soil erosion seminar
TRANSCRIPT
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G R O U P M E M B E R S :
A N G E L L A | A T HI R A | S O N I A | M I L A N | A F I N
SOIL EROSION
Soil erosion refers to the wearinawa! of a "el#$s to%soil &! thenat'ral %h!si(al for(es of wateran# win# or thro'h for(es
asso(iate# with far)in a(ti*itiess'(h as tillae+
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CAUSES
1) LAND USE:USE AND ABUSE of natural resources,
Eg: deforestation, grazing, arable land use, faulty farming
systems, high crop intensity, housing construction, mining etc.
2) CLIMATE:DIRECT EFFECT on erosion areprecipitation and wind
velocity.
INDIRECT EFFECT on soil erosion (water balance,
temperature and relative humidity).
3) SOIL:SOIL PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS include texture,
structure, water retention and transmission properties.
4) HYDROLOGY:The different TYPES OF FLOW and their VELOCITIES
(turbulent or laminar, steady or unsteady, uniform or non-
uniform)
5) LANDFORMS:SLOPE GRADIENT, SLOPE LENGTH AND SHAPE OF
SLOPE
,'e to #eforestation
,'e to ari('lt'ral%ra(ti(es
-ater Erosion
-in# Ero
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Re#'(e# (ro% %ro#'(tion Siltin '% of reservoirs.
Eroded soil is deposited on riverbeds, raising their levels and
lea#s to .oo#s.
When the to% soil is washe# awa!, the soil strata looses itsfertile layer and thus the water absorption capacity reducesand further causes ooding.
Loss of h')'s! this is the source of nutrients due todeco"position, helps to "aintain a unifor" #h, helps preventdrying and shrin$ing of the soil and i"proves aeration.%
Loss of li*elihoo# for far"ers, as low productivity.
In(reasin n')&er of #eaths rates of far"ers due ofailure of crop production.
E(ono)i( loss
E&&E'(S )N* RIS+S O& SOIL EROSION
Silting up o
Low crop pro
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At the national level : Erosion by wind ( desert areas) : Rajsthan and adjoining areas of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat
Western Uttar Pradesh .These areas receive scanty rainfall. They are devoid of vegetation cover a
have sandy soil.
Water erosion :states of Uttar Pradesh, adhya Pradesh. The flood !lains of the Ganga and its
tributaries in Uttar Pradesh and "ihar also suffer fro# the !roble# of soil erosion caused by $aterThese rivers are carving dee! furro$s and re#oving fertile to! soil. %ccording to one esti#ate the
Ganga River is trans!orting about &' #illion tonnes of eroded #aterial !er year fro# the Ganga !l
the "ay of "engal.
(oil erosion due to shifting cultivation: in tribal areas of %ssa#, eghalaya, Tri!ura, )agalai*ora#, +erala, %ndhra Pradesh, rissa, adhya Pradesh, -hhattisgarh etc n Ta#il )adu the b
effects of #isuse of land are illustrated in the )ilgiri Hills $here !otato is one of the #ain cro!s. He
!otato cultivation done on stee! slo!es, so#eti#es e/ceeding 0' !er cent. This has led to intenseerosion of soil and the yields of !otatoes have gone do$n by about 1' !er cent in s!ite of heavy
a!!lication of fertilisers.
Coastal erosion is 2uite !ronounced in the season of #onsoon $inds and during stor#s andcyclones. (everal coastal areas in Gujarat, aharasthra, +arnata3a, +erala, Ta#il )adu, %ndhra
Pradesh and rissa have suffered heavily at the hands of sea erosion.
At the state level : f the 10' 3# long coast of +erala, about &4 3# stretch consisting of sandy beaches is subjected
severe sea erosion. 5rosion of beaches along the +erala coast is evidenced by u!rooting of cocontrees.
near coastline, du33i, $atersheds of Pa#ba river, Western ghats because of conversion of forest
to far#ing.
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Soil (onser*ation is a co"bination of all "ethods of "anage"eand land use that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration
natural or hu"aninduced factors
-iological
. )grono"icpractices
!i% 'ontour far"ing!ii% (illage and $eepingthe land fallow
!iii% 'rop rotation,sowing of legu"inouscrops and "i/edcropping
!iv% 0ulching
!v% Strip cropping
!vi% (erracing
1. )grostological"ethods
!i% 'ultivation of grasses!ley far"ing%.
!ii% Retiring the land.
!iii% )2orestation andReforestation.
!iv% 'hec$ing ofovergra3ing.
4. *ryfar"ing
practices
0echanical
engineerin
!ii%'hec$ da"s,
!iii% Sub soiling,
!iv% 'ontour terra
!v% 'ontour trenc
!vi% (errace outle
!vii% 6ully control
!viii% *igging of pand reservoirs, a
!i/% Strea" ban$protection.
!/% #an brea$ing
!/i%Soil reinforce"and
6eo te/tiles
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SOIL 'ONSER7)(ION )S )N )R'8I(
Landscape planning
Reduce i"pervious su
#lant a rain garden. 9se a rain barrel.
Resource #lanning
#lant windbrea$s.
Restore wetlands.
#lant bu2er strips alostrea" ban$s.
Reestablish forest co
6eneral 'onstruction 0ethods
6ully Recla"ation
Shelter -elts Reinforced Earth
6abion Walls
0asonry Walls
(opsoil and vegetation
E/cavation "ethods &ill place"ent and
co"paction
'onstruction on sidelongground
Spoil disposal
6ravity walls
*ry stone walls