software tools and solutions to design concrete pavements · · 2017-02-22software tools and...
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Software Tools and Solutions to Design Concrete Pavements
WCPA 2017 Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
February 15 – 17, 2017
Eric FerrebeeTechnical Services Engineer
American Concrete Pavement Association
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Design Method Basis
Mechanistic – Purely scientific and based on measured, defendable scientific rules and laws
Empirical – Based on observations or experimentation and requires a lot of tests to connect all the relationships
/ ∆L α ∗ ∆ ∗
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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U.S. JPCP Roadway Design Methods
AASHTOWarePavement ME (previously known as DARWin-ME and MEPDG)
AASHTO 93 (software as ACPA WinPAS)
ACPA StreetPave
325 & 330
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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AASHTO 93 / WinPAS
acpa.org/winpas
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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AASHO Road Test (1958-1960)
Wholly empirical Included 368 concrete and 468 asphalt sections | focus was highway pavement
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Subgrade = Clay Soil
Necessary Thickness was Guessed!2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Max Single Axle
Max Tandem Axle
Sections Loaded for 2 Yrs | 1.1 Mil Reps
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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46.8
7
)1(10*624.11
5.15.406.0)1(*35.7*)(
D
PSILogDLogsZESALLog oR
25.075.0
75.0'
)/(42.18**63.215
)132.1(***)*32.022.4(
kEDJ
DCSLogp
c
dct
Standard Normal Deviate
OverallStandard Deviation Thickness
Change in Serviceability
Terminal Serviceability
DrainageCoefficient
Load Transfer
Modulus ofRupture
Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus ofSubgrade Reaction
1986-93 JPCP AASHTO 93 Equation
Traffic
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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WinPAS Makes it Easy!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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WinPAS Makes it Easy!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Performance Estimated Subjectively
Present Serviceability Index (PSI)4.0 – 5.0 = Very Good3.0 – 4.0 = Good2.0 – 3.0 = Fair1.0 – 2.0 = Poor0.0 – 1.0 = Very Poor
“Failure” at the Road Test considered @ 1.5
Typical U.S. state agency terminal serviceability in practice = 2.5
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Note on Inference Space of ‘93
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Data Limits(AASHO Road Test)
CurrentDesigns>100 million
1.1mil
AXLE LOAD REPETITIONS
PAVEM
ENT
THIC
KN
ESS
Current design traffic is far beyond AASHO road test limits
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Don’t Just Take My Word…“The current design guide and its predecessors were largely based on design equations empirically derived from the observations AASHTO’s predecessor made during road performance tests completed in 1959-60. Several transportation experts have criticized the empirical data thus derived as outdated and inadequate for today’s highway system. In addition, a March 1994 DOT Office of Inspector General report concluded that the design guide was outdated and that pavement design information it relied on could not be supported and validated with systematic comparisons to actual experience or research.”
…this is why Pavement ME exists!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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MEPDG / DARWin-ME /AASHTOWare Pavement ME
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Pavement ME Design
Not “perfect” & not intended to be a “final” productComplex and relatively costlyFor highways and NOT street, road, parking lot, etc.
=+Mechanistic Calculation
of Responses
Empirical Tie to
Ground
Pavement Performance Prediction
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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JPCP Calibration – BIG INF. SPACE!
LTPP GPS-3 & RPPR JPCP Sections LTPP SPS-2, MnROAD, & AASHO JPCP Sections
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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AASHTO 93 vs. ME
AASHTO Pavement ME
AASHTO 93
50+ million load reps
1.1 million load reps
Wide range of structural and rehabilitation designs
Limited structural sections
1 climate/2 years
All climates over 20-50 years
1 set of materials
New and diverse materials
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Sounds Easy Enough, Right?
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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INPUTS, INPUTS, INPUTS!!!!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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INPUTS, INPUTS, INPUTS!!!!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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OUTPUTS, OUTPUTS, OUTPUTS!!!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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U.S. Roadway Length (lane miles)
State Agency,
19%
County, 44%
Town, 32%
Other, 1% Federal, 3%
Source: HM-10, 2012 FHWA Highway Statistics
AASHTO tools are being developed for these owners…
City, county, and other local engineers need
to decide what to use locally because
Pavement ME will not trickle down due to its
cost and complexity!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Some Agencies Trying to Simplify
Note the inputs that have been deemed worth
varying…
…designers have a new
idea of “what
matters”!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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ACPA StreetPave
acpa.org/streetpave
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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ACPA StreetPave
Roots date back to the 1960s PCA MethodTailored for streets and roadsFailure modes are cracking and faulting
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Total trucks in design lane over the design life… calculated from trucks/day (2-way), traffic growth rate (%/yr), design life (yrs), directional distribution (%) and design lane distribution (%)
Traffic Spectrum + CountsSingle Axles
Axle Load (kip) Axles/1,000 Trucks34 0.1932 0.5430 0.6328 1.7826 3.5224 4.1622 9.6920 41.8218 68.2716 57.07
Tandem AxlesAxle Load (kip) Axles/1,000 Trucks
60 0.5756 1.0752 1.7948 3.0344 3.5240 20.3136 78.1932 109.5428 95.7924 71.16
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Equivalent stress at the slab edge:
Me = equivalent moment, psi; different for single, tandem, and tridem axles, with and without edge support - func on radius of relative stiffness, which depends on concrete modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and thickness and the k-value
hc = pavement thickness, in.f1 = adjustment for the effect of axle loads and contact areaf2 = adjustment for a slab with no concrete shoulderf3 = adjustment to account for the effect of truck (wheel) placement at the slab edgef4 = adjustment to account for approximately 23.5% increase in concrete strength
with age after the 28th day and reduction of one coefficient of variation (COV) to account for materials variability
Traffic Loads Generate Stresses
2 1 2 3 4
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Stress Ratio (SR) = Stress / Concrete Strength
Limit Stress Ratio to Allow Design Reps
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10
Stre
ss R
atio
Repetitions
Fatigue Data
StreetPave R=95%
Inference space normalized to SR
StreetPavemakes slab thicker to limit stress ratio low enough to achieve the design traffic repetitions
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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A Conservative Approach!
StreetPave fatigue calculation should be conservative relative to ME Design because:
Size Effects – Slabs have a greater fatigue capacity than beamsSupport – The beam test has a k-value for support of 0 psi/in.!
L/3Span Length = L
d=L/3
…versus…
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Faulting Design in StreetPave
If dowels used, faulting mitigated & fails by cracksNo faulting data collected at the AASHO road test so model developed in 1980s using field performance data from WI, MN, ND, GA, and CASimilar to cracking models, the pavement is made thicker, as necessary, until faulting model predicts that the pavement will not fail by faulting during the design lifeStreetPave’sweak point
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Project Details
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Traffic Details
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Design Details | General
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Design Details | Concrete
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Design Results
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave | Design Report
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StreetPave | Design Results
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Sensitivity Analysis – PCC Strength
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Sensitivity Analysis – Design Life
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Comparison of Results and U.S. Trends
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Top 10 ME Design Most Sensitive
1. Concrete Flexural Strength at 28-Days2. Concrete Thickness3. Surface Shortwave Absorptivity (SSA)4. Joint Spacing5. Concrete Modulus of Elasticity at 28-Days6. Design Lane Width with a 14 ft (4.3 m) Widened Slab7. Edge Support via Widened Slab8. Concrete Thermal Conductivity9. Concrete Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)10. Concrete Unit Weight
Red = only ME Design input… the VALUE of the software!Blue + Bold = common for all
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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‐ 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 50,000,000
Requ
ired Th
ickn
ess (mm)
Requ
ired Th
ickn
ess (in.)
Design Lane ESALs
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
Doweled JPCP Thickness Comparison
remember AASHTO 93 limit?
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Concrete Flexural Strength (psi)
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
Flexural Strength Sensitivity
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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m)
Requ
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ickne
ss (in.)
Modulus of Elasticity (psi)
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
Modulus of Elasticity Sensitivity
… in reality, need to change strength too…(20.7 GPa) (41.4 GPa)
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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m)
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pport (in.)
Design Lane ESALs
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
Thickness Reduction w/ Edge Support
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Reliability
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
Reliability Sensitivity
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Static k‐value (psi)
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
ACPA StreetPave
k-value Sensitivity
Very few designed for < 100
psi/in. (27
MPa/m)?
(136 MPa/m)
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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U.S. Agencies Quickly Changing
Summary of State Agency practice in 2005:
At the end of 2013, 41 state agencies had performed ME Design calibration and implementation efforts, indicating a relatively quick shift from AASHTO 93.
Design Method Used
Percent of Responding Agencies State Agency
AASHTO 72/86/93 85%
AR, AZ, DE, FL, ID, IN, IA, KS, MD, MI, NV, NC, OH, OK, SC, SD, TN, UT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY
AASHTO MEPDG 4% MOPCA Method 11% HI, IN, IA
State-Developed 7% IL, MT
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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U.S. Roadway Length (lane miles)
State Agency,
19%
County, 44%
Town, 32%
Other, 1% Federal, 3%
Source: HM-10, 2012 FHWA Highway Statistics
AASHTO tools are being developed for these owners…
City, county, and other local engineers need
to decide what to use locally because
Pavement ME will not trickle down due to its
cost and complexity!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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StreetPave Accepted in MN
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/stateaid/admin/memos/12-sa-03.pdfhttp://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/documents/201210.pdf
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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And Its Use is Growing!
Also “approved” in VA and many other state, city, and county engineers are using it in the U.S.StreetPave used in design tables in:
ACI 325 and 330 documentsDr. Norb Delatte’s textbook Concrete Pavement Design, Construction, and Performance
Internationally, used in Australia, Portugal, Mexico, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, etc.
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Other Thickness Design Tools
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Pervious Concrete Thickness Design
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Reasons for ACPA’s PerviousPave
Several hydrological design methods existNo universal structural design method before PerviousPave
some used Westergaard solutionssome suggested to use StreetPave – recommended in at least two widely-circulated resources/journals
Delatte’s TRB 2007 Paper:
“The author investigated adaptation of ACPA StreetPave software…”
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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From StreetPave to PerviousPave
Key changes :Exclusion of erosionDifferent design variables
maximum strength andcorrelation to modulusno dowel barstraffic distribution defaultsallowable subgrades/subbases
Inclusion of hydrological designacpa.org/PerviousPave
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Aircraft Loading
One aircraft wheel load can easily exceed the total gross weight of many vehicles, including semi-tractor trailers
Aircraft wheel loads are approaching 65,000 lb(29,500 kg) and tire pressures exceed 200 psi (1.4 MPa)
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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ACPA’s AirPave
AirPave is based on calculated pavement responses (mechanics –independent of climate) Developed as an update to PCA’s AIRPORT, originally developed by Bob PackardDesign is strictly mechanistic and limit stress ratio; no faulting / IRIacpa.org/AirPaveNow it is more of an analysis tool…
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Tri-Services (Army, Air Force, Navy)
PCASE = Pavement-Transportation Computer Assisted Structural EngineeringUS Army Corps of Engineers producthttps://transportati
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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FAARField
FAA standard for airfield pavement designRigid pavement design based on 3D finite element analyseshttp://www.faa.gov/airports/engineering/design_so
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EverFE
3D user-friendly FEA softwareBased on calculated pavement responses (mechanics –independent of climate) Focus is ???Design is strictly mechanistichttp://www.civil.umaine.edu/everfe/
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Short Joint Spacing
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40 50Traffic, million ESALs
Perc
ent s
lab
crac
king
20 ft (6.10 m)
18 ft (5.49 m)
17 ft (5.18 m)
15 ft (4.57 m)
Joint Spacing Impacts Cracking
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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OptiPave’s Goal is to Optimize Joint Spacing
Typical Design Slab Size = 12’ x 15’
= 3.7 m x 4.6 mMax Top Stress = 363 psi (2.5 Mpa)Thickness = 10 in. (250 mm)
OptiPaveDesign Slab Size = 6’ x 6’
= 1.8 m x 1.8 mMax Top Stress = 363 psi (2.5 Mpa)Thickness = 6.3 in. (160 mm)
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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But Thickness Design Is Only One Piece of the Puzzle!
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apps.acpa.org
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There’s an ACPA App for That!
• Agency Practices Explorer• Airfield Steel Calculator• Area and Volume Calculator• Bonded Concrete Overlay on Asphalt
(BCOA) Calculator• Compression Seal Joint Width Calculator• Concrete Mixture Proportioner• Concrete Temperature Calculator• Dowel Bar Alignment Calculator• Evaporation Rate Calculator• Friberg Group Dowel Analyzer• Friberg Single Dowel Analyzer• Gradation Analyzer• Green Streets Calculator• Highway Specs for Airfields Lookup• Joint Movement Estimator• Joint Noise Estimator• k-Value Calculator
• Maturity Calculator• Maximum Joint Spacing Calculator• M-E Tie Bar Designer• National Concrete Overlay Explorer• Online Glossary• Online Thickness Designer• Radius of Relative Stiffness Calculator• Rate of Delivery Calculator• Relative Cost Estimator• Staking Interval Calculator• Strength Analyzer• Strength Converter• Subgrade Resilient Modulus Calculator• Taper Length Calculator• Total ESAL Calculator• Units Converter• Westergaard Stress & Deflection Solver• … working on more!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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ACPA WikiPave
wikipave.org
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2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017
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Looking to the Future….A Unified Pavement Design Software
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RCC-Pave
Bringing Online the Best Design Tools
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Unified Design Map
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A One Stop Shop…
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… For Concrete Pavement Design
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Coming Late 2017!
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Key Features
Free, attractive, easily accessible and easy-to-use design application Users can save and share their projectsTools to guide and educate usersPrintable and shareable output reportsCAD LibraryDirection to design experts
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
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Thank you.Questions? FEEDBACK!
Main Website | acpa.orgConcrete Wiki | wikipave.org
App Library | apps.acpa.orgDesktop Software | software.acpa.org
Resources | resources.acpa.orgOn-Demand Training | ondemand.acpa.org
Live Online Training | webinars.acpa.orgYour Local Contact | local.acpa.org
Eric Ferrebee Technical Services Engineer
American Concrete Pavement [email protected] | 847.423.8709
Check Out WikiPave.orgACPA’s Concrete Pavement Encyclopedia
2017 WCPA Annual Concrete Pavement Workshop
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association February 16, 2017