lh[kk tkrk gS rc lh[kus dh bl

izfØ;k ls O;fDr vijk/k djus dh rdyhQ] izsj.kk] euksofÙk;k¡ vkfn lh[krk gSA

¼5½ O;fDr vijk/k dh izsj.kk ,oa iz;kstu ls lacaf/kr fof”k’V funsZ”kksa

dks dkuwu lafgrkvksa dh LohÑr ;k vLohÑr ifjHkk’kkvksa }kjk lh[krk gSA mnkgj.k

ds fy, dksbZ O;fDr muyksxksa ds lEidZ esa gks ldrk gS ftudh ekU;rk,¡ dkuwu

dh lafgrk dk ikyu djus okyh gSA nwljk O;fDr muyksxksa ds lEidZ esa gks ldrk

gS ftudh ekU;rk,¡ dkuwu lafgrk ds mYya?ku dk leFkZu djrh gSA

cky vijk/k ,oa mlds dkjd (Juvenile Deliquency) %& Hkkjr esa cky&vijk/k

dh leL;k ,d fodjky leL;k gSA ;g ,d vR;Ur xaHkhj leL;k gSA vkt ds

cky&vijk/kh gh dy ds vijk/kh curs gSaA cky&vijk/k ls ifjokj] lekt rFkk

jk’Vª dks vijk {kfr igq¡prh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd vkt ds ckyd gh dy

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ns”k ds d.kZ/kkj cusaxsA vxj ns”k ds Hkkoh d.kZ/kkj gh vkijkf/kd dk;ksZa esa layXu

gks tk;sa rks ml lekt ,oa jk’Vª dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh \ bldh dYiuk dh tk

ldrh gSA blfy, ;g vko”;d gS fd cky&vijk/k dks iuius ls jksdk tk,A

vk¡dM+s crkrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa cky&vijk/k dh leL;k dh leL;k ,d xaHkhj

leL;k gSA cky&vijk/k dh /kkj.kk LFkku ,oa dky ls lEcfU/kr gSA izR;sd jkT;

esa ckydksa ds fy, ,d vf/kdre vk;q fuf”pr dh tkrh gS vkSj ml vk;q ls de

mez ds cPpksa }kjk fd;k x;k vijk/k cky&vijk/k dgykrk gSA pw¡fd vijk/k og

O;ogkj gS tks dkuwu }kjk fuf’k) gSA vr% dkuwuh n`f’Vdks.k ls cky&vijk/k dk

eryc ,d fuf”pr vk;q lewg ds ckydksa }kjk dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djuk gSA

lkekftd n`f’Vdks.k ls ,d fuf”pr vk;q&lewg ds cPpksa dk lkekftd jhfr;k¡]

ijEijkvksa rFkk izFkkvksa dh mis{kk djuk cky&vijk/k gSA

cky&vijk/k dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, ,e- ts- lsFkkuk us ‘Society

and Criminal’ esa fy[kk gS] ^^cky&vijk/k ds varxZr fdlh ckyd ;k ,sls r:.k

O;fDr ds xyr dk;Z vkrs gSa tks fd lEcfU/kr LFkku ds dkuwu ¼tks ml le;

ykxw gksa½ ds }kjk fufnZ’V vk;q&lhek ds vanj vkrk gksA**

ekojj ¼Mowrer½ us cky&vijk/k dh ifjHkk’kk bl izdkj nh gS]

^^og O;fDr tks tku&cw>dj bjkns ds lkFk rFkk le>rs gq, ml lekt dh

:f<+;ksa dh mis{kk djrk gS] ftlls mldk laca/k gSA**

cky&vijk/k dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq, MkW- lq”khy pUæ us fy[kk gS]

^^;g lekt foKku dh og “kk[kk gS tks ckydksa ds vlkekftd O;ogkjksa dk

v/;;u djrh gSA izR;sd lekt] pkgs og mUur gks ;k vf”kf{kr] lkekftd ewY;ksa

ds ,d laxzg dks tks mudh laLÑfr vkSj ih<+h dh nsu gksrh gS] j[krk gSA ml

le; ds jhfr&fjokt] izFkk,¡] ijEijk,¡ ,oa :f<+;k¡ lkekftd vkpj.k dks ifjHkkf’kr

djrh gSa rkfd ekSfyd ewY;ksa dh j{kk gks lds vkSj os fVd ldsaA bl izdkj ls

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LFkkfir vkn”kZ vkpkj.k] tks lkekftd lkekU; vkpj.k gksrs gSa] ls vyxko vijk/kh

vkpj.k dk |ksrd gksrk gSA** cky vijk/k ds izeq[k dkjd bl izdkj gSa %&

¼1½ vuqokaf”kd dkj.k ¼Hereditary Reasons½ & igys yksxksa

dk ,slk ekuuk Fkk fd cky vijk/k tUetkr izofÙk gksrh ¼Hereditary

Tendencies½ gS vFkkZr~ vijk/k oa”kkuqxr gksrs gSaA ftuds ekrk&firk] nknk&nknh]

ukuk&ukuh vFkok vU; iwoZt vijk/kh izofÙk ds jgs gSa rks muds ihf<+;ks a esa Hkh

vijk/kh izofÙk Lor% gh lekfgr gks tkrh gSA vr% ^pksj dh larku pksj gh gksxk*]

^Mkdw dh larku Mkdw gksxk* vkfnA MkW- esaMy us Hkh oa”kkuqØe dks cky&vijk/k ds

fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekuk gS & ^^muds vuqlkj cky vijk/kh ekufld :i ls

nks’kiw.kZ gksrs gSa rFkk ;g nks’k tUetkr gksrk gSA ;g v;ksX;rk dqN ifjokjksa esa rsth

ls ik;h tkrh gS rFkk vuqokaf”kd gks tkrh gSA ih<+h&nj&ih<+h pyh vk jgh

ekufld chekfj;ksa ls Hkh cky vijk/k fodflr gksrk gSA**

¼2½ ikfjokfjd dkj.k ¼Family Reasons½ & ckydksa dks cky

vijk/k dh vksj /kdsyus esa ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ,oa ekrk&firk dh izeq[k Hkwfedk

gksrh gS ftls dnkfi udkjk ugha tk ldrkA ckyd ;dk;d pksj] MdSr] Hkz’V ;k

cykRdkjh ugha curkA muesa vkijkf/kd izofÙk /khjs&/khjs gh fodflr gksrh gSA

Xyw,Dl us vius v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk fd ^^ckyd ds Hkkoh

thou esa vkijkf/kdrk fuf”pr djus esa ifjokj dk loksZPp LFkku gksrk gSA** ckyd

vius ekrk ds vk¡py esa] firk ds xksn esa rFkk ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dh N=&Nk;k esa

iy&c<+dj gh uSfrd ewY;ksa dks lh[krk gSA os gh muesa lPpkbZ] fe=rk]

drZO;fu’Brk] lfg’.kqrk] lgkuqHkwfr] n;k] d:.kk] R;kx vkfn ekuoh; xq.kksa dks

fl[kkrs gSaA muds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA ;fn os vius

drZO;ksa dk lgh <ax ls ikyu djsa rks dksbZ dkj.k utj ugha vkrk fd ckyd

vijk/k dh vksj vxzlj gksaxsA

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¼4½ vkfFkZd dkj.k ¼Economic Reasons½ & ¼i½ fu/kZurk ,d

vfHk”kki gSA ;g lHkh ikiksa o vijk/kksa dh tM+ gSA cVZ ¼Burt½ us vius v/;;u ds

vk/kkj ij ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyk fd cky vijkf/k;ksa esa yxHkx vk/ks cky vijk/kh

fu/kZu ifjokj ds gksrs gSaA 6 twu 2006 dks iVuk esa ,d Vsªu MdSrh gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa

‘Retired DIG’ ekjs x;s FksA ijUrq yqVsjksa dks idM+ fy;k x;k FkkA os yqVsjs

15&20 o’kZ ds fd”kksj Fks tks iVuk jsyos LVs”ku ds fdukjs cus >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa esa

jgrs Fks vkSj dkQh fu/kZu FksA vr% fu/kZurk vijk/kksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

¼ii½ Hkq[kejh & ^^cqHkqf{kr% fda ikie~ u djksfr\ Hkw[k dkSu&lk iki

ugha djokrkA Hkw[k ls rM+irs vkSj csgky ckyd dksbZ&lk Hkh ikideZ djus yx

tkrs gSaA os fdlh Hkh rjg dk nqjkpkj djus dks m)r gks tkrs gSaA os nj&nj Hkh[k

ekaxus dks rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA ijUrq tc mudk isV Hkh[k ekaxus ls Hkh ugha Hkjrk gS]

rc os nwljh rjg ds vijk/kksa esa fyIr gks tkrs gSaA yM+fd;k¡ os”;kofÙk esa fyIr gks

tkrh gSa rFkk f?kukSuk thou thus ds fy, vfHk”kIr gksrh gSaA yM+ds pksjh] MdSrh]

ikWdsVekjh vkfn xfrfof/k;ksa esa fyIr gks tkrs gSaA

¼iii½ ?kuh cLrh ¼Slums½ & jsyos LVs”ku ds fdukjs] cl&LVS.M ds

ihNs] unh&ukys ds fdukjs tks xjhcksa dh cfLr;k¡ gksrh gSa] >qXxh&>ksifM+;k¡ gksrh gSa]

ftuesa lkekU; lqfo/kkvksa dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSA ,d NksVs ls dejs esa iwjs ifjokj

dks jguk iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ekrk&firk rFkk fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;k¡ ,d gh dejs

esa lksrs gSaA os vDlj vius ekrk&firk dks ;kSu laHkksx djrs gq, ns[k ysrs gSa rFkk

muesa Hkh ;kSu laHkkx dh bPNk tkxr gks tkrh gSA vr% os ;kSu nqjkpkj esa fyIr gks

tkrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] >qXxh&>ksifM+;ksa esa iys&c<+s ckyd nwljs izdkj ds nqjkpkj

o vijk/k djus esa vxzlj gksrs gSaA

¼iv½ vfr lEiUurk ¼Over Prosperity½ & ^^vfr loZ= otZ;sr~**

vfr ges”kk R;kT; gksrh gSA gk¡ fu/kZurk ds dkj.k ckyd vijk/k izofÙk dh vksj

mUeq[k gks tkrs gSa ogha vfr lEiUurk ,oa vehjh Hkh mUgsa fcxkM+ dj j[k nsrh gSA

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bldk izeq[k dkj.k gS fd mUgsa ekrk&firk }kjk Hkh vf/kd ykM+&I;kj feyrk gS

rFkk vuki&”kuki iSls [kpZ djus dks feyrs gSaA ekrk&firk Lo;a Hkh Dycksa esa]

flusek?kjksa esa] fdVh ikVhZ vkfn e sa le; vkSj/ku O;; djrs gSa vkSj ,S;k”kh djrs gSaA

Qyr% ckyd Hkh ekrk&firk dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, /kweziku] e|iku] MªXl]

ukjdksfVDl] os”;kofÙk vkfn esa fyIr gks tkrs gSaA vk, fnu v[kckjksa esa

i<+us&fy[kus dks feyrk gS fd Vsªu MdSrh] ywVikV] cykRdkj] gR;k] pksjh] vigj.k

vkfn vijkf/kd xfrfof/k;ksa esa vkbZ-,-,l-] vkbZ-ih-,l- ds iq= lafyIr gSaA vf/kd

/ku&nkSyr ds dkj.k muesa xyr vknrsa fodflr gks tkrh gSaA mUgsa ,S;k”kh djus

ds fy, /ku pkfg, gksrk gS exj mUgsa bruk vf/kd /ku vius ekrk&firk ls ugha

fey ikrk gSA Qyr% os pksjh] MdSrh vkfn fØ;kvksa }kjk vklkuh ls /ku vftZr

djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k vijk/k dh nqfu;k esa viuk dne j[k nsrs gSaA

¼v½ csdkjh ¼Unemployment½ & ^^[kkyh eu “kSrku dk vÏk

gksrk gSA** [kkyh cSBs fd”kksj ds eu esa dbZ rjg dh Hkzkafr;k¡] fofHkUu izdkj ds

vijk/k djus dh ckrsa eu&efLr’d esa >aÑr gksrs jgrh gSaA csdkjh o csjkstxkjh

bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSA fd”kksjkoLFkk rd ckyd ;g vPNh rjg ls le>

tkrk gS fd mUgsa vc vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksus dh vko”;drk gS rkfd os vius

nSfud vko”;drkvksa dh iwfr Z gsrq Lo;a /ku vftZr dj ldsaA ijUrq jkstxkj feyuk

bruk vklku ugha gksrkA ;fn os nqdkuksa ij] iksLV vkWfQl esa] ,y- vkbZ- lh- vkfn

esa ,tsUV cudj ;k NksVs cPpksa dks V~;w”ku i<+kdj /ku vftZr djrs Hkh gSa rks blls

mUgsa bruk vf/kd iSlk ugha feyrk fd mudh vko”;d vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gks

ldsA ;g rks ^^Å¡V ds eq¡g esa thjk** okyh dgkor dks pfjrkFkZ djrh gSA mls dksbZ

nwljk jkstxkj o /ka/kk Hkh ugha feyrk gS ftlls fd og vf/kd&ls&vf/kd /ku

vftZr dj ldsA fd”kksj de&ls&de le; esa vf/kd ls&vf/kd /ku dekuk pkgrs

gSa vkSj blh iz;kl esa os vijk/k dh nqfu;k esa dne j[k nsrs gSaA

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¼5½ lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd dkj.k ¼Social and Cultural

Reasons½ & u dsoy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k] cfYd lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd

okrkoj.k Hkh ckyd dks vijk/k dh nqfu;k esa /kdsyus esa lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA

ckyd dk vkl&iM+ksl tSlk gksrk gS] mlds fe= ftl rjg ds gksrs gSa] mUgha dh

rjg ckyd vijk/k o O;ogkj djus yxrk gSA lkekftd dkj.kksa ds vUrxZr fuEu

dkjd izeq[k gSa &

¼i½ LoLFk euksjatu dk vHkko ¼Lack of Healthy

Entertainment½ & tc ckydksa dks LoLFk euksjatu ds lk/ku miyC/k ugha gks

ikrs gSa] rc mudk eu b/kj&m/kj HkVdus yxrk gSA os rjg&rjg dh ckrsa lkspus

yxrs gSaA muds efLr’d esa vijkf/kd izofÙk;k¡ iuius yxrh gS rFkk os vijk/k dh

vksj mUeq[k gks tkrs gSaA ekj&/kkM+] tklwlh vkfn xanh fQYeksa ds ns[kus ls ckyd

ds eu esa Hkh blh rjg ds dqÑR; djus dh bPNk tkxr gksrh gSA os Hkh fiDpj ds

uk;d dh rjg O;ogkj djuk pkgrs gSaA vHkh dqN o’kZ iwoZ v[kckjksa esa i<+us dks

feyk Fkk fd ^^,d fd”kksj us cSad esa ?kqldj] mlds ykWdj ds rkys rksM+dj iSls

fudkysA exj mlus ykWdj ds rkys fdl izdkj rksM+s ;g foLe; dh ckr gSA

fd”kksj ckyd us ykWdj ds rkys fcYdqy gh fQYeh vankt esa rksM+sA og rkys ij

gFkkSM+k rHkh ekjrk tc ?kaVk dh ?kM+h jkf= 1] 2] 3] ctkrh vkSj mlls vkokt

fudyrhA ?kM+h dh vkokt vkSj gFkkSM+s dh vkokt nksuksa gh fey tkrsA bl ckr

dh Hkud ogk¡ ckgj rSukr xkMZ rd dks Hkh ugha yx ikbZA ml fd”kksj ckyd us

Lo;a gh cSad MdSrh ds ckn iqfyl ds le{k vkRe&leiZ.k dj fn;k rFkk ;g

crk;k fd mlus ,d fQYe esa blh rjg ls cSad ds ykWdj ds rkys rksM+rs gq, ns[kk

gSA vr% Li’V gS fd xanh fQYesa fdl gn rd fd”kksj ds eu esa Nki NksM+rh gSaA

¼ii½ v”yhy lkfgR; ¼Ill Literature½ & ckyd ds dksey

eu&efLr’d ij v”yhy fQYeksa ds lkFk gh v”yhy lkfgR; dk Hkh cqjk izHkko

iM+rk gSA vDlj fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;k¡ v”yhy lkfgR; dks i<+rs gSa vkSj viuk

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euksjatu djrs gS aA ;s v”yhy lkfgR; xans fp=ksa] fgald okjnkrksa] ;kSu&lEcU/kksa ls

Hkjs iM+s gksrs gSaA vr% ckyd tc bl izdkj ds xans fp=ksa dks ns[krk gS rFkk i<+rk

gS rc muds Hkhrj Hkh dqN ,slh gh djus dh ykylk izdV gks tkrh gS vkSjos

vijk/k dh nqfu;k esa viuk dne j[k nsrs gSaA blfy, ckyd dks xans lkfgR; dks

i<+us ls jksduk pkfg,A

¼iii½ ik”pkR; laLÑfr ds izfr vkd’kZ.k ¼Attraction Towards

Western Culture½ & orZeku esa fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;k¡ ik”pkR; laLÑfr] muds

os”k&Hkw’kk] igukos vkfn dks vk¡[k ew¡ndj viukus yxs gSaA os Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds

ewY;ksa] ekU;rkvksa] ijEijkvksa] fo”oklksa ,oa jhfr&fjoktksa ij Hk;adj izgkj djrs gSaA

muds eu esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izfr dksbZ yxko ugha gS] dksbZ pkgr ugha gS] vr%

os bldh vkykspuk djrs gSaA igys Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa “kknh ls iwoZ ySafxd lgokl

fd;k tkuk fcYdqy gh [kjkc ekuk tkrk FkkA ijUrq orZeku esa] fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;k¡

bls xyr ugha ekurh gSa rFkk os “kknh iwoZ dsoy euksjatu ds fy, ;kSu laHkksx dks

vPNk ekurh gSa] tks ik”pkR; laLÑfr dh gh nsu gSA blh izdkj fd”kksj&fd”kksfj;k¡

“kjhj ls fcYdqy gh lVs o fpids gq, oL= iguuk ilan djus yxs gSa] ftlesa

muds vaxksa dk mHkkj Li’V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fd”kksfj;k¡ pVd jaxksa dh

Vh&”kVZ rFkk dUVªkLV jax ds thUl iSaV iguus yxh gSaA blls muds cnu dk

,d&,d vax ckgj dh vksj >kadrk utj vkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn dksbZ ,slh

?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr Hkh gks tk,¡ rks dksbZ vk”p;Z dh ckr ugha gksxhA D;ksafd yM+fd;k¡

Lo;a gh vijk/k djus ds fy, vijkf/k;ksa dks [kqyk vkea=.k nsrh gSaA blfy, gesa

viuh laLÑfr dks viukdj] Hkkjrh; os”kHkw’kk /kkj.k dj “kkyhu oL= iguus pkfg,

rFkk vijk/k dh vksj izoÙk gksus ls cpuk pkfg,A

¼iv½ lkekftd ewY;ksa esa varj ¼Differences in Social

Values½ & ckydksa dks ?kj&ifjokj esa rFkk Ldwy esa >wB u cksyuk] pksjh ugha

djuk] lsok dk;Z djuk vkfn vkn”kZ ckrsa fl[kk;h tkrh gSaA exj og lekt esa

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blds Bhd foijhr gksrs ns[krk gSA vr% og Hkzfer gks tkrk gS rFkk lksprk gS fd

>wB cksyus ls viuk dke vklkuh ls fudy tkrk gS] tcfd lp cksyus ls dke

vVd tkrk gSA vr% ckyd >wB cksyuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gS vkSj ;gha ls og vijk/k

dh nqfu;k esa dne j[kuk “kq: dj nsrk gS] tgk¡ ls ykSVdj vkuk vklku ugha

gksrkA