PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST OF SUGAR CANE STALK

(Saccharum officinarum l)

ORGANIC 2 PRACTICUM REPORT

Asked to fulfill the task of Practical Organic Chemistry 2

the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Padjadjaran University

Compiled by:

SOFYA ANDARINA

140210080038

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY PADJADJARAN

Jatinangor

2011

ABSTRACT

Photochemical or Photonutrient is all of chemical compound or nutrient which derived

from plant source, including vegetables and fruits. Secondary metabolite is a natural

material in which the various products (chemicals) from the metabolism is not essential

for normal growth, development, or reproduction of plants or organisms. Sugar cane is a

plant produce sugar. The purpose of this experiment was to test the content of alkaloids

from sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with test Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and

Dragendorf, examine the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves of

sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with Libermann-Burchard test , and test the

content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) The

experiment was performed with test reagent-test procedure Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and

Dregendorf to test alkaloid. To test was used to test falovonoid flavonoids, and to test

the steroid, saponin, and terpenoid test was used to Liebermann-Burchard reagent. From

the results of this experiment showed that the sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum

L) Gave positive results for the test saponins and triterpenoid

ABSTRAK

Fitokimia atau kadang disebut fitonutrient adalah segala jenis zat kimia atau nutrien

yang diturunkan dari sumber tumbuhan, termasuk sayuran dan buah-buahan. Metabolit

sekunder merupakan suatu bahan alam dimana berbagai produknya (senyawa kimia)

dari suatu metabolisme tidak esensial untuk pertumbuhan normal, perkembangan, atau

reproduksi dari tanaman atau organisme. Tebu merupakan tanaman yang digunakan

untuk penghasil gula. Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah Mengetahui kandungan alkaloid

dari batang tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L) dengan uji Hager, Wagner, Mayer, &

Dregendorf, menguji keberadaan Triterpena, Steroid, dan Saponin dalam batang tebu

(Saccharum Officinarum L) dengan uji Liebermann Burchard dan mengetahui

keberadaan flavonoid dari batang tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L)Metode yang

digunakan adalah Uji alkaloid dengan tes Hager, Wagner, Mayer, dan dregendorff dan

untuk uji Flavonoid, steroid, Triterpenoid, dan Saponin dengan Uji Liebermann

Burchard. Dari hasil percobaan ini didapatkan bahwa batang tebu (Saccharum

Officinarum L) memberikan hasil yang positif untuk uji flavonoid, saponin dan

triterpenoid.

Phytochemical test of Sugar Cane Stalk

( Saccharum officinarum L )

I. Purposes

1. Testing the content of alkaloids from the leaves of with test Hager, Wagner,

Mayer, and Dragendorf.

2. Testing the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves of sugar

cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with Libermann-Burchard test.

3. Testing the content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum

Officinarum L)

II. PRINSIP

1. Ekstraction

a. Nernst Distribution law

If a compound is added to a system consist of to insoluble compound, so

that this compound will be distributed in to two compouds with a

constant ratio at one temperature.

Where : Kd = Distribution constant

Co = konsentration in organic solvent

Ca = konsentration in water solvent

b. Like dissolve like

The polar substance soluble in polar solvent, non polar substance in non polar solvents

or organic solvents.

2. Alkaloid test

Alkaloid complex precipitation reaction is insoluble in heavy metal

reagent

3. Lieberman-Burchard test

Reaction of forming colour because there is cromofor substances in the

compound.

4 Saphonin test

Reaction of forming base because shaking with water.

5.Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that uses water to break down the compound.

6.Sublimation

A phase transition from the solid to gas phase with no intermediate stage

that occour at temperature and pressure below the triple point.

III. MECHANISME OF REACTION

1. Liebermann-Burchard`s test

2. Saponin`s test

(Miroslav, 1971)

IV. THEORY

O

O

O

H2SO4+

HO

O

OH-O

O

+

O

O

-H+

+ CH3COOH + H2SO4 + CH3COOH

Most of the naturally occurring compounds on the formation and structure

characteristics of secondary metabolism. Actually there is no significant difference

between primary and secondary metabolic. Common sugars such as glucose, fructose

and mannose are the function and structure have been studied biochemistry is the

primary metabolite, whereas the sugar compounds, such as kalkusa, streptosa and

mikaminosa known as constituents of antibiotics classified as secondary metabolic

(Sastrohamidjojo, 1996).

Secondary metabolites is one class of organic compounds of natural ingredients that

have a certain content. Secondary metabolite is a metabolite derived from primary to

secondary metabolite products have this kind of a more diverse and more complex

structure than the primary metabolite products. Secondary metabolites have certain

characteristics, including:

a. The distribution is not uniform in all organisms plants

b. Ecological functions as an insect collector, patron self, competitive tool, or as

hormones

c. It has a chemical structure that berbeada different and related to physiological

activity.

Secondary metabolites has several major classes of metabolites derived from a different

base. Compound group alkaloids, flavonoids, and a phenylpropanoid secondary

metabolites derived amino acid, polyketide class of compounds derived from acetic

acid, and terpenoid compound group and the steroid is a derivative of the acid

mevalonat (Cordell, 1981).

Based on the biosynthesis, secondary metabolites can be likened to the pre substance to be

better products faster by cell suspension cultures. pre substances can stimulate the activity of

certain enzymes in the biosynthesis route, so as to increase the production of secondary

metabolites. but it also compounds that can be improved by manipulation of the media or by the

addition of compounds pekusor. stimulates the activity of certain enzymes involved in the

biosynthesis route, so as to increase the production of secondary metabolites. obtain a form

differesiasi metabolism of plant cells (Muslim, 2010)

Secondary Metabolites of compounds (Fessenden & Fessenden, 1986) :

1.Alkaloid

In general, the class of alkaloid compounds are usually not colored crystal, is alkaline, can form

a precipitate with acid solution fosfowolframat, acid phosphomolybdate, pikrat acid, potassium

merkuriiodida and so forth.

2.Flavonoid

Flavonoids are a group that included into the wild most phenolic compounds, flavonoid

compounds are responsible for the purple dye, red, blue and some yellow pigment in plants.

Flavonoids in plants has four functions:

a) As a color pigment

b) The function of pathology and cytology

c) pharmacological activity

d) Flavonoids in food

3.Triterpenoid

  Many plants (flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds or roots) that smells good. The smell was coming

from a compound consisting of 10 and 15 carbon-called Terpen. Based on the number of

isoprene units they contain, terpenoid compounds consisting of:

a. Monoterpena (two isoprene units)

b. Seskuiterpena (three isoprene units)

c. Diterpena (four isoprene units)

d. Triterpena (six isoprene units)

e. Tetraterpena (eight isoprene units)

4.Steroid

Simply put steroids can dioartkan as class of organic compounds of natural materials which

frame structure consisting of androstan (siklopentanofenantren), has four integrated ring. These

compounds have certain physiological effects.

5.Saponin

Saponin glycosides are the type commonly found in plants. Saponins have the characteristics of

the fruit, so that when direksikan with water and whipped foam will be formed that can last a

long time. Saponins are classified into two steroid saponins and triterpenoid saponins. Steroid

saponin is hydrolyzed to produce an aglycone

Alkaloid was first disclosed by Meisner in 1818 to refer to compounds that have

properties similar to alkali, in other words the alkaloid is a base compound. In another

sense alkaloid derivative is defined as a compound containing atoms ntirogen contained

in the plant (Raphael, 1991).

 At the end of the definition that states an alkaloid compound found only in plants,

irrefutable. This happened after the alkaloids can be isolated from other living things,

such as marine organisms, insects and microorganisms. Then suggested that any

nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites can be referred to as alkaloids (Leonard,

1994).

Alkaloids are widely distributed in the plant world. Most of the source of alkaloids in

plants are flowering, angiospermae. In general, alkaloids are not found or rarely found

in gymnosperms, ferns, lichens and lower plants (Robinson, 1995).

Alkaloids is a class of secondary metabolites in plants substance of the largest

(Harborne, 1973). Alkaloids are found in the roots, seeds, and bark of plants that can be

extracted by diiosolasi with the addition of acid (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or

acetic acid) or alcohol. The presence of alkaloids can be detected, either by precipitation

or by using a color reagent. For how to deposition, the reactants important commonly

used are: Mayer's reagent, Wagner's reagent, and reagent Dragendorf. While the color

reagent usually contains elements of oxidizing or pendehidrasi or a combination of both.

(Raphael, 1991).

The function of alkaloids in plants is still a mystery. Alkaloid said to be a product of

plant metabolism, as raw material for the synthesis of proteins, as compounds that can

protect plants from animal or insect attack, as a stimulant or regulator compounds in

plants such as hormones, or simply as a product that is toxic. In addition, the alkaloid

could also replace the alkaline minerals in ionic equilibrium in the body memperthankan

plants (Raphael, 1991). Alkaloids are often toxic to humans but besides that alkaloids

have physiological functions are quite large, so are used widely in medicine (Harborne,

1973).

Steroids is one group of natural compounds found in plants and animals. The basic

structure of this compound is a series of carbon tetrasiklik as in Fig

Gambar Kerangka dasar steroid (1,2-siklopentenoperhidrofenantren)

(Harbone, 1973).

Steroid group is distinguished from the type of substituents R1, R2, and R3, and the

number of oxygen functional groups, double bonds and the configuration of asymmetric

centers on the basic framework of carbon. Typically R1 and R2 is a methyl group, while

R3 may be a carbon chain with carbon atom number two, four, five, ten or more

(Harbone, 1973).

Steroids can be classified based on physiological properties are as follows:

1. Sterol

2. Bile acids

3. Sex hormones

4. Hormone adrenokortikoid

5. Cardiac aglycone

6. Sapogenin

(Robinson, 1995).

Most of the various classes of organic compounds and natural ingredients contained in

the secondary metabolite is a terpene which includes mono, sesqui, di-, tri-and poly-

terpenoid compounds. Terpen name given to compounds that have the molecular

formula C10H16 is etymologically derived from the terebinth tree, Pistacia terebinthus.

Volatility terpenoid compounds easily recognized in plants that smell nice and Midah

once isolated by distillation from the leaves, stems and flowers that became known as

oil "essential" or also called essential oils (Sastrohamidjojo, 1996).

Most are free terpenoid compounds in plant tissue, not bound with other compounds,

but many also found as glycosides, esters of organic acids and in some ways bound to

proteins. Members of the low (compounds C10 and C15) can be obtained by steam

distillation of fresh or dried plants, whereas the higher members (C20 or more) are

usually isolated by solvent extraction and then separated and purified by kristalisasai,

distillation and chromatography (Geissman, 1963).

The composition of terpenoid compounds (C10, C15, C20, C30, etc.) is a multiple unit

of five carbon atoms and the unit has the carbon skeleton isopentyl. Based on terpene

hydrocarbon isoprene research is the result of pyrolytic decomposition, it is considered

to be composed of terpene "isoprene units."

Gambar 2.6 Unit isoprena (C5)

(Geissman, 1963).

A number of specific plants contain compounds that can be used as a cleanser, this

compound is saponin. Saponin at first so named because it is like a soap (Sapo Latin,

meaning soap). Saponin is a strong surface-active compounds that cause the foam when

shaken in water and at low concentrations often cause hemolysis of red blood cells. In

very dilute solution, saponin is very toxic to Okan, and plants containing saponins have

been used as fish poison for hundreds of years. Some saponins also worked as an

antimicrobial. Among the many effects that were reported, the effects of well-supported

by evidence is the inhibition of steroid-child path to the kidneys, but these compounds

also inhibit prostaglandin dehydrogenase line. In recent years become important

because certain saponins can be obtained from several plants with good results and are

used as raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormones used in the health field

(Robinson, 1995).

Sugarcane crop in the taxonomy of plants classified as follows:

Kingdom : plantae

Divisi : Magnoliophyta

Kelas : Liliopsida

Ordo : Poales

Family : Poaceae

Genus : saccharum

Species : Saccharum offinarum L

morphological characteristics of sugarcane diantranya batamg Konis, inter-segment

composition jointed, with a rather flat cross section, stem yellowish green color, the stem has

a thin wax coating, the form book upside down with the root segment 3-4. Sugarcane is one of

the plants native to tropical wet ( Pahlevi , 2011)

V. ALAT DAN BAHAN

5.1 Apparatus :

1. Beaker glass

2. Drop pipette

3. Erlenmeyer flask

4. Heating mantle

5. Test tube

5.2 Materials :

1. Cloroform amoniacal

2. Cucumber

3. Ethanol

4. Hydrochloric acid

5. Methanol

6. Reagent Dragondorff

7. Reagent Hager

8. Reagent Mayer

9. Reagent Wagner

10. Sulfuric acid

VI. PROCEDURES

1. Alkaloids

Material is extracted with chloroform. The extract is placed in test tube. After that,

the top layer is taken and put in test tube. The extrac is separation be two solution. One

solution is added with Hayer reagent and two solution is added of 2 N sulfuric acid,and

than,

- The first filtrate is added few drops of Wagner’s reagent. The existence of

alkaloids is indicated by brown precipitates.

- The second filtrate is added few drops of Mayer’s reagent. The existence of

alkaloids is indicated by red precipitates.

- The third filtrate is added a few drops of Dragendorff’s reagent. The existence of

alkaloids is indicated by reddish-brown precipitates.

2. Flavonoids

Sample extraction with methanol and than placed in test tube. After that, the

top layer is taken and put in test tube. The extrac is added with hydrochloric acid 2N

and magnesium powder. The existence of flavonoids is indicated by orange solution.

3. Triterpenoids and Steroids

Material is extracted with ethanol. The filtered ether extract is evaporated to dryness.

The residue is added with a few drops of Liebermann-Bouchard’s reagent (anhydrous

acetate acid: sulfuric acid = 2 : 1). Triterpenoids give purple color and steroids give

blue-green color.

4. Saponins

Material is mixed by hot water. After that, test tube is shaken for 30 seconds. The

forming of foam at least 1 cm high and persistent for several minutes and also

permanent when the foam is added by 1 drop of liquid HCl, it means positive reaction

for saponins.

VII. TABLE AND EXPERIMENT

a. Physical and chemical properties

Substances Physical properties Chemical properties

Ethanol 1. Mp : -117,3 °C 1. Volatile

(CH3CH2OH)

2. Bp : 78,3 °C 2. Flamable

3. Mr : 46 g/mol

Hydrochloric acid

(HCl) 1. Mr : 36,5 g/mole 1.Soluble in water

2. Strong acid

Sulphuric acic

(H2SO4) 1. Mr :99,08 g/mole 1. Strong acid

2. Mp : 10,36°C 2. Soluble in water

  3. Bp : 338°C 3. Corosive

b. Results of experiment

Secondary

metabolite

Procedure Results

Alkaloids 3 parts of acid layer

I part + Dragendorf’s

II part + Mayer’s

III part + wagner’s

(-)

(-)

(-)

Flavonoid - Filtrate + ethanol + HCl+ Mg powder → orange (-)

Triterpenoids

and Steroids

- Residue + LB’s reagent → no changes (+)

Saponin Filtrate + water , shaked → foam

Foam + HCl → foam disappear

(+)

VIII. DISCUSSION

This experiment aims to test the content of alkaloids from the leaves of sugar

cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) with test Hager, Wagner, Mayer, and

Dragendorf, examine the content of triterpenoids, steroids, and saponin in the leaves

sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)with Libermann-Burchard test , and test the

content of flavonoids in the leaves of sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)

The presence of secondary metabolites as a compound of natural ingredients has

been used extensively because it is considered good for humans and the environment,

and it is easily biodegradable. Currently, the use of compounds of natural ingredients

gradually to replace the synthetic compounds that can cause negative impacts if the user

does not control.

Determination / content testing of chemical compounds in plants can be made

through phytochemical screening (screening phytochemicals). The first step in this

phytochemical screening is the collection of plant parts, both to test phytochemical or

making herbarium. Herbarium is the documentation of a plant that can provide

information about these plant species. Completeness part of a herbarium of plants is

needed to facilitate the determination of these plants.

To know the content of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoid and

saponins), the leaves of the sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) crushed using a

mortar and pestle. This milling function to open a plant cell walls so that secondary

metabolites more easily get out and extracted.

In the test alkaloids, the addition of chloroform amoniakal function to free the alkaloid

from the form of salts. In general, the alkaloid compounds in plants are not in a free

state, but bonded complex partial ionic bond with an organic acid. With the addition of

chloroform-amoniakal which aims to extract alkaline alkaloid found in plants that were

tested with how to break the bond that formed between the alkaloid with acid alkaloids

tannins that will be in its free state in which the ammonia serves to break this bond

because it is alkaline, while chloroform has a polarity relatively similar to the alkaloids

in the free state. The use of chloroform-amoniakal based on principles like dissolve like

because chloroform-amoniakal have the same polarity so as to dissolve the alkaloid

alkaloids. Chloroform used must amoniakal or contain ammonia because of the plant

alkaloid which is alkaline in nature are usually in the form of salt. Bound with organic

acids called tannin acid. Ammonia is alkaline which will decide ties with the alkaloid

tannin acid, tannin acid became so attached to the ammonia and the alkaloids are in a

free state. In the free state of the alkaloids tend to be nonpolar so it will be immediately

extracted by chloroform which also tend to be nonpolar.

Once added chloroform is agitation-amoniakal which aims to expand contacts between

the solvent with the pulp plant. Then the more broken bond between alkaloids with

tannin acid yangn alkaloid extracted so much. Amoniakal chloroform extract of the

leaves are separated by the pulp by filtration using a cotton swab and the extract is

divided into two.

Chloroform extract amoniakal the first tube tested with a reagent in the form Hager

pikrat acid solution saturated. A plant contains alkaloids tested positive for if you

develop a yellowish white precipitate because of the precipitation reaction between

alkaloids with reagents that contain heavy metals. Alkaloids contain nitrogen atoms that

have a lonely electron pair that can bind with metal ions that will form covalent bonds

where the coordination of alkaloids as ligands and metal ions as central atoms. The

complex formed will settle if the product of the solubility of alkaloids and metal ions is

greater than the product of complex solubility. This can be obtained by making a large

concentration of one species forming a complex, but the concentration of alkaloids is

not known with certainty so that the reagent is made of heavy metals due to the small

solubility product. In this test, the extract showed a positive result is the formation of

yellow precipitate.

For amoniakal chloroform extract in the second tube coupled with 2N sulfuric acid. The

addition of sulfuric acid was intended to bind the alkaloid and form a salt, in order to

react with the reactants form a complex heavy metals and inorganic salts are not

soluble, and restore an alkaloid extracted into the form of salts by binding to acid, so the

alkaloids will separate the components Other components of plant cells that take part

extracted by dispersing the acid phase. This aims to prevent other components besides

participate mengendapnya alkaloids that would produce a less accurate test. Because the

polarity and density differences between amoniakal chloroform and sulfuric acid will be

formed in two phases.

In the test with the reagent used by Hager was not added because the reagent Hager acid

itself has the form of acid. On the addition of 2N sulfuric acid will occur in two phases

which disebabkna because different degrees of polarity between the acid (water phase)

and chloroform (organic phase). Aqueous phase will be at the top because its density is

smaller than the organic phase. The top layer and then placed on the plate drops and

tested with Mayer's reagent, Wagner's and Dragendorff.

Testing positive alkaloid characterized by the deposition. This happens because the

alkaloid compounds containing nitrogen atoms having lone pair. These free electrons

will be donated to the heavy metal atoms to form complex compounds with groups

containing nitrogen atoms as ligannya. This complex compound is insoluble

(precipitate) and provide color in accordance with the reagent used.

Positive results on tests Mayer alkaloids characterized by the formation of white

precipitate. It is estimated that the sediment is a complex potassium-alkaloidal. In the

manufacture of reagents Mayer, merkurium solution (II) chloride plus potassium iodide

will react to form a red precipitate merkurium (II) iodide. If potassium iodide is added

excess potassium will be formed tetraiodomerkurat (II). Alkaloids contain nitrogen

atoms that have lone pairs that can be used to form coordinate covalent bonds with

metal ions. In the test alkaloids with Mayer reagent, estimated nitrogen on alkaloid will

react with metal ions K + from potassium tetraiodomerkurat (II) complex form of

potassium-alkaloid buildup. Estimated test happens to Mayer are:

Reaksi yang terjadi:

Pereaksi Mayers

Alkaloid + H2SO4 + pereaksi Endapan kompleks

R3N + H2SO4 R3NH+ + H+ + SO42-

Pereaksi Wagner

e

negative results. This is because the plant is used as a sample plant shrubs, while

alkaloids are secondary metabolites results from a complex metabolism and is generally

produced by higher plants.

In the test of flavonoids from leaves of plants tembelekan, first extract stem

tembelekanditambahkan concentrated hydrochloric acid. Then add powdered Mg. The

addition of reagents is due to chemically flavonoid containing aromatic ring composed

of 15 carbon atoms with basic core arranged in conjugate C6-C3-C6 (two aromatic core

to connect to 3 carbon atoms) (10, 11), so as to form a solution of orange if samples

contain flavonoid compounds.

On testing steroids, triterpenoid and saponins, after the plants are crushed, added hot

ethanol. Ethanol solvent used because ethanol has two clusters, namely polar group on

the alcohol and nonpolar groups in the hydrocarbon.

Steroids and triterpenoids are relatively non-polar while the saponins

tend bersifar polar. By using ethanol, all these compounds can be extracted. The use of

hot ethanol will increase the solubility of compounds Suatau so hopefully all the

steroids, triterpenoid and saponins contained in the plants will be extracted into ethanol.

Concentrated ethanol extract was dissolved with diethyl ether to attract nonpolar

components in the dried extract in accordance with the principle of like dissolve like. To

test and streoid triterpenoid content in the sample (leaf), diethyl ether extract is added

reagent-Buchard Lieberman (LB), which is a mixture of acetic acid Anhydride with

concentrated sulfuric acid (2:1).

On a positive indication of steroids are marked with a color change to blue, green. Blue,

green color that is not absorbed but complementary color. The color is orange so

absorbed steroid is known to absorb at a wavelength of 585-647 nm. While on

triterpenoid positive indications marked with a color change to red, purple or brown.

Colors are absorbed by the triterpenoid is green with a wavelength of 491-570 nm. -OH

group in the triterpenoid will experience a shift in wavelength that is absorbed so that

the resulting color is different. So red, purple or brown are complementary colors. This

color formation reaction can occur because of the chromophore group (unsaturated

group) caused by the absorption of certain wavelengths by organic compounds. Organic

compounds with extensive conjugation absorb certain wavelengths because of the π

electron transition into πΔ and n to πΔ so that the color that is absorbed is not a color

that looked but complementary colors. If the sample contains triterpenoids and steroids

as well as the first color that arises is then followed by the color of the color triterpenoid

steroids. This is because the wavelength is absorbed by the triterpenoid longer means

lower energy so that it will appear first.

Reaksi Lieberman-Buchard

In the experiment, can product steroid test solution became brown color,

indicating that the stem tembelekan (tembelekanus amarylifolius) contains terpenoids.

But the Liebermann-Burchard test can not be used for specific terpenoids such as

monoterpenoids, seskiterpenoid, and politerpenoid. Liebermann-Burchard test more

specific for steroid compounds.

Residues that do not dissolve when the addition of diethyl ether is added with hot

distilled water to test for saponins. The presence of saponin is characterized by the onset

of foam after shaking with distilled water and foam constant heat for 30 minutes.

Saponin is a component of polar lipids that are ampifilik (a cluster of hydrophilic and

hydrophobic groups). In liquid systems, liquid lipids spontaneously form micelles

dispersed with tail alteration found is phyllic that intersect with the liquid medium.

Micelles may contain thousands of lipid molecules. Liquid lipids form a layer with a

thickness of one molecule of a single layer. In that system, open hydrocarbon tail

keudara so avoid the water and extends lapiasn hydrophilic polar water, the system is

called premises foam. In the experiment, positive saponin test results (produce foam)

VIII. CONCLUSSION

1. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)does not contain alkaloid compounds.

2. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L)does not contain flavonoids.

3. sugar cane stalk (Saccharum Officinarum L) contains triterpenoid and saponin

compounds.

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Sons., Inc. New York.

Fessenden, R.J & J. S. Fessenden. 1986. Kimia Organik, diterjemahkan oleh A.H.

Pudjaatmaka. Erlangga. Jakarta.

Harbone, J.B. 1973. Phytochemical Method. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant

Analysis. Chapman and Hall. London.

Miroslav, V. 1971. Detection and Identification of OrganicCompound. Planum

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jalur Biosintesis. http://abangtamiang.blogspot.com/2010/10/produksi-metabolit-

sekunder-9800.html

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