soil health and water quality impacts of growing energy beets for advanced biofuel production in...
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Soil Health and Water Quality Impacts of Growing Energy Beets for
Advanced Biofuel Production in North-Central United States
Zhulu LinAgricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department
North Dakota State University at Fargo
USDA-NIFA Project Director’s Meeting, Washington DCOctober 12-13, 2016
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Co-PIs• Carrington Research and Extension Center
(CREC), NDSU– Mr. Blaine Schatz, director and agronomist– Dr. Michael Ostlie, agronomist– Dr. Jasper Teboh, soil scientist
• Dept. of Agribusiness & Applied Economics, NDSU– Dr. David Ripplinger, bioenergy economist
• School of Natural Resource Sciences, NDSU– Dr. Caley Gasch (?), microbial biologist
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Other Team Members
• Dept. of Ag & Biosystems Engineering, NDSU– Mr. Mohammad Anar, Ph.D. candidate– Ms. Mengqi (Ivy) Xiong, M.S., graduated in May 2016
• CREC, NDSU– Ms. Szilvia Yuja, research specialist– Undergraduate summer interns
• Dept. of Agribusiness & Applied Economics– Dr. Aaron De Laporte, postdoc research associate– Mr. Asanka Wijesinghe, M.S. graduated in May 2016
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Background
• EISA of 2007 or the revised Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS2) mandates the use of 36 BGY of renewable fuels of 2022:– 15 BGY of conventional biofuels– 4 BGY of advanced biofuels
• Sugarcane and sugarbeet– 16 BGY of cellulosic biofuels – 1 BGY of biomass-based biodiesel
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Global Biofuel Production by Feedstock
Source: www.agri-outlook.org
Corn (US)
Sugarcane (Brazil)
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Sugarbeet Production in US
Red River Valley (RRV)
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Energy Beets and the RRV
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Project Objectives• Field scale
1. Conduct field experiment to assess the impacts of energy beet production on soil properties and rotation crops;
2. Improve and apply the DSSAT and RZWQM models to simulate crop yields, water flow, and nutrient transport processes in energy beet fields;
• Watershed scale3. Develop a spatial econometric model to simulate land use
changes surrounding potential beet-biorefinery sites in the RRV; and
4. Apply SWAT to simulate downstream water quality impact caused by energy beet biofuel production.
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Research Methods
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Field Experiment
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Field Measurements• Assessing impacts on soil properties and rotation
crops– Soil: texture, aggregate stability, bulk density,
hydraulic conductivity, and microbial enzyme activities (phosphatase, urease, NO3-reductase, NH4-oxidase)
– Crop: yield, plant height, grain quality, nutrient content, residue C/N
• Collecting data for sugarbeet model development– Plant growth: Leaf number, LAI, top and root mass– Soil water (4 depths): SWC, nitrate
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Model Development
RZWQM
SugarbeetModels
Impr
ovem
ent &
pr
ogra
mm
ing DSSAT
Cal
ibra
tion
&
valid
atio
nAnalysis &Applications
Calibration/validation
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Land Use Change and Water Quality Impact Simulations
Yields & costs (production,
transportation, opportunity)
Economic Model
Land use distribution surrounding
beet- biorefineries
SWATBeet & ethanol
prices, plant capacity
Downstream water quality
impacts
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Results & Discussion
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O1. Field Study Preliminary Results
Corn following soybeanCorn following energy beets
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Effect of Preceding Crops on Corn
Height and Yield Starch and Protein
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Soil Enzyme Assays (2nd Yr)
Phosphatase Urease0
75
150
225
300
375
Beet Corn Soybean Wheat
ug/g
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Soil Enzyme Assays (2nd Yr)
NO3 Reductase NH4 Oxidase0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Beet Corn Soybean Wheat
ug/g
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O2. Model Development
• CERES-Beet improved and incorporated into DSSAT and RZWQM
• Both models calibrated and validated against 2014 and 2015 field data
• Model calibration and parameter sensitivity analysis done with PEST software
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DSSAT Calibration (2014)
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DSSAT Validation (2015)
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Parameter Sensitivity AnalysisTotal Observations LAI Observations
Top Observations Root Observations
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RZWQM Calibration (2014)
Plant growth Soil water content
Days after Planting
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Soil
Prof
ile N
O3-
N (k
g/ha
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SimulatedObserved
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RZWQM Validation (2015)
Plant growth Soil water content
Days after Planting
20 40 60 80 100 120
Soil
Prof
ile N
O3-
N (
g/ha
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SimulatedObserved
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O3. Land Use Changes @ Five Potential Beet-Biorefinery Sites
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Current Scenario (Bt: $30/ton; El: $1.5/gal)
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Capacity Scenario (Bt: $35/ton; El: $1.7/gal)
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¼ Transportation Scenario (Bt: $30/ton; El: $1.5/gal)
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1.5 Transportation Scenario (Bt: $40/ton; El: $1.9/gal)
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O4. Downstream WQ ImpactMarginal land
8.7%
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Cropping Scenarios
• Sugarbeet Scenario– All arable marginal lands (8.7%) are planted with
sugarbeets (4%+8.7% = 12.7%)– Environmentally bad scenario
• Alfalfa Scenario– All currently cultivated marginal lands (2.5%) are
converted back to grassland planted with alfalfa (1.5%+2.5% = 4%)
– Environmentally good scenario
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Downstream WQ Loads
Sediment Total P
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Downstream WQ Loads
Nitrate Total N
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Output & Impact
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Output• Model/software
– Sugarbeet module added to DSSAT & RZWQM
• Thesis/dissertations (2 M.S. & 1 Ph.D.)– 2 M.S. graduated in May 2016
• Journal article (1)• Conference papers/presentations (18)
– ASABE (5), AGU (1), AWRA (1), AAEA (1), EWRC (2), Others (8)
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Impact
• Regional sugarbeet producers through various extension activities
• DSSAT and RZWQM developers and users
• Regional energy beet biofuel industry• Policymakers and natural resources
managers
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Acknowledgements
• USDA-NIFA Foundational Program (2013-67020-21366)
• North Dakota Renewable Energy Council• DSSAT: Dr. Gerrit Hoongenboom• RZWQM: Drs Liwang Ma & Patricia
Bartling
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Thank you!