solar energy centre

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Solar Energy Centre

Government of IndiaMinistry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources

Dr Manmohan SinghPrime Minister of India

‘Energy is an important input for

economic development. Since

exhaustible energy sources in the

country are limited, there is an

urgent need to focus attention on

development of renewable

energy sources and use of energy

efficient technologies. The

exploitation and development of

various forms of energy and

making energy available at

affordable rates is one of our major

thrust areas.’

Smt. Sonia GandhiChairperson, National Advisory Council

‘Today India is one of the few

leading countries in the

development and utilization of

renewable energy. The country is

blessed with various sources of

non-conventional energy and I

hope the efforts of Ministry of

Non-Conventional Energy

Sources will promote viable

technologies that can reach the

benefits of such sources to the

poorest people in the far-flung

regions of the country.’

Renewable Energy in India

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Everysector of Indian economy – agriculture, industry, t r a n s p o r t ,commercial, and domestic – needs inputs of energy. The

economic development plans implemented since independence havenecessarily required increasing amounts of energy. As a result,consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over thecountry.

This growing consumption of energy has also resulted in the countrybecoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal and oiland gas. Rising prices of oil and gas and potential shortages in futurelead to concerns about the security of energy supply needed to sustainour economic growth. Increased use of fossil fuels also causesenvironmental problems both locally and globally.

Against this background, the country urgently needs to develop asustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energyconservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are thetwin planks of a sustainable energysupply.

Fortunately, India is blessed witha variety of renewable energysources, the main ones beingbiomass, biogas, the sun, wind, andsmall hydro power. (Large hydropower is also renewable in nature,but has been utilized all over theworld for many decades, and isgenerally not included in the term‘new and renewable sources ofenergy’.) Municipal and industrialwastes can also be useful sources ofenergy, but are basically differentforms of biomass.

RE N E WA B L E E N E R GY IN IN D I A

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Advantages of renewable energy are that it isperennialavailable locally and does not need elaborate arrangements fortransportusually modular in nature, i.e. small-scale units and systems can bealmost as economical as large-scale onesenvironment-friendlywell suited for decentralized applications and use in remote areas.

The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources has beenimplementing comprehensive programmes for the development andutilization of various renewable energy sources in the country. As aresult of efforts made during the past quarter century, a number oftechnologies and devices have been developed and have becomecommercially available. These include biogas plants, improved woodstoves, solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar lanterns, street lights,pumps, wind electric generators, water-pumping wind mills, biomassgasifiers, and small hydro-electric generators. Energy technologies forthe future such as hydrogen, fuel cells, and bio-fuels are being activelydeveloped.

India is implementing one of the world’s largest programmes inrenewable energy. The country ranks second in the world in biogasutilization and fifth in wind power and photovoltaic production.Renewable sources already contribute to about 5% of the total power

generating capacity in thecountry. The majorrenewable energy sources anddevices in use in India arelisted in Table 1 along withtheir potential and presentstatus in terms of the numberof instal lations or totalcapacity.

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RE N E W A B L E E N E R G Y IN IN D I A

Renewable energy in India at a glance

CumulativeEstimated installed capacity /

Source/System potential number*

Wind power 45 000 MW 3595 MW

Biomass power 16 000 MW 302.53 MW

Bagasse cogeneration 3500 MW 447.00 MW

Small hydro (up to 25 MW) 15 000 MW 1705.63 MW

Waste to energyP Municipal solid waste 1700 MW 17 MWP Industrial waste 1000 MW 29.50 MW

Family-size biogas plants 12 million 3.71 million

Improved chulhas 120 million 35.20 million

Solar street lighting systems — 54 795

Home lighting systems — 342 607

Solar lanterns — 560 295

Solar photovoltaic power plants — 1566 kWp

Solar water heating systems 140 million m2 1 million m2 ofof collector area collector area

Box-type solar cookers — 575 000

Solar photovoltaic pumps — 6818

Wind pumps — 1087

Biomass gasifiers — 66.35 MW

* as on 31 March 2005

Table 1

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NAT I O N AL EL E C T R I C I T Y PO L I C Y 2005

National Electricity Policy 2005

The National Electricity Policy aims at achieving the followingobjectives.

1 Access to Electricity – available for all households in the next fiveyears.

2 Availability of Power – demand to be fully met by 2012. Energyand peaking shortages to be overcome and spinning reserve to beavailable.

3 Supply of reliable and quality power of specified standards in anefficient manner and at reasonable rates.

4 Per capita availability of electricity to be increased to over 1000units by 2012.

5 Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a meritgood by 2012.

6 Financial turnaround and commercial viability of electricity sector.7 Protection of consumers’ interests.

The Electricity Act 2003

The Electricity Act contains the following provisions pertaining to non-conventional energy sources.

Sections 3(1) and 3(2)

Under Sections 3(1) and 3(2), it has been stated that the CentralGovernment shall, from time to time, prepare and publish the NationalElectricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the stategovernments and authority for development of the power system basedon optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclearsubstances or material, hydro and renewable sources of energy.

Section 4

Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultationwith the state governments, prepare and notify a national policy,permitting stand-alone systems (including those based on renewablesources of energy and other non-conventional sources of energy) forrural areas.

Section 61

Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall,subject to the provision of this Act, specify the terms and conditionsfor the determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by thefollowing, namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation ofelectricity from renewable sources of energy; and the National ElectricityPolicy and Tariff Policy.

Section 86(1)

Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shalldischarge the following functions, namely, promote cogeneration andgeneration of electricity from renewable sources of energy by providing,suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricityto any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from suchsources, a percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the areaof a distribution license.

TH E EL E C T R I C I T Y AC T 2003

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Introduction

Solar radiation represents theearth’s most abundant energy

source. Apart from its direct form, solarenergy is responsible for creation ofother renewable energy sources such as wind, flowing streams and rivers,photosynthetic production of biomass, and thermal gradients in theocean. Solar energy is being used by humankind from time immemorialfor various purposes. More recent applications of solar energy, like itsdirect conversion to electricity and transformation to thermal energyat various temperatures, have expanded its potential use enormously.This energy resource has a number of characteristics that make it avery desirable option for utilization. The perennial source of solar energyprovides unlimited supply, has no negative impact on the environment,is distributed everywhere, and is available freely. In India, the annualglobal solar radiation is about 5 kWh/m2 per day with about 2300–3200 sunshine hours per year.

Solar energy can be exploited for meeting the ever-increasingrequirement of energy in our country. Its suitability for decentralizedapplications and its environment-friendly nature make it an attractiveoption to supplement the energy supply from other sources.Development efforts to use solar energy started in the country quiteearly. Over the years, the country has developed a broad research andtechnology base, a growing manufacturing capability, and a widespreadinfrastructure for distribution and after-sales service of solar energyproducts. Since its inception, the Ministry of Non-Conventional EnergySources (MNES) has been implementing a solar energy programmewith the objective of providing electricity to the rural and remote areas,making energy available for pumping of water for irrigation anddrinking water supply, generating thermal energy for water heating,cooking, distillation of water, and for drying of farm products.

Solar Energy Centre

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SO L A R ENER GY C E N T R E

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Solar Energy Centre

The Solar Energy Centre (SEC) was established in 1982 as a dedicatedunit of the MNES for the development and promotion of solar energytechnologies. The Centre, along with the programme divisions of theMinistry, has contributed significantly towards the implementation ofthe national programme on solar energy.

The campus of the Centre, which is about 30 km south of the mainoffice of the Ministry, is located at the 19th Milestone on the Gurgaon–Faridabad road just outside the boundary of Delhi. Covering an areaof about 81 hectares, the campus with abundant sunshine provides anideal location for experimenting with the energy from the sun. Thebuildings of the Centre have been constructed using solar passivetechniques to achieve energy efficiency and environmental friendliness.

The Centre has the requisite equipment, laboratories, and otherassociated facilities for design, development, testing, and evaluation.Facilities for conducting training programmes and seminars are availablein the form of an auditorium, a seminar room, and a meeting roomequipped with audio-visual equipment.

A site plan showing the layout of the administrative, technical,and workshop building

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Functions

The SEC serves as an effective interface between the Government andinstitutions, industry and user organizations for development,promotion, and widespread utilization of solar energy in the country.The functions of the Centre are as follows.

Research and development• Cooperation with institutions and industryTesting and standardization• National test facility• Coordination with regional test centres (RTCs) and standards

organizationsTechnology demonstration and assessment• Evaluation of technical, environmental, and economic

performanceHuman resource development• Training and Visitors’ Programme• Dissemination and diffusion of solar energy technologiesAdvisory and consultancy servicesInternational cooperation

Solar Thermal Test Facility

The SEC houses the national test facility for solar thermal devices inthe country. The facility is equipped for1 testing of solar thermal collectors,2 testing of domestic (thermosyphon) solar water heating systems,

and3 testing of solar cookers, both box type and concentrating type.

The facility is accredited by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)for testing of solar flat-plate collectors and solar cookers as per theIndian National Standards. The facility is also available to manufacturersand other organizations for development testing.

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Besides the SEC, the Regional Test Centres (RTCs) established by theMNES in different parts of the country also provide facilities for testingsolar thermal collectors and solar cookers. These regional centres arerecognized test centres accredited by the BIS. The SEC providestechnical coordination for these RTCs.

The Centre and the programme division of the MNES have beenworking closely with the BIS for standardization of solar thermalproducts. The BIS brought out the Indian standards on solar flat-platecollectors in 1990 (revised in 1992) as IS 12933 (parts 1–5) and thoseon solar cookers in 1992 as IS 13429 (parts 1–3). All these standardshave further been revised taking into account the technologicaldevelopments that have taken place over the years and to make themat par with the international standards. The revised Indian standardsare as follows.

Solar flat-plate collectors : IS 12933 parts 1–5 (2003)

Solar cookers : IS 13429 parts 1–3 (2000)

The Centre has contributed significantly in formulating andupgrading these standards. Currently, the SEC, in consultation withthe BIS, is working towards strengthening the regional centres throughupgrading test facilities and through training. Programmes are alsoplanned to facilitate the industry in attaining these standards to becomeinternationally competitive.

Solar cookers under testing Outdoor testing of solar collectors

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Solar Photovoltaic Test Facility

A comprehensive photovoltaic test facility (PVTF) is available at theSEC to provide a variety of services.

Solar cell testing

Performance characterization of solar cells (up to 150 mm diameter)through current–voltage (I–V) measurements as per the nationaland international standards.Spectral response measurements for calculation of quantumefficiency, collection efficiency, and spectral mismatch factor.

Photovoltaic module testing

Performance evaluation of variousratings of solar photovoltaic (SPV)modules under standard/differentconditions as per the national andinternational standards.Qualification testing of photovoltaic(PV) modules as per the Standards:IEC 61215 and BIS14286: 1995.This facility is under the process ofthe International ElectrotechnicalCommission Quality (IECQ) systemaccreditation.

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Testing of lighting systems

Testing of PV lighting systems used for street lighting, homelighting, and portable lanterns for electronic efficiency of highfrequency ballast, charge–discharge efficiency of charge controller,and reliability of protections and temperature compensation forbattery.

SPV pump testing

Test rig is available fortesting PV water pumps,both submersible andsurface type, with variablesuction head 1–7 metres(m) and total head up to10 m. The performance ofPV water pumps is evaluated in terms of throughput, PV arraypower, and wire to water efficiency.

Battery testing for PV applications

Fully computer-controlled battery life-cycle tester for estimationof capacity, cycle life, charge efficiency, and shelf life.

A high-rate discharger forassessing the state ofcharge of batteries and abattery charger capable ofcharging batteries up to2000 Amp-hours.

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Technology Demonstration and Assessment

Demonstration is an important tool to promote newer technologies,assess their performance under actual field conditions, and gainexpertise in replication and advancing the technology.

The Centre, over the years, has implemented a number ofdemonstration projects on its own campus or at other places in thecountry to promote new and renewable energy technologies. It hasparticipated in many other demonstration projects through field-testingand evaluation. A few such projects are mentioned below.

Solar thermal power plant

A 50-kWp prototype solar

thermal power plant based onparabolic trough collectors andsteam turbine was set up at theSEC in 1988. The plant wasoperated for a number of yearsto monitor and evaluate itsperformance. As a result,valuable information andexperience could be gained.Expertise is now available forassessing the feasibility of solarthermal power generation atany specific location, includingits conceptual design. The power plant is now being maintained as aneducation, R&D, and training facility.

Long-term performance evaluation of PV modules

In order to evaluate the long-term performance of a variety of PVmodules under actual field conditions, two outdoor test beds have beenestablished at the Centre.

25-kWp crystalline silicon module test bed The test bed includesPV modules supplied by 11 Indian crystalline silicon PV module

50 kWp solar thermal plant

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manufacturers. The generated power output from the individualarray is monitored, recorded, and analysed. Generated power fromthe PV arrays is used to power various loads at the Centre.

21-kWp thin-film solar module test bed Under the SEC–NREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) project, a test bed hasbeen established, which consists of modules of amorphous silicondouble tandem, amorphous silicon triple tandem, cadmiumtelluride/cadmium sulphide, and copper indium di-sellenide—allfrom PV module manufacturers from USA. In order to evaluatethe performance of these modules under the Indian conditions, themodule arrays are connected to separate battery banks with separateinverters. The generated power output from the individual array ismonitored, recorded, and analysed. The generated power from PVarrays is used to power various loads at the Centre.

SPV power plant

A number of SPV power plants, both stand-alone and grid-interactive,have been set up by the MNES in different locations of the country. Afew of these plants have been studied and evaluated by the Centre. Asa result, in-house capabilities are now available at the SEC for advisingon good engineering practices during design, installation, and operationof these power plants. The Centre can offer services for preparation of

feasibility reports,design, performancemonitoring, andevaluation of theSPV power plants.

21 kWp SPV module

testing facility

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Solar buildings

The buildings of SEC were designed and constructed using solar passiveconcepts. To counter the composite climate of the region, features thathave been incorporated in the buildings for comfort and energyefficiency include the following.

A spread-out structure arranged around court yardsHollow concrete block walls to reduce the outside heat inputEarth berming for better indoor temperatureInsulation and reflective finish on the roof surface to minimize heatgainEnergy-efficient window designs for view, thermal comfort, anddaylightingRooftop evaporating cooling during dry summerTerrace garden

This is one of the earliest initiatives taken by the Ministry to promotesolar buildings in the country. The thermal performance of thesebuildings, specially the guest-house building, has been monitored andevaluated. The lessons learned have provided valuable inputs inimproving strategies for designing future solar buildings in the country.

A view of the Solar Energy Centre guest house, which is partially earth-bermed

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Energy plantation

Plant species that produce oilseeds are now getting special attentionbecause of the ever-increasing demand for fuel. Jatropha curcas is onesuch species that falls into this category. Besides its oil-yielding capacity,it is also recognized for its soil protection properties, and as a providerof green manure and medicine. A joint project has been taken up with

the National BotanicalResearch Institute,Lucknow, for plantation ofJatropha curcas andPongemia pinnata for large-scale plantation at theCentre to study thefeasibility of production ofbio-diesel and its furtherapplications.

The technologyassessment studiesundertaken by the Centreon solar water heatingsystems, solar refrigeration

and air-conditioning, solar energy materials, GHG (greenhouse gas)emission reduction from renewable energy systems, etc. havecontributed to further development of these technologies.

Research and Development

Improved efficiency, cost-competitive; and reliable performance of solartechnologies are critical for their large-scale market penetration. TheR&D projects are initiated based on the need identified during variousscientific activities carried out by the Centre at different spheres. Theinteractive R&D programme of the Centre facilitates addressing thecritical areas of development in cooperation with other institutionsand industry.

Daylighting concept in workshop buildingof Solar Energy Centre

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The ongoing and the recently concluded R&D projects include thefollowing.

Preparation of a handbook on solar passive architecture jointly withthe Indian Institute of Technology, BombayMonitoring and performance evaluation of solar buildingsconstructed in different climatic zones jointly with Devi AhilyaUniversity, Indore; and Science, Technology, and EnvironmentCouncil, Himachal PradeshDevelopment of standardized test procedure for domesticthermosyphon solar hot water systems jointly with the IndianInstitute of Technology, BombayDevelopment of course material on solar passive architecture forinclusion in the curricula of B. Arch jointly with the Indian Instituteof Technology, Delhi and Council of Architects.

Resource assessment

Solar radiation resource assessment is an important step for arriving atthe optimized design of a solar system, which, in turn, dictates itsperformance reliability and economics. The amount of solar radiationincident over India has been recorded continuously by the IndianMeteorological Department for a number of years. Through an initiativetaken by the Department of Science and Technology, the Handbook ofSolar Radiation Data for India was published in 1981, which containeddata on solar and terrestrial radiation and associated meteorologicalparameters for 18 stations of the country where reliable measurementswere made for a number of years. Immediately after this, an analyticaltechnique was devised to derive radiation data for another 127 stationswhere radiation measurements were not available. Two methods wereused to compute solar radiation, one using regression techniques toderive radiation from sunshine and cloudiness, the other fromextraterrestrial radiation, taking into account depletion of radiationby absorption and scattering when it passes through the atmosphere.The results were published in 1982 as the second volume of the earlierpublication and titled as Solar Radiation Over India. The volumes wereprepared by the Bangalore field unit of the Indian Institute of TropicalMeteorology, Pune. An initiative has recently been taken by the Centre

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along with the IMD to prepare a revised handbook of solar radiationdata for the country. The output will be available both in hard and softcopies for wider distribution.

Human Resource Development and InformationServices

The SEC has a small library, which stocks essential publications relatingto solar energy and regularly subscribes to a few important internationaljournals. It is linked to the library of the Ministry, which has a richcollection of latest publications. It maintains a database related to solarenergy applications in the country.

For effective dissemination ofinformation and as a platform forexchange of ideas, debate, anddiscussions, the SEC organizes seminars,workshops, conferences, and trainingprogrammes either directly or throughcollaborating institutes. The training andconference facility of the Centre is beingupgraded with a view to offer it to a largenumber of researchers and academiciansthrough a visitors’ programme. Graduate-

level engineering students are encouraged to take up their summertraining in the Centre to enhance their capabilities in this area. TheCentre would also respond positively to visits of students from collegesand universities to the SEC campus as part of their curriculumrequirement.

International Cooperation

The SEC, right from the beginning, has implemented a number ofinternational projects for establishing its own facilities, providingtechnical and training assistance to other nations and offering its testfacility to technical organizations of various countries. In the process,it has interacted with major international and bilateral organizationsand institutions of repute world over. Now, as an established institution,

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the international cooperation programme of the SEC envisagesproviding technical and training assistance to other countries,developing new and improved technologies through collaborativeprojects, facilitating export promotion by way of offering testcertification of international standards, and developing humanresources.

Advisory and Consultancy Services

The SEC provides advisory and consultancy services in a range ofactivities related to solar energy applications. These include testing,certification, field performance monitoring, evaluation, systemdesigning, resource assessment, feasibility studies, and training.

Customer Service Cell

A Customer Service Cell (CSC) has been established in September2003. The CSC provides the necessary information regarding testingand certification of solar energy products and services available at theCentre. The contact details of the Cell are given below.

Tel. 91-124 257 9251Fax 91-24 257 9207

E-mail [email protected] www.mnes.nic.in

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Annual mean daily globalsolar radiation in India

(in kWh/m2/day)

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Rajiv Gandhi Akshay Urja Diwas

On 20 August 2004 – the 60th Birth Anniversary of our Late PrimeMinister Mr Rajiv Gandhi – the Ministry organized the Rajiv GandhiAkshay Urja Diwas. Initiated by the Hon’ble Minister of State (Non-Conventional EnergySources), Mr V Muttemwar,the occasion saw the releaseof a commemorative stampby the Hon’ble PrimeMinister, Dr ManmohanSingh, at a function attendedby Smt. Sonia Gandhi,Chairperson, UnitedProgressive Alliance (UPA),Members of the UnionCabinet, Members ofParliament, Chief Ministers,Foreign Dignitaries, Administrators, Scientists, and students amongothers.

The day was also appropriate to advocate renewable energy, sinceMr Rajiv Gandhi was a keen enthusiast of scientific advances that wouldenable India to leap into the 21st century. Thus, a human chain ofnearly 12 000 school children was formed in the National Capital topromote a renewable future. In the rest of the country too, functionssuch as rallies and human chains were organized. In addition,competitions such as essay writing, painting, quizzes, and debates wereheld, all of which covered different aspects of renewable energy – frombiogas to biomass to solar, hydro, and wind power. The essence ofthese public activities was to generate mass awareness and disseminateinformation about the advances made in renewable energy technologies,and with the ultimate objective of achieving ‘Akshay urja se desh vikas– Gaon gaon bijlee, ghar ghar prakash’. The success of the Rajiv GandhiAkshay Urja Diwas has encouraged the Ministry to make it an annualaffair, to be celebrated on 20 August every year.

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DisclaimerEvery effort has been made to provide correct information in this booklet. However, the Ministry ofNon-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) does not assume any responsibility for the accuracyof the facts and figures mentioned here, nor for any consequences arising out of use of anyinformation contained in this publication.

For more information, please contact

Solar Energy CentreMinistry of Non-Conventional

Energy SourcesBlock No. 14, CGO ComplexLodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

Campus:Solar Energy CentreGurgaon–Faridabad Road(19th Milestone)Gwal Pahari, Dist. Gurgaon

Tel. +91 11 2436 0707+91 11 2436 0404

Fax +91 11 2436 1298

Tel. +91 124 2579208+91 124 2579207

E-mail [email protected] mnes.nic.in

Shri Vilas MuttemwarMinister of State (Independent Charge)

Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of IndiaNew Delhi – 110 003

‘The promotion of renewable energy sources in the

country requires widespread publicity and greater

awareness of the potential of these energy sources

and the products available. The Ministry of Non-

Conventional Energy Sources is expanding several

of its programmes so that these sources can

contribute to sustainable development of the nation.

The Ministry will work towards reducing the costs

of renewable energy products and making them

easily available to the people. The motto of the

Ministry is “Akshay urja se desh vikas” and the

ultimate goal is “Gaon gaon bijli, ghar ghar prakash”.’

9 Solar Energy Centre

Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources, Government of IndiaBlock No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

Web site: www.mnes.nic.in

Booklets in this Series

1 Biogas

2 Biomass

3 Solar Heat

4 Solar Electricity

5 Energy Recovery from Wastes

6 Wind Energy

7 Small Hydro Power

8 Hydrogen Energy

9 Solar Energy Centre

10 Centre for Wind Energy Technology

11 Indian Renewable Energy DevelopmentAgency Ltd

12 Information and Public Awareness

solar energy centre

Documents