“soft” shoreline stabilization optionshudson river estuary hudson river estuary alternatives

8/11/2019 Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsHudson River Estuary Hudson River Estuary Alternatives

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Soft Shoreline Stabilization OptionsSoft Shoreline Stabilization Options

Hudson River EstuaryHudson River EstuaryAlternativesAlternatives

Literature review of softLiterature review of softstabilization techniquesstabilization techniques

Qualitative assessment ofQualitative assessment ofavailable soft stabilizationavailable soft stabilizationtechniquestechniques

RecommendedRecommendedtechniques applicable totechniques applicable tothe Hudson River Estuarythe Hudson River Estuary

Project Objectives

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

Databases accessed:Databases accessed:

IngentaIngenta

EBSCOHostEBSCOHost

Scientific ResearchScientific Research

IlluminaIllumina

Engineering VillageEngineering Village

USACEUSACE

ASCEASCE

NRCSNRCS

References sources:References sources: InternetInternet

University ofUniversity ofMassachusetts,Massachusetts,

AmherstAmherst

Pennsylvania StatePennsylvania StateUniversityUniversity

Literature ReviewLiterature Review

Keywords for database searches:Keywords for database searches:

River restorationRiver restoration

River bioengineeringRiver bioengineering

Soil bioengineeringSoil bioengineering

StreambankStreambank stabilizationstabilization

BiotechnicalBiotechnical streambankstreambank stabilizationstabilization

Ecological river restorationEcological river restoration

Estuarine river restorationEstuarine river restoration


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Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewSubstantial information found from:Substantial information found from:

FISRWG 1998FISRWG 1998 -- Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,Processes and PracticesProcesses and Practices. The Federal Interagency Stream. The Federal Interagency StreamRestoration Working Group, ISBNRestoration Working Group, ISBN--00--934213934213--5959--3.3.

USDA NRCS 1996USDA NRCS 1996 -- Chapter 16,Chapter 16, StreambankStreambank and Shorelineand ShorelineProtection.Protection. Engineering Field Handbook, USDA Natural ResourcesEngineering Field Handbook, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service, Aberdeen, ID.Conservation Service, Aberdeen, ID.

GSWCC 2000GSWCC 2000 -- Guidelines forGuidelines for StreambankStreambank Restoration.Restoration. (Revised(RevisedMarch/2000). Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission.March/2000). Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission.

Allen and Leech 1997Allen and Leech 1997 -- Bioengineering forBioengineering for StreambankStreambank ErosionErosionControlControl -- Report 1, Guidelines,Report 1, Guidelines, Technical Report ELTechnical Report EL--9797--8. U.S.8. U.S.Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, MS.Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Literature ReviewLiterature Review Gray andGray and SotirSotir19961996 -- Biotechnical and soil bioengineering slopeBiotechnical and soil bioengineering slope

stabilization: A practical guide for erosion controlstabilization: A practical guide for erosion control. A Wiley. A Wiley--InterscienceInterscience Publication, New York, New York.Publication, New York, New York.

SchiechtlSchiechtl 19801980 -- Bioengineering for Land Reclamation andBioengineering for Land Reclamation andConservation.Conservation. The University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.The University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.

SchiechtlSchiechtl and Stern 1997and Stern 1997 -- Water Bioengineering Techniques forWater Bioengineering Techniques forWatercourse, Bank and Shoreline Protection.Watercourse, Bank and Shoreline Protection. Blackwell Science,Blackwell Science,KlosterneuburgKlosterneuburg, Austria, Austria

LandphairLandphairand Li 2002and Li 2002 -- Biotechnical engineering as an alternative toBiotechnical engineering as an alternative totraditional engineering methods, A biotechnicaltraditional engineering methods, A biotechnical streambankstreambankstabilization design approach.stabilization design approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 60Landscape and Urban Planning 60(2002) 225(2002) 225242. Texas Transportation Institute.242. Texas Transportation Institute.

Various U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVarious U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development CenterTechnical ReportsTechnical Reports

Available Soft ShorelineAvailable Soft ShorelineStabilization TechniquesStabilization Techniques

Live StakesLive Stakes

WattlingWattling or Live Fascinesor Live Fascines

Brush layeringBrush layering

Branch packingBranch packing

VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids

LiveLive CribwallCribwall

Live GratingLive Grating

Joint PlantingJoint Planting

Available Soft ShorelineAvailable Soft ShorelineStabilization TechniquesStabilization Techniques

Brush MattressBrush Mattress

Tree RevetmentTree Revetment

Log andLog and RootwadRootwad RevetmentRevetment

Dormant Post PlantingDormant Post Planting

Coconut Fiber Rolls, Jute Logs,Coconut Fiber Rolls, Jute Logs,

Coir RollsCoir Rolls

Vegetative Rock GabionsVegetative Rock Gabions


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Live StakesLive Stakes (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Live StakesLive Stakes(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)

Live FascinesLive Fascines (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Live FascinesLive Fascines((source:source: SotirSotirandand FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)


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Brush LayeringBrush Layering (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Branch PackingBranch Packing (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)

Branch PackingBranch Packing(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)

VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids (source Texas DOT)(source Texas DOT)


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VegetatedVegetated GeogridsGeogrids(source:(source: SotirSotirandand FischenichFischenich 2003)2003)

Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)

Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)

Live GratingLive Grating(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)


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Joint PlantingJoint Planting (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Joint PlantingJoint Planting(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)

Naturally occurring along Hudson River Shoreline (source: D. MilNaturally occurring along Hudson River Shoreline (source: D. Mil ler)ler)

Brush MattressBrush Mattress (source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT) Brush MattressBrush Mattress(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)


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Dormant Post PlantingsDormant Post Plantings(source: Texas DOT)(source: Texas DOT)

Dormant Post PlantingsDormant Post Plantings

Source: USDA Engineering FieldSource: USDA Engineering Field

Handbook 1996Handbook 1996

Source: Hoag 2000Source: Hoag 2000

Coconut Fiber RollCoconut Fiber Roll(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)

Coconut Fiber RollCoconut Fiber Roll(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)(source: USDA Engineering Field Handbook 1996)


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source: USDA Engineering Fieldsource: USDA Engineering FieldHandbook 1996Handbook 1996


Source: Freeman andSource: Freeman and FischenichFischenich 20002000

source:source: FischenichFischenich and Allen 2000and Allen 2000

Criteria for Screening AlternativesCriteria for Screening Alternatives

Available stabilization techniques were reviewedAvailable stabilization techniques were reviewedfor applicability to the Hudson River Estuaryfor applicability to the Hudson River Estuary

Techniques with stabilization properties greaterTechniques with stabilization properties greaterthan 6 inch diameter riprap were selectedthan 6 inch diameter riprap were selectedpotential application.potential application.

Riprap size chosen to represent low end of existingRiprap size chosen to represent low end of existingstabilization measures on the Hudson River Estuarystabilization measures on the Hudson River Estuary

Stabilization qualities for 6 inch diameter riprap:Stabilization qualities for 6 inch diameter riprap:

Permissible shear stress =Permissible shear stress = 2.5 lb/ft2.5 lb/ft22

Permissible Velocity =Permissible Velocity = 55--10 ft/sec10 ft/sec

Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options(source:(source: FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)

8-218Fully vegetated

7.5-154.0-6.0Partially vegetated

5-73UnvegetatedNon-Degradable

RECPs

3-42.25Coconut fiber with net

1-31.5-1.65Straw net

1-2.50.45Jute netTemporary Rolled

Erosion Control

Products (RECPs)

N/A0.41-2.5Hardwood tree plantings

N/A0.1-0.6Reed plantings

Permissible

Velocity

(ft/sec)

Permissible

Shear Stress

(lb/ft2)Boundary TypeBoundary Category


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Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options(source:(source: FischenichFischenich 2001)2001)

>1812.5Concrete14-1910Gabions

Hard Surfacing

3-102.10-3.10Live willow stakes

6-81.25-3.10Live fascine

120.4-6.25Brush Layering (initial/grown)

123.90-8.2Live brush mattress

(grown)

40.4-4.1Live brush mattress (initial)

9.54-8Vegetated coir mat

83-5Coir roll

50.6-1.25Reed fascine

30.2-1.0WattlesSoil Bioengineering

12-167.618 inch D50

5-102.56 inch D50Riprap

Permissible

Velocity (ft/sec)

Permissible

Shear Stress

(lb/ft2)Boundary TypeBoundary Category

Qualitative Screening of OptionsQualitative Screening of Options

Based on information presented in the previousBased on information presented in the previoustable and other literature, soft stabilizationtable and other literature, soft stabilizationtechniques considered to be applicable fortechniques considered to be applicable forthe Hudson River Estuary are:the Hudson River Estuary are:

VegetativeVegetative GeogridsGeogrids

Live Crib WallLive Crib Wall

Joint PlantingsJoint Plantings

Brush MattressesBrush Mattresses


Vegetation for StabilizationVegetation for Stabilization

Most common and costMost common and cost--effective method toeffective method toestablish vegetation utilize dormant, nonestablish vegetation utilize dormant, non--rootedrootedcuttingscuttings

Benefits of cuttings:Benefits of cuttings:

Stability when exposed to high water velocitiesStability when exposed to high water velocities

Ability to plant where water table is deeper thanAbility to plant where water table is deeper than1 ft1 ft

Lower costs than traditional bare root orLower costs than traditional bare root orcontainer nursery stockcontainer nursery stock

Typical Vegetation for StabilizationTypical Vegetation for Stabilization

Woody plant families most commonly referencedWoody plant families most commonly referencedin the literature include:in the literature include:

WillowsWillows

Dogwoods andDogwoods and

ViburnumsViburnums

These species (especially willows) propagate rootsThese species (especially willows) propagate rootseasily from cuttingseasily from cuttings

Native species should be usedNative species should be used


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Planting CautionsPlanting Cautions

Monitoring after installing plantings should be doneMonitoring after installing plantings should be doneto control invasive plants.to control invasive plants.

Common invasive plants include:Common invasive plants include:

Purple loosestrife (Purple loosestrife (LythrumLythrum salicariasalicaria)) Japanese Knotweed (Japanese Knotweed (PolygonumPolygonum cuspidatumcuspidatum))

Invasive aquatic plants common to the HudsonInvasive aquatic plants common to the Hudsonare:are:

Common Reed (Common Reed (PhragmitesPhragmites australisaustralis)) Water chestnutWater chestnut ((TrapaTrapa natansnatans))

EurasianEurasian

watermilfoilwatermilfoil

((MyriophyllumMyriophyllum

spicatumspicatum

))

Other Invasive SpeciesOther Invasive Species

Tree-of-heaven(Ailanthus altissima)

Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)

Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)

Honeysuckles (non-native shrub species)

Garlic mustard (Allaria petiolata)

Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

Black swallow-wort(Cynanchum nigram and

Cynanchum rossicum)

Asiactic bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)

Vegetation SelectionVegetation Selection

Criteria:Criteria: Native plantsNative plants

Readily availableReadily available

Roots easily from cuttingRoots easily from cutting

Rapid growth rateRapid growth rate

Spread potentialSpread potential

Salinity tolerance (lower regions of the estuary)Salinity tolerance (lower regions of the estuary)

Flood toleranceFlood tolerance

CostCost

Low maintenanceLow maintenance

Published Cost DataPublished Cost Data

Freeman and

Fischenich 2000

$176 527 per cubic yard of

protection

Vegetated Rock

Gabions

Allen and Fischenich

2000$3 - 14 per square footBrush Mattress

Gray and Sotir 1996$1 5 per square foot2Joint Planting

Gray and Sotir 1996$13-33 per square footLive Cribwall

Sotir and Fischenich

2003$16 - 37 per square footVegetated Geogrids

ReferenceUnit Capital Costs

Stabilization

Techniques

Notes:

For comparison, costs were adjusted to 2005 present day $

Joint planting costs do not include riprap and assumes 4 cuttings/SY


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“soft” shoreline stabilization optionshudson river estuary hudson river estuary alternatives

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