soil formation
DESCRIPTION
Soil Formation. Soil forms when weathered parent material interacts with environment. rate of formation. Slow--------------------------------------Fast ~ 1 cm/1000 yr~ 30cm/50yr. Hans Jenny. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Soil Formation
Soil forms when weathered parent material interacts with
environment.
![Page 2: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
rate of formation
Slow--------------------------------------Fast~ 1 cm/1000 yr ~
30cm/50yr
![Page 3: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hans Jenny• 1941: soil is open system, properties
are functionally related; system changes when property(ies) change(s).
• Jenny’s CLORPT equation
s = ƒ (cl, o, r, p, t)
![Page 4: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Climate...…determines speed, character of
soil development:a. type and rate of
weathering
b. living organisms and plants found in an area
![Page 5: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. Climate 1. Temperature
-for every 10°C , biochemical rxn rates 2X
2. Effective precipitation (water that moves through entire soil
column, including regolith)
-depth of water = depth of weathering -water moves soluble & suspended
materials
![Page 6: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• (Fig. 2.15)
![Page 7: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Effective precipitation
p. 42-seasonal distribution-temperature,
evaporation-topography-permeability
![Page 8: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Seasonal distribution of precipitation:
Every month 6 rainy months only
Location A600 mm/yr
Location B600 mm/yr
50mm 100mm
![Page 9: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Temperature and evaporation:
Location Ahot
Location Bcool
600 mm600 mm
High evapotranspiration
Low evapotranspiration
Higher effective pptLower effective ppt
![Page 11: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Topography:
level slope
concave or bottom of slope(receiving)
![Page 12: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Permeability:
![Page 13: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Organisms(Living plants and animals on and in soil)
-type of vegetation influences soil type-base pumping-sources of organic matter-nutrient recycling-vegetation prevents erosion
![Page 14: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Type of vegetation influences soil type
![Page 15: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Base pumpingDeciduous trees are more effective base pumpers
than conifers .
-deciduous litter is easy to break down-cations (bases) are released so surface soils are not acidic
-needles are hard to break down-basic cations leach away: soil is acidic
![Page 16: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms)– mix, bind soil; create channels for air,
water
![Page 17: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
crotovinas
![Page 18: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms)– mix, bind soil; create channels for air,
water• Microanimals (nematodes,
protozoa)
![Page 19: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms)– mix, bind soil; create channels for air,
water• Microanimals (nematodes,
protozoa)• Macroplants (the green plants)
– provide organic matter, roots create channels, adsorb nutrients, release CO2, stabilize, protect from erosion
![Page 20: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms)– mix, bind soil; create channels for air,
water• Microanimals (nematodes, protozoa)• Macroplants (the green plants)
– provide organic matter, roots create channels, adsorb nutrients, release CO2, stabilize, protect from erosion
• Micro “plants” (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae)– decomposers
![Page 21: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3. Relief/Topography• important for rate of runoff,
erosion, drainage
![Page 22: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Flat valley floors and flat ridge tops: soil accumulates; (deepening>removal)
Slopes: (removal> deepening)
![Page 24: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Vertical Zonation– soils, climate, vegetation change with
elevation
![Page 25: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4. Parent Material• Determines texture, types of
weathering, mineral make-up
![Page 26: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
weathering• Physical (Mechanical): disintegration of
parent material; increases surface area:– surface area increases by same factor as
particle size decreases
• Chemical (Biogeochemical) : primary minerals are broken down and secondary minerals are formed
![Page 27: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Physical:1. Freeze/thaw2. Exfoliation3. Abrasion4. Salt wedging
• Chemical (biogeochemical):1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H2O
H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations
2. Hydration: mineral combines with H2O
3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron)Reduction: loss of O2 (gain electron)
4. Carbonation: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates
5. Complexation: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations
![Page 30: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Freeze / Thaw
![Page 32: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Physical:1. Freeze/thaw2. Exfoliation3. Abrasion4. Salt wedging
• Chemical (biogeochemical):1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H2O
H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations
2. Hydration: mineral combines with H2O
3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron)Reduction: loss of O2 (gain electron)
4. Carbonation: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates
5. Complexation: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations
![Page 35: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2. Exfoliation
![Page 36: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Physical:1. Freeze/thaw2. Exfoliation3. Abrasion4. Salt wedging
• Chemical (biogeochemical):1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H2O
H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations
2. Hydration: mineral combines with H2O
3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron)Reduction: loss of O2 (gain electron)
4. Carbonation: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates
5. Complexation: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations
![Page 39: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
3. Abrasion (wind, water, ice)
wind
![Page 40: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
water
![Page 42: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
ice
![Page 43: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Physical:1. Freeze/thaw2. Exfoliation3. Abrasion4. Salt wedging
• Chemical (biogeochemical):1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H2O
H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations
2. Hydration: mineral combines with H2O
3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron)Reduction: loss of O2 (gain electron)
4. Carbonation: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates
5. Complexation: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations
![Page 44: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4. Salt Wedging
![Page 45: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
hydrolysisIn lab:Apatite Ca5(PO4)F
Ca5(PO4)F + H2O Ca(OH)2 + HPO4
basic BLUE PINK
![Page 46: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
carbonationIn lab:
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
RED YELLOW
![Page 47: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
5. Time• Amount of time soil has been
exposed to weathering and soil forming processes influences soil properties.– Jenny’s staircase– Ohio/Ky.
![Page 48: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
4 soil forming processes:(pedogenic)
Transformation
![Page 50: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
4 soil forming processes:
Transformation
Translocation
![Page 52: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
4 soil forming processes:
Transformation
Translocation
Addition
![Page 54: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
4 soil forming processes:
Transformation
Translocation
Addition
Loss
![Page 56: Soil Formation](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070423/568167d6550346895ddd2fc1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)