software specification and architecture...

Software Specification and Architecture 2IW80Julien Schmaltz

Recapitulation Session

2

Exam

» April 12.04.2016 09:00 — 12:00 » Location: check OASE

» Part I. 40 multiple choice questions (4 options) » 1 point if correct answer » 0 point if incorrect answer » should not take more than 45 minutes » test knowledge - you know it or you don’t (not much thinking)

» Part II. Four exercises (20 each) » choose 3 » if all 4, best 3 will be used for grading » each exercise should not take more than 45 minutes each » require some analysis, thinking, modelling, formalising effort » test “competences”, you can apply knowledge or you cannot

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Old exams

» The examination of last year will be available on the course web site soon

» Note that this year edition is different » no deployment, timing, and package diagrams » different approach to requirements » the remainder of UML is the same » no Event-B » but LTL, TA, and UPPAAL » no variability and no product lines » the remainder of architecture is similar

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Multiple choice question (0)

» Consider the following requirement:

» Which one of the solution below is a correct characterisation of this requirement according to the structured syntax

[Subject][Action][Object][Constraint]

» a.

» b.

» c.

» d.

The invoice system , shall display pending customer invoices in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid.

The invoice system [Object], shall display [Constraint] pending customer invoices [Subject] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Subject].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Action] pending customer invoices [Object] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Constraint].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Action] pending customer invoices [Constraint] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Object].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Constraint] pending customer invoices [Object] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Action].

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» Consider the following requirement:

» Which one of the solution below is a correct characterisation of this requirement according to the structured syntax

[Subject][Action][Object][Constraint]

» a.

» b.

» c.

» d.

The invoice system , shall display pending customer invoices in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid.

The invoice system [Object], shall display [Constraint] pending customer invoices [Subject] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Subject].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Action] pending customer invoices [Object] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Constraint].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Action] pending customer invoices [Constraint] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Object].

The invoice system [Subject], shall display [Constraint] pending customer invoices [Object] in ascending order in which invoices are to be paid [Action].

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Class diagram on the left states that a) A is a generalization of B b) A is a composition of B c) B is an implementation of A d) The class diagram is syntactically

incorrect

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A

B

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Class diagram on the left states that a) A is a generalization of B b) A is a composition of B c) B is an implementation of A d) The class diagram is syntactically

incorrect

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A

B

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Which of the following statements are not enforced by the sequence diagram?

a) m1 is received before m2 is sent b) m2 is received before m3 is sent c) m1 is sent before m2 is sent d) m2 is sent before m3 is sent

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Which of the following statements are not enforced by the sequence diagram?

a) m1 is received before m2 is sent b) m2 is received before m3 is sent c) m1 is sent before m2 is sent d) m2 is sent before m3 is sent

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The method occupy should be implemented in a) HireForm b) Person c) Position d) not enough

information in the diagram

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The method occupy should be implemented in a) HireForm b) Person c) Position d) not enough

information in the diagram

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Actor E is associated with activities

a) A b) B c) C d) B and C

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D

E

A

B C«include»-End1

*

-End2

*

-End3

*

-End4

*

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Actor E is associated with activities

a) A b) B c) C d) B and C

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D

E

A

B C«include»-End1

*

-End2

*

-End3

*

-End4

*

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Let Withdraw Cash, Balance Lookup and Debit Account be use cases corresponding to the diagram above. Which one of the following use case diagrams is correct?

1426/03/15http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/content/RationalEdge/feb04/3101_figure11.jpg

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash

<<include>>Balance Lookup

<<extend>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash

<<include>>

Balance Lookup

<<extend>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash

<<extend>>Balance Lookup

<<include>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash


<<include>>

A B C D

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Let Withdraw Cash, Balance Lookup and Debit Account be use cases corresponding to the diagram above. Which one of the following use case diagrams is correct?

1526/03/15http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/content/RationalEdge/feb04/3101_figure11.jpg

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash

<<include>>Balance Lookup

<<extend>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash

<<include>>

Balance Lookup

<<extend>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash


<<include>>

Debit Account

Withdraw Cash


<<include>>

A B C D

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UML state machines: example

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a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4

09/02/15Example due to Ivanov and Novikov

Consider the state machine blow. Which state is reached after the event sequence: e1, e2, e2,e1?

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a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4


Consider the state machine blow. Which state is reached after the event sequence: e1, e2, e2,e1?

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UML activity diagram: summary

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Graphical representation DescriptionAction action with three inputs

Control flow start / stop markers

decision, merge

fork / join

Signals incoming (accept), outgoing (send), time-based

Interrupts interruptible activity region, interrupting edge

Subactivity activity with input/output parameters, activity invocation

Collection expansion region

Send invoice

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2026/03/15

• Dr. Smith is grading students’ exam papers. How would you model her grading process?

Grade paper Grade paper Grade paperGrade paper

a) b) d)c)

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• Dr. Smith is grading students’ exam papers. How would you model her grading process?

Grade paper Grade paper Grade paperGrade paper

a) b) d)c)

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A B

C

In the activity diagram below, which one of the executions (to completion) is not possible?

a) A and B complete, then C completes twice. b) A completes then C completes. B starts but is killed. c) B completes then C completes. A starts but is killed. d) A and B complete, C completes once.

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A B

C

In the activity diagram below, which one of the executions (to completion) is not possible?

a) A and B complete, then C completes twice.b) A completes then C completes. B starts but is killed. c) B completes then C completes. A starts but is killed. d) A and B complete, C completes once.

8-Mar-16 Lukkien & Mak, {j.j.lukkien,r.h.mak}@tue.nl TU/e Computer Science, System Architecture and Networking

Logical View

end users functionality

Development View

Process View

Deployment View

programmers software management

system engineers topology, communication

system integrators performance, scalability

Scenarios

Kruchten viewpoints

4+1 View Model [Kruchten 95] 39

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Which stakeholders are addressed by the logical view of Kruchten:

a) End users b) Programmers c) System integrators d) System engineers

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Which stakeholders are addressed by the logical view of Kruchten:

a) End usersb) Programmers c) System integrators d) System engineers

Architectural styles • Data flow styles

• Batch sequential • Pipes & Filters

• Layered styles • Layering • Virtual machine • Interpreter

• Independent components • Client-Server • Peer to Peer • SOA (service oriented arch) • REST

8-Mar-16 Rudolf Mak TU/e Computer Science 2IMN10-AS 6

• Event-based • Publish & subscribe, broker • Whiteboard

• Data-centered • Blackboard, • Databases (SQL, NoSql) • Model-View-Controller • Rule-based

• Other • Mobile agents – Tuple spaces – ROA (resource oriented)

Classification varies widely amongst various authors

8-Mar-16 Johan J. Lukkien, [email protected] TU/e Informatica, System Architecture and Networking

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Blackboard style • Motivation:

– different tasks on same state (data set ) – current state is result of (serialized)

operations of different tasks – tasks are coupled only through the shared

state; communicating partners do not know each other

• Vocabulary – blackboard, knowledge sources, control

component, data space – (‘knowledge-source’ derived from the

envisaged domain of problem solving)

• Rules – Blackboard (data space):

• contains all state • is passive

– Control • transfers control among KS’s • conflict resolution

– Knowledge source • algorithms for state adjustment • generation of new data • don’t know each other

• Structure: – knowledge sources access

blackboard under control of Control

• Typical behavior – KS’s register with Control – Repeatedly, Control

determines enabled KSs’, selects and calls one to execute

• Metaphore – several people solving a

problem jointly, by writing on a blackboard

picture from Internet

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Read the following text and replace XXX with one of the answers:

Virtual communities, like any community of people, often have trouble regulating their participants. This project’s approach includes the design and implementation of an agent-based system written in Java that helps facilitate and regulate online social spaces appropriately and also helps maintain a pleasurable environment for users. The system comprises of a number of agents that work collaboratively through a XXX architecture. Each agent looks for a specific problem, and new agents can be built and added to the system as required. This system as a whole is not designed to completely eliminate the need for human regulator, but rather to help reduce human intervention in regulating online communities.

a) publish-subscribe b) client-server c) pipe-and-filter d) blackboard

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http://kevinnam.com/?page_id=175

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Read the following text and replace XXX with one of the answers:

Virtual communities, like any community of people, often have trouble regulating their participants. This project’s approach includes the design and implementation of an agent-based system written in Java that helps facilitate and regulate online social spaces appropriately and also helps maintain a pleasurable environment for users. The system comprises of a number of agents that work collaboratively through a XXX architecture. Each agent looks for a specific problem, and new agents can be built and added to the system as required. This system as a whole is not designed to completely eliminate the need for human regulator, but rather to help reduce human intervention in regulating online communities.

a) publish-subscribe b) client-server c) pipe-and-filter d) blackboard

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http://kevinnam.com/?page_id=175

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Viewpoints and views

• Viewpoint a way of looking at a system from the position of a certain stakeholder with a particular concern

• defines creation, depiction and analysis of a view • language, used models, notation, methods, analysis techniques

• View: whatever you see in a system from a particular viewpoint • collection of system models • conforming to the viewpoint

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Which of the following statements from the following list are not correct? a) using viewpoints the architects can separate out

different kinds of information b) the need to maintain multiple views describing a

software system as well as consistency between those views hinders maintenance of the architecture documentation

c) pipe-and-filter architectural style can be considered as a structural viewpoint

d) according to IEEE Std. 42010-2011 viewpoint can exist without stakeholders.

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/ SET / W&I


Which of the following statements from the following list are not correct? a) using viewpoints the architects can separate out

different kinds of information b) the need to maintain multiple views describing a

software system as well as consistency between those views hinders maintenance of the architecture documentation

c) pipe-and-filter architectural style can be considered as a structural viewpoint

d) according to IEEE Std. 42010-2011 viewpoint can exist without stakeholders.

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Rozanski and Woods have identified a concurrency viewpoint: describes the concurrency structure of the system and maps functional elements to concurrency units to clearly identify the parts of the system that can execute concurrently and how this is coordinated and controlled. This entails the creation of models that show the process and thread structures that the system will use and the interprocess communication mechanisms used to coordinate their operation.

Which one of the Kruchten’s 4+1 views addresses this concern a) Process view b) Logical view c) Scenarios d) None of the above

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/ SET / W&I


Rozanski and Woods have identified a concurrency viewpoint: describes the concurrency structure of the system and maps functional elements to concurrency units to clearly identify the parts of the system that can execute concurrently and how this is coordinated and controlled. This entails the creation of models that show the process and thread structures that the system will use and the interprocess communication mechanisms used to coordinate their operation.

Which one of the Kruchten’s 4+1 views addresses this concern a) Process view b) Logical view c) Scenarios d) None of the above

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» The formula a U (b U c) is equivalent to (a U b) U c

» a) This statement is not true. » b) This statement is true » c) This statement is true only when b does not contain an until » d) This statement is false only when b does not contain an until

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» The formula a U (b U c) is equivalent to (a U b) U c

» a) This statement is not true. » b) This statement is true » c) This statement is true only when b does not contain an until » d) This statement is false only when b does not contain an until

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» Consider a traffic light. When the light is green, the traffic must proceed in sequence with first be yellow before becoming red. Which of the following LTL formulas best formalise this statement?

» a) green implies green U (yellow U red) » b) green implies X (green U (yellow U red)) » c) green U (yellow U red) » d) green implies X green U (yellow /\ yellow U red)

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» Consider a traffic light. When the light is green, the traffic must proceed in sequence with first be yellow before becoming red. Which of the following LTL formulas best formalise this statement?

» a) green implies green U (yellow U red) » b) green implies X (green U (yellow U red)) » c) green U (yellow U red) » d) green implies X green U (yellow /\ yellow U red)

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» Consider a sender and a receiver component connected by a handshake protocol with request and acknowledgment. The sender first emits a request. It then waits for the receiver to produce the acknowledgment. Which one of the following LTL properties formalise the statement “all requests are eventually acknowledged”?

» a) G (req U ack) » b) G (req implies F ack) » c) G (req U ack) » d) req U (F ack)

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» Consider a sender and a receiver component connected by a handshake protocol with request and acknowledgment. The sender first emits a request. It then waits for the receiver to produce the acknowledgment. Which one of the following LTL properties formalise the statement “all requests are eventually acknowledged”?

» a) G (req U ack) » b) G (req implies F ack) » c) G (req U ack) » d) req U (F ack)

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Multiple choice questions (16)

{a}

Which one of the following LTL properties is satisfied by the LTS below?

a. G a b. FG a c. F b d. GF a

{b}

{b}

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Multiple choice questions (16)

{a}

Which one of the following LTL properties is satisfied by the LTS below?

a. G a b. FG a c. F bd. GF a

{b}

{b}

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» Which statement about Timed Automata is true?

» a) Time convergent sequences are flaws in model. » b) Time convergent sequences come from zeno paths. » c) Time convergent sequences cannot be avoided. » d) Time convergent sequences are only present in models with

timelocks

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» a) Time convergent sequences are flaws in model. » b) Time convergent sequences come from zeno paths. » c) Time convergent sequences cannot be avoided. » d) Time convergent sequences are only present in models with

timelocks

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» a) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no time divergent sequences starting from s.

» b) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no time convergent sequences starting from s

» c) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no zeno path starting from state s.

» d) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there are no infinite sequences starting from state s.

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» a) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no time divergent sequences starting from s.

» b) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no time convergent sequences starting from s

» c) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there is no zeno path starting from state s.

» d) A Timed Automaton has a timelock in state s if and only if there are no infinite sequences starting from state s.

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Exam

» April 12.04.2016 09:00 — 12:00 » Location: check OASE

» Part I. 40 multiple choice questions (4 options) » 1 point if correct answer » 0 point if incorrect answer

» Part II. Four modelling exercises (20 each) » choose 3 » choose 4, best 3 will be used for grading

Questions like the ones we have seen today

Exercises like the ones you have seen during the instruction sessions

/ SET / W&I

Conclusions

Success on the final exam!

Julien, Anton, Kees, Sergei, Loek, Robin

4926/03/15

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