sodium butyrate in broiler

Sodium Butyrate in Broiler

Contents

Host defense peptides HDPs. Host defense peptides HDP and sodium butyrate. Trophic effect of sodium butyrate. Antibacterial effect of sodium butyrate. Other effects of sodium butyrate.

Contents

Host defense peptides HDPs Host defense peptides HDP and sodium butyrate Trophic effect of sodium butyrate Antibacterial effect of sodium butyrate Other effects of sodium butyrate

What is Host Defense Peptides HDPs?

Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are present in all species and constitute a critical component of the innate immunity.

Cont. …

There are two major families of HDPs in vertebrates;1. Defensins 2. Cathelicidins

The chicken genome was recently found to encode a total of;1) 14 b-defensins known as AvBD1-14 2) 4 cathelicidins, namely fowlicidins 1–3 and cathelicidin-

B1.

Cont. …

In chicken, AvBDs and cathelicidins are expressed in a wide range of tissues; – Bdefensins in liver , digestive, respiratory, and reproductive

tracts.– Cathelicidins in bone marrow or bursa.

Therapeutic Effects Of Host Defense Peptides

1. Antimicrobial effect2. Immune stimulatory effect

Host Defense Peptides Antimicrobial Activities

HDPs possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against:1. Bacteria2. Protozoa3. Enveloped virus4. Fungi

mainly through direct binding and lysis of microbial membranes.

Cont. …

Because of such physical interactions, it is extremely difficult for pathogens to develop resistance to HDPs.

Many chicken HDPs have been found to possess potent antibacterial activities against a broad range of bacteria including Salmonella.

Host Defense Peptides Immune Stimulation

HDPs have a strong capacity to modulate the innate immune response by inducing chemotaxis and activation of various types of leukocytes.

Host Defense Peptides

Because of these pleiotropic effects, HDPs have been actively explored as a new class of therapeutic agents against antibiotic-resistant microbes and other inflammatory diseases.

Contents

Host Defense Peptides HDPs Host Defense Peptides HDP and Sodium Butyrate Trophic Effect Of Sodium Butyrate Antibacterial Effect Of Sodium Butyrate Other effects Of Sodium Butyrate

In Vivo Induction OfThe Avbd9 Gene Expression In The Intestinal Tract Of Chickens By Butyrate

Sodium Butyrate and HDPs

Butyrate, a major species of short-chain fatty acids produced by bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the intestine, was recently found to be capable of inducing HDP expression in humans, rabbits and poultry.

Study Design

Birds profile:Two-day-old male Cornish Rock broilers TreatmentFeed with standard ration with or without supplementation of 0.1% and 0.2% butyrate for 2 days.Evaluation: Crop, cecal tonsil and cecum were collected from each bird and the AvBD9 gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR.

Reduction of the S. enteritidis titer in the cecal contents of chickens following oral supplementation of butyrate

Study Objective

To examine the effect of supplementing butyrate in the feed on the titer of Salmonella enteritidis in the cecum following experimental infections.

Study Design

Birds profile:20-day old male broilers were equally divided into two groups, each of 10.

TreatmentFeed with a standard antibiotic-free diet mixed with and without 0.2% sodium butyrate for 2 days.

Cont. …

ChallengeBirds were then inoculated with 1X10 log 6 CFU of S. enteritidis phage type 13a and continued with butyrate feeding for another 4 days.

EvaluationThe S. enteritidis titer in the cecal content was quantitated from each bird by serial plating on Brilliant Green agar plates containing 20 mg/ml nalidixic acid.

Study Design

This trial was similarly conducted with an additional group of 10 broilers fed with 0.1% butyrate.

Each dot represents the bacterial titer from a bird and the solid line represents the median value of each treatment.

Brackets indicate the statistical significance of differences

Contents

Host Defense Peptides HDPs Host Defense Peptides HDP and Sodium Butyrate Trophic Effect Of Sodium Butyrate Antibacterial Effect Of Sodium Butyrate Other effects Of Sodium Butyrate

Trophic Effect Of Sodium Butyrate

Sodium butyrate is a preferred source of energy for the enterocytes.

This will result in:1. Better development of the intestinal villi. 2. Stronger gut lining.

Study Design

Trial ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate on digestibility of a corn-soya diet, as well as villi development.Birds ProfileA total of 750 Cobb 400 one day old broiler chickens.Treatments

Cont. …

The trial evaluated 3 treatments: 1. Control (no additives)2. 0.5 kg/t of Product X (92% sodium butyrate) 3. 1 kg/t of Product X.

Evaluations4. The digestible energy of the diet 5. The digestibility of the protein 6. The lengths and widths of the villis

Digestibility of Energy

Energy kcal/kg

3,105

3,264 3,285

Digestibility of EnergyControl Product X 0.5g/kg Product X 1.0g/kg

Protein Digestibility

Protein Digestability

65%

66%

68%

Protein DigestibilityControl Product X 0.5g/kg Product X 1.0g/kg

Villi Length 21 Days Old mm


0.98

1.52

1.24

Villi Length 21 Days Old mmControl Product X 0.5g/kg Gustor 1.0g/kg



0.94

1.31

1.12

Villi Length 42 Days Old mmControl Product X 0.5g/kg Gustor 1.0g/kg

Villi Width 21 Days Old µm


224.70260.80

197.70

Villi Width 21 Days Old µmControl Product X 0.5g/kg Gustor 1.0g/kg



138.50

314.20 317.20

Villi Width 42 Days Old µmControl Product X 0.5g/kg Gustor 1.0g/kg

Conclusion

The digestible energy of the diet and the digestibility of the protein were significantly improved by the addition of sodium butyrate.

The lengths and widths of the villi were also positively affected by the addition of butyrate in the diet.

From this trial and previous research, it was concluded that inclusion of butyrate in the diet improves the digestibility of energy and protein by increasing intestinal absorption surface

Contents


VFAAntibacterial Effect

It has been demonstrated that VFAs can inhibit the growth of bacteria of the group of Enterobacteriaceae (Salmonella, Escherichia coli …).

Mechanism of action This is because the undissociated form of these acids can

freely diffuse across the bacterial membrane. Once inside the cytoplasm of the bacteria, the acid

dissociates, thus releasing free hydrogen ion and reducing the pH, which causes internal cell damage.

Butyric Acid

In this respect, butyric acid performs very well.

Hume et al. (1993) showed that butyric acid has a higher diffusion coefficient than other acids with a shorter chain, which allows it to pass through the bacterial membrane more easily.

Galfi and Neogradi (1995) found that the concentration of butyrate required to reduce the growth of E. coli by 50% is much lower than the concentration of the other volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate.

Butyric Acid Vs Other Fatty Acids

Van Immerseel (2004) observed that butyric acid was the most effective acid to help controlling Salmonella enteritidis in broilers after a challenge.

Number of colony forming units (CFU) per gram of ceca at day 8 after hatch of chickens orally inoculated with 1,000 CFU Salmonella enteritidis at days 5 and 6 and given feed supplemented with different organic acids (Adapted from Van Immersel, 2004)

Butyric AcidSelective Action

It should be also noted that the antibacterial effect of butyrate is selective.

For instance, in 1990, Galfi and Bokori demonstrated that butyric acid favors the development of lactic flora which competes against the enteropathogenic one (Clostridia, E. coli, Coccidiae…).

Butyric AcidCoccidia

Leeson et al. (2005) also observed that birds receiving butyric acid before coccidial oocyte challenge showed higher weight gain following the challenge compared with birds that received a control feed.

Butyric AcidSalmonella

One very unique feature of butyric acid is its ability to negatively affect the virulence of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella.

Cont. …

To infect an animal host, Salmonella must penetrate the intestinal epithelial barrier.

This very important step is called invasive phase and requires specific genes inside the bacterium.

The invasion genes are located on the so-called “pathogenicity island” and are encoding some regulatory proteins, some structural components of a needle complex, plus some effector proteins, which make possible the entry of Salmonella into the epithelial cells.

Cont. …

The pathogenicity island itself is activated by another protein called HilA, which can be environmentally regulated.

Different publications have shown that butyrate and propionate can reduce the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Enteritidis, whereas other acids such as acetic or formic are actually promoting the invasion of epithelium cells by the bacteria (Durant et al., 2000 - Van Immerseel et al., 2003 - Lawhon et al., 2005 - Gantois et al., 2006 - Huang et al., 2008).

Cont. …

The exact mode of action of butyrate in the bacterial cell is still unknown but it seems it can interfere with the genetic expression and results in a down regulation of the pathogenicity island, regulating the invasive phenotypes of Salmonella.

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Other effects Of Sodium Butyrate

1. Stimulation of Pancreatic Secretions Although other organic acids also produced this effect,

butyrate seems to be the one that causes the greatest stimulation of pancreatic secretions.

Katoh and Tsudo (1984) observed that the injection of sodium butyrate in pigs resulted in greater stimulation of pancreatic fluid secretion and increased amylase secretion.

Cont. …

Katoh et al. (1989) demonstrated that intravenous injection of sodium butyrate in calves resulted in a higher secretion of pancreatic juice and greater release of proteins (particularly amylase) when compared to acetate and propionate.

Cont. …

2. Stimulation of Insulin Secretions Sano et al. (1995) also observed that the administration of

butyrate caused an increase in the plasmatic levels of insulin, which normally results in higher amount of energy and proteins deposited in the animal tissues.

Cont. …

3. Improves Absorption Of Electrolytes Sodium butyrate also improves the absorption of

electrolytes and reduces the incidence of diarrhoea (Galfi, 1989).

sodium butyrate in broiler

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