soil organic carbon - a trigger in the climate change process · soil organic carbon - a trigger in...
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KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity
Where do we stand?
• Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the ClimateChange Process
Prof. Dr. Franz Makeschin
Chairman of the Soil Protection Commission
at the German Federal Environment Agency
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
2
Global Carbon Cycle
Fluxes in Gt C a -1
Pools in Gt C
anthropogenic?? effects !!
Atmosphere
Fossile Pools
6.5122
60
+ 3.7 Gt/a
Plants
Soil
Marine
750
500
2 000
38 400
etwa 4 100
0.7
9090+ 1.8
after Bernhofer et al. 2007
62
60?
1
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
3
C-Sequestration in Soil: State of knowledge
• Pools and changes of C-sequestration in soils are ratherunknown (esp. subsoils) !
Data from the Carbo-Europe-Project:
NBP (Soil) forest: 20 g m-2 a-1 (+/-60%)NBP (Soil) pasture: 57 g m-2 a-1 (+/- 130%)
NBP (Soil) arable land: -10 g m-2 a-1 (+/- 95%) (Schulze et al., 2008)
• Pools � Site specific with high variability!
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
4
Organic matter and soil functions (ESS !)
Effects of different fractions
Soil Function / Parameter Correlation with organic C-Fractions fresh stable dissolved
Living space for Microorganisms + ++ (+) +/0
Storage of Nutrients (N>S>P) + ++ ++
Release of Nutrients + ++ +
Sorption of Cations (incl. HM) + (+) ++
Sorption of Organics + + ++
Shifting of Hazardous Compounds +/- - - - ++
Microbial Metabolism of Organics +/- ++ -
Aggregate Stability + ++ +
Erodibility + ++ (+)
Water Storage + ++ ++
C-Sequestration ++ - ++ 0
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
5
Regional distribution of soil organic carbon in Europe
JRC-Map:
Organic carbon content(%) in the surface horizonof soils in Europe basedon the European Soil Data Base 1: 1 Mio.
http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/octop/octop_download.html
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
6
1) Soil texture, parent material, climate (precipitation)……
BGRBGR
…...and topography form soil type patterns!
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
7
2) Together will land use type (intensity?) an estimation of soil organic carbon is possible (ranges!!)
Düwel, et al., 2007
BGR
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
8
Kartengrundlage: Nutzungsdifferenzierte Bodenübersichtskarte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland - BÜK 1000 N, BGR, Hannover 2007.
“Mountain / Hill” Cluster distinctive content of organic C(tcorg = 0,5)
“Clay”-Clusteraverage to distinctive content of organic C(tcorg = 0,31)
“Precipitation (Altitude)” Clusterdistinctive to superior content of organic C(tcorg = 0,77)
“Silt” Cluster average to distinctive content of organic C (tcorg = 0,32)
“Drought” Cluster
Very low contentof organic C(tcorg = -1,11)
“Warm” ClusterAverage content of organic C (tcorg = -0,04)
0 0,5 1-1 -0,5
+ ++-- - +/-
t-value scale for SOC
Clustering of influencing factors on SOC
UTERMANN 2009
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
9
Gt CC-Pools in Surface Soils
(0-30 cm) in the EU
5.8 Gt C correspond to 27 years of the presentenergy-related CO2-emission of Germany
A reduction of the C-content of all German arable soils by 0.2 per centwould be equivalent to 48 per cent of the anualenergy-related CO2-emission of Germany
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
10
C-inputs in soils: Option I
Internal C-resources
Harvest
Leaves & Wood
Rootresidues
Harvestbiomass
Rootresidues
Harvest residues ( e.g. straw)
Forests Cropland
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
11
Cropland: Changes of SOC-content are influenced byfertilization
Dynamik des Kohlenstoffgehaltes in Abhängigkeit von der Düngung im Statischen Düngungsversuch Bad Lauchstädt
1902 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
2,2
2,430 t/ha Std.+NPK 30 t/ha Std. 20 t/ha Std.+NPK
20 t/ha Std. NPK ohne Düngung
r = 0,94**
r = 0,93**
r = 0,93**
r = 0,70*
Even extrem amounts of stable manure leads only to a
maximum change of 0,6 mass per cent SOC, in average to 0,4
per cent in Comparision to „humus consuming cultivation“
UFZ, Leipzig
Dynamic of C-Content due to Fertilization in the „Static FertilizationExperiment“ Bad Lauchstädt, Germany
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
12
Cropland: Changes of SOC-content are influenced bymanagement
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000ZuckerRüben Kartoffeln Mais Winterraps Getreide Sonnenblume Ackergras
Hu
mu
sbila
nz
in k
g C
ha-1
a-1
"VDLUFA untere Werte" Strohabfuhr
"VDLUFA untere Werte" Stroh bleibt
"VDLUFA obere Werte" Strohabfuhr
"VDLUFA obere Werte" Stroh bleibt
HE-ökologisch Strohabfuhr
HE-ökologisch Stroh bleibt
Different crops have different impacts via harvest and root residues(KBU 2008)
Car
bo
nb
alan
cekg
ha-
1 a-
1
Sugar beet Potato Corn W-rape Wheat Sunflower Grassland
> Straw removal
> Straw on field
> Straw removal
> Straw on field
> Straw removal
> Straw on field
Conventional
Organic
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
13
Land Use Change
0 10 20 30 40 50Zeit [Jahre]
Ko
hle
nst
off
-Vo
rrat
Wald->AckerAcker->WaldAcker->Grünland
However: direction, slope and level of the (possible)development depend on several factors (predictability?) !
Car
bo
nS
tock __ Forest� Arable
__ Arable� Forest__ Arable� Grassland
Time (years)
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
14Smith 2004
Conclusion:
Influence of
• texture
• cultivation (C-Qual.)
• water Balance
Important for assessment and modelling: time span !
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
15
Regional challenges: recultivation of mining areas
• ~ 160.000 ha in lignitemining in Germany
• Dumping substrates areusually low in organicsubstances (except coalmoieties and ashes) withadverse physical und chemical properties
Question: Application of organic substances or slowdevelopment of organiccarbon by residues of growing plants?
Hüttl, 2001
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
16
Conclusion: Storage and distribution of soil organiccarbon
• C-sequestration is depended on
- soil texture (clay content)- temperature- soil moisture (precipitation & ground water)- land use (arable << grassland </= forest)
• Principles are well understood but knowledge about impactof management systems is insecure
• Subsoil-C not very well known !
• Lack of regionalisation !
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
17
Can we detect changes in SOC due to Climate Change sofar?
CAPRIEL and SEIFFERT, 2009
Field study Bavaria
Permanent monitoring sites (100 on cropland, 21 of grassland) 1986 to 2007
�indication of an average decrease of soil carbon of 3 per cent in cropland as well in grassland.
However:
Crops and fertilization are the main causesof the observed changes!
A climate effect could be neither provednor excluded !
The results in Bavaria are in line with thereported changes in soil organic matter in Austria, Belgium, France and England !
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
18
Can we determine an „optimal“ SOC content?
low highContent in Soil
Suitable for the particular function
overall Corg
humified
degradable, high C/N
degradable,low C/N
Black carbon
C-sequestration
C-sequestration
Wettability
WettabilityFixation of hydrophob
hazardous compounds
N-supplyNitrate leaching
Fixation of haz. compoundsNutrient buffering (CEC)
Microbial activityNitrate leaching
Water retention capacity
Aggregation, erosion prevention
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
19
Conclusion: „optimal humus content“
• C-Sequestrierung is only one aspect! Crucial point: Whatare the effects to soil functions?
• For C-sequestrierung a maximal C-content would bepreferable!
• But: An optimal humus content has to support all soil functions!
• Optimal humus content cannot be determined only by Corg
C-soil functions prior-ranking to C-sequestration !
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
20
• Biowaste and artificial „Soil Improvers“• Long term C-Sequestration may be possible with
Compost HTC-coal Pyrolytic-coal
http://www.carboncommentary.com/2009/04/07/539Antoinetti
C-inputs in soils: Option II
Import of external C-ressources
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
21
Soil Improvers ! / ?
• Precaution: There are more hazardous compoundsin „waste“ (e.g. sewage sludge and compost) thanin harvest residues (evaluation: improving effectsvs accumulation of hazardous compounds
• New products like hydrothermale oder pyrolyticcoals promise long term C-Sequestration and/orimprovement of soil functions (experience?)
• If „new“ amendments do not show soil improvingeffects they should not be applied. Then a C-sequestration could better be conductet on a landfill or repository
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
22
Better alternatives & possible solutions:conservation of high value (organic) soils
• Protection of bogs, marshlands, fens (wetland sites)• Avoid ploughing / transfer of grassland to cropland• Keep good agricultural practice (e.g. crop rotation)• Soil protection measures by cultivation of energy crops• Afforestation??
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
23
Reduce land consumption and sealing - Act Now !
Soil protection and renewable resources
Recommendations: Soil Protection Commission KBU
http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/boden-und-altlasten/boden/index.htm
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
24
Bioeconomy Council Germany delivers its first
policy recommendations
http://www.biooekonomierat.de
Work group I: Soil
The major share of human food and biomass needed for materials and energy isproduced in the soil. The soil, as a finite geo-resource, but one which is also seriously endangered by sealing, erosion and degradation, is thus thecornerstone of the bio-economy.
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
25
Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in theClimate Change Process
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
26
A second challenge: assessment of global soil carbon(esp. developing and emerging countries)
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
27
General conclusions: (Europe & international )
� Strong demand on data for soil assessment (CC, functions, ESS)
� Cross Compliance unsatisfactory (minimum requirements < GAP)
� Rio + 20 Process (Green Economy, Low Carbon Economy)
� Soils under stronger focus (CC, BioDiv, Desert Convention: up to
date or relict): protection of fertile soils under global view!
� Strong demand on pinpoint monitoring and continuous field
experiments !
KBUKommissionBodenschutzbeim
Conference: Soil, Climate Change and Biodiversity – Where do we stand?Soil Organic Carbon - a Trigger in the Climate Change Process
Franz Makeschin
28
We need stronger footprints on / for soils!
Thank you for your attention!