Solar EnergySolar Energy

…….and it’s many uses .and it’s many uses

SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY

A FEW FACTSA FEW FACTS• Every day the earth receives thousands of times Every day the earth receives thousands of times

more energy from the sun than is consumed in all more energy from the sun than is consumed in all other resources.other resources.

• If a 140x140 mile parcel of land in Arizona was If a 140x140 mile parcel of land in Arizona was covered with solar cells, the electricity needs of covered with solar cells, the electricity needs of the entire United States could be met.the entire United States could be met.

• The sunlight falling on a typical house can provide The sunlight falling on a typical house can provide from 1/3 to 1/2 of the heating needs of that house. from 1/3 to 1/2 of the heating needs of that house.

• Today solar energy accounts for only 1% of the Today solar energy accounts for only 1% of the total renewable energy consumed in the United total renewable energy consumed in the United StatesStates

Characteristics of IsolationCharacteristics of Isolation

• Isolation is the amount of Isolation is the amount of solar radiation reaching the solar radiation reaching the earth. Also called Incident earth. Also called Incident Solar Radiation.Solar Radiation.

• The sun’s energy is created The sun’s energy is created from the fusion of hydrogen from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei.nuclei into helium nuclei.

• Components of Solar Components of Solar Radiation:Radiation:

Direct radiationDirect radiationDiffuse radiationDiffuse radiationReflect radiationReflect radiation

SOLAR HEATING TODAYSOLAR HEATING TODAY

• Used mostly for Used mostly for heating pools and heating pools and domestic hot water domestic hot water (DHW)(DHW)

• Two types of solar Two types of solar heating systems:heating systems: Active Solar Heating Active Solar Heating

SystemSystem Passive Solar Passive Solar

Heating SystemHeating System

ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMSYSTEM• A system that uses A system that uses

water or air that the water or air that the sun has heated and sun has heated and is then circulated by is then circulated by a fan or pump.a fan or pump.

• Three Types:Three Types: Flat Plate CollectorsFlat Plate Collectors Batch Water HeatersBatch Water Heaters ThermosiphonThermosiphon

FLAT PLATE COLLECTORSFLAT PLATE COLLECTORS

• A thin flat metal plate A thin flat metal plate is used to absorb the is used to absorb the sun’s radiation.sun’s radiation.

• Tubes carry water into Tubes carry water into the absorber plate the absorber plate where it is heated by where it is heated by the sun and sent to a the sun and sent to a pump or fan into pump or fan into storage and storage and distributed from there distributed from there to the living space.to the living space.

BATCH WATER HEATERSBATCH WATER HEATERS

• Pre-heats water using the Pre-heats water using the sun by having a black sun by having a black tank inside an isolated tank inside an isolated box with a glass cover.box with a glass cover.

• Solar energy is absorbed Solar energy is absorbed within the box to heat the within the box to heat the water.water.

• The water outflow is sent The water outflow is sent into a conventional water into a conventional water heater for further heating.heater for further heating.

• They are also called They are also called “Bread-Box” heaters.“Bread-Box” heaters.

THERMOSIPHENTHERMOSIPHEN

• This method places the This method places the storage tank above the storage tank above the solar collector.solar collector.

• Cold water is put into Cold water is put into the bottom of the the bottom of the storage tank where it is storage tank where it is circulated through a flat circulated through a flat plate collector and plate collector and pumped back into the pumped back into the top of the storage tank. top of the storage tank. The heated water can The heated water can then be taken from the then be taken from the top and used.top and used.

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS• The house itself acts as the solar collector The house itself acts as the solar collector

and storage facility.and storage facility.

• No pumps or fans are used.No pumps or fans are used.

• This system makes use of the materials of This system makes use of the materials of the house to store and absorb heat.the house to store and absorb heat.

• Three Types:Three Types:Direct-GainDirect-GainIndirect-GainIndirect-GainAttached GreenhouseAttached Greenhouse

DIRECT-GAINDIRECT-GAIN

• Large south facing Large south facing windows that let in windows that let in the sunlight.the sunlight.

• Thermal mass is Thermal mass is used to absorb the used to absorb the radiation.radiation.

• At night the At night the absorbed heat is absorbed heat is radiated back into radiated back into the living space.the living space.

INDIRECT-GAININDIRECT-GAIN

• Collects and stores the Collects and stores the solar energy in one part solar energy in one part of the house and use of the house and use natural heat transfer to natural heat transfer to distribute heat to the distribute heat to the rest of the house.rest of the house.

• Popular method is to Popular method is to use a Trombe Wall use a Trombe Wall which is a massive which is a massive black masonry that acts black masonry that acts as a solar collector and as a solar collector and a heat storage medium.a heat storage medium.

ATTACHED GREENHOUSEATTACHED GREENHOUSE

• Uses a combination of Uses a combination of Direct and Indirect-Gain Direct and Indirect-Gain systems that use water systems that use water drums and a masonry drums and a masonry floor as heat storage in floor as heat storage in the attached greenhouse.the attached greenhouse.

• Thermosiphoning can use Thermosiphoning can use direct-gain from the flow direct-gain from the flow of air created by the of air created by the difference in pressure difference in pressure between the less dense between the less dense warmer air of the room warmer air of the room and the cooler air near the and the cooler air near the ground. ground.

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGETHERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

• Solar energy heating systems must be Solar energy heating systems must be able to store energy for night time use and able to store energy for night time use and for cloudy days. Different materials absorb for cloudy days. Different materials absorb different amounts of heat.different amounts of heat.

• Depending on the weather and the Depending on the weather and the amount of thermal energy stored will amount of thermal energy stored will determine how long a house can continue determine how long a house can continue to be heated by the stored solar energy.to be heated by the stored solar energy.

• Phase-change material can be used to add Phase-change material can be used to add additional heat to the living space.additional heat to the living space.

This House Uses an Active This House Uses an Active Air SystemAir System

Photovoltaic Cells use in Photovoltaic Cells use in Energy ProductionEnergy Production

•How cells are builtHow cells are built

•The Photoelectric Effect The Photoelectric Effect

•Pros and Cons of PVPros and Cons of PV

4 types of PV cells4 types of PV cells

• Selective – Emitter Cell (SEC)Selective – Emitter Cell (SEC)

• Emitter wrap- through cells (EWC)Emitter wrap- through cells (EWC)

• Thin Film PhotovoltaicThin Film Photovoltaic

• Single Crystal Silicon CellsSingle Crystal Silicon Cells

Single-Crystal Silicon Cell Single-Crystal Silicon Cell ConstructionConstruction

• The majority of PV cells in use are the single-crystal silicon The majority of PV cells in use are the single-crystal silicon type.type.

• Silica (SiOSilica (SiO22) is the compound used to make the cells. It is ) is the compound used to make the cells. It is first refined and purified, then melted down and re-first refined and purified, then melted down and re-solidified so that it can be arranged in perfect wafers for solidified so that it can be arranged in perfect wafers for electric conduction. These wafers are very thin.electric conduction. These wafers are very thin.

• The wafers then have either Phosphorous or Boron added to The wafers then have either Phosphorous or Boron added to make each wafer either a negative type layer or a positive make each wafer either a negative type layer or a positive type layer respectively. Used together these two types type layer respectively. Used together these two types treated of crystalline silicon form the p-n junction which is treated of crystalline silicon form the p-n junction which is the heart of the solar– electrical reaction.the heart of the solar– electrical reaction.

• Many of these types of cells are joined together to make Many of these types of cells are joined together to make arrays, the size of each array is dependant upon the arrays, the size of each array is dependant upon the amount of sunlight in a given area.amount of sunlight in a given area.

How Does A Cell Become A How Does A Cell Become A Module?Module?

• A solar cell is the basic building A solar cell is the basic building block of a PV system.block of a PV system.

• A typical cell produces .5 to 1V A typical cell produces .5 to 1V of electricity.of electricity.

• Solar cells are combined Solar cells are combined together to become modules or together to become modules or if large enough, known as an if large enough, known as an array.array.

• A structure to point the modules A structure to point the modules towards the sun is necessary, as towards the sun is necessary, as well as electricity converters, well as electricity converters, which convert DC power to AC. which convert DC power to AC.

• All of these components allow All of these components allow the system to power a water the system to power a water pump, appliances, commercial pump, appliances, commercial sites, or even a whole sites, or even a whole community.community.

The Photoelectric EffectThe Photoelectric Effect

The photoelectric effect relies on The photoelectric effect relies on the principle that whenever light the principle that whenever light strikes the surface of certain metals strikes the surface of certain metals electrons are released.electrons are released.

In the p-n junction the n-type wafer In the p-n junction the n-type wafer treated with phosphorus has extra treated with phosphorus has extra electrons which flow into the holes electrons which flow into the holes in the p-type layer that has been in the p-type layer that has been treated with boron.treated with boron.

Connected by an external circuit Connected by an external circuit electrons flow from the n-side to electrons flow from the n-side to create electricity and end up in the create electricity and end up in the p-side.p-side.

Photoelectric EffectPhotoelectric Effect

A picture of an typical silicon PV cell

Now a short video:

http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/multimedia.html

                                                                                 

                                                     

• Sunlight is the catalyst of the reaction.Sunlight is the catalyst of the reaction.

• The output current of this reaction is DC (direct) The output current of this reaction is DC (direct) and the amount of energy produced is directly and the amount of energy produced is directly proportional to the amount of sunlight put in.proportional to the amount of sunlight put in.

• Cells only have an average efficiency of 30% Cells only have an average efficiency of 30%

Pros and Cons of Solar Pros and Cons of Solar ElectricityElectricity

• Expensive to produce because of the high cost of semi- conducting Expensive to produce because of the high cost of semi- conducting materials, which could be avoided by reducing manufacturing costs. materials, which could be avoided by reducing manufacturing costs. The PV Manufacturing Research and Development Project focuses on The PV Manufacturing Research and Development Project focuses on increasing manufacturing capacity so that the cost of manufacturing increasing manufacturing capacity so that the cost of manufacturing will decrease. They aim to achieve break even costs.will decrease. They aim to achieve break even costs.

• However, solar energy contributes positively to the nation’s energy However, solar energy contributes positively to the nation’s energy security because it is produced domestically, reducing reliance on security because it is produced domestically, reducing reliance on energy imports.energy imports.

• The industry is still relatively new and extremely hi tech allowing for The industry is still relatively new and extremely hi tech allowing for the creation of more jobs in the American market.the creation of more jobs in the American market.

• The government has many incentives program which vary from state The government has many incentives program which vary from state to state, but they exist to encourage investment in forms of to state, but they exist to encourage investment in forms of alternative energy. alternative energy.

• Does not require the transportation of hazardous materials across Does not require the transportation of hazardous materials across country.country.

• Sunlight is a Sunlight is a freefree abundant source! abundant source!

Pros and Cons cont.Pros and Cons cont.

• PV can be designed for a variety of PV can be designed for a variety of applicationsapplications

• No noise or air pollutionNo noise or air pollution• Require minimal maintenance and Require minimal maintenance and

have long service life times.have long service life times.• Power can be either centralized in Power can be either centralized in

individual homes or distributed by individual homes or distributed by electrical companies.electrical companies.

How PV Systems WorkHow PV Systems Work

Stand-Alone Photovoltaic SystemsStand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

Grid-connected Grid-connected

BREAKDOWNBREAKDOWN

• PV systems are like any other electrical power generating PV systems are like any other electrical power generating systems, except the equipment used to generate the power is systems, except the equipment used to generate the power is different.different.

• Specific components required, and may include major components Specific components required, and may include major components such as a DC-AC power inverter, batteries, auxiliary energy such as a DC-AC power inverter, batteries, auxiliary energy sources, sometimes the specified electrical load (appliances), sources, sometimes the specified electrical load (appliances), wiring, surge protection and other hardware.wiring, surge protection and other hardware.

• Batteries are often used in PV systems for the purpose of storing Batteries are often used in PV systems for the purpose of storing energy produced by the PV array during the day, and to supply it energy produced by the PV array during the day, and to supply it to electrical loads as needed (during the night and periods of to electrical loads as needed (during the night and periods of cloudy weather). Also to keep the system at full operational cloudy weather). Also to keep the system at full operational power power

Grid-connected or Utility-ConnectedGrid-connected or Utility-Connected

• Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed to Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed to operate in parallel with and interconnected with the electric utility operate in parallel with and interconnected with the electric utility grid. grid.

• These system contain an inverter, called a power conditioning unit These system contain an inverter, called a power conditioning unit (PCU) which converts the DC power produced by the PV array into (PCU) which converts the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power consistent with the voltage and power quality AC power consistent with the voltage and power quality requirements of the utility grid.requirements of the utility grid.

• A bi-directional interface allows the AC power produced by the PV A bi-directional interface allows the AC power produced by the PV system to either supply personal electrical loads, or return power system to either supply personal electrical loads, or return power back to the grid when the PV system output is greater than the back to the grid when the PV system output is greater than the personal demand. personal demand.

Stand-Alone PV SystemsStand-Alone PV Systems

• Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid the electric utility grid

• Supply DC and/or AC electrical loadsSupply DC and/or AC electrical loads

• The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system, where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly system, where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC load connected to a DC load

• Since there are no batteries involved in direct load systems, Since there are no batteries involved in direct load systems, stand-alone PV systems are suitable for such processes as heating stand-alone PV systems are suitable for such processes as heating and pumping water, ventilation fans, etc…Although they can only and pumping water, ventilation fans, etc…Although they can only work in the day.work in the day.

• Stand-Alone systems may also power AC loads such as batteries. Stand-Alone systems may also power AC loads such as batteries. Like the AC adapter which powers your laptop.Like the AC adapter which powers your laptop.

The Grid and All of It’s GloryThe Grid and All of It’s Glory

• Net metering allows a home or business owner to sell electricity Net metering allows a home or business owner to sell electricity generated by PV modules to the utility grid. This benefits both the generated by PV modules to the utility grid. This benefits both the consumer, and in some cases the utility.consumer, and in some cases the utility.

• The electric meter will run backward when there is an excess of The electric meter will run backward when there is an excess of electricity needed to power a building.electricity needed to power a building.

• A safety measure cuts off the PV system from the grid in case of A safety measure cuts off the PV system from the grid in case of an emergency.an emergency.

• At the End of the Month, the Consumer will reek the benefits.At the End of the Month, the Consumer will reek the benefits.

Benefits to The Economy, Benefits to The Economy, Environment, You, and MeEnvironment, You, and Me

• Americans yearn for reliable, Americans yearn for reliable, clean, abundant, affordable clean, abundant, affordable energy, and safe energy.energy, and safe energy.

• Can prevent catastrophes Can prevent catastrophes such as “the blackout” on Aug such as “the blackout” on Aug 14, 2003. Businesses are in 14, 2003. Businesses are in turn investing in solar to avoid turn investing in solar to avoid these instancesthese instances

• Solar electric power systems Solar electric power systems can be easily sited at the can be easily sited at the point of use with no point of use with no environmental impact.environmental impact.

• The current U.S. solar industry The current U.S. solar industry employs some 20,000 men employs some 20,000 men and women in high-value, and women in high-value, high-tech jobs, representing high-tech jobs, representing about 300 companies, about 300 companies, universities, and utilities universities, and utilities

Solar thermal collector shipments Solar thermal collector shipments surged 34% in 2001 to 11.2 million surged 34% in 2001 to 11.2 million square feet. square feet.

The total revenue for all shipments of The total revenue for all shipments of solar thermal collectors was $32.4 solar thermal collectors was $32.4 million in 2001, up 18% from 2000.million in 2001, up 18% from 2000.

Nearly 73% of all solar collectors are Nearly 73% of all solar collectors are for pool-heating applications.for pool-heating applications.Solar water heaters comprise the Solar water heaters comprise the remaining 27% of U.S. solar thermal remaining 27% of U.S. solar thermal applications.applications.

In 2001, the overall value of PV cell In 2001, the overall value of PV cell and PV module shipments rose by 13% and PV module shipments rose by 13% to $305 million.to $305 million.

In terms of price per peak megawatt, In terms of price per peak megawatt, prices have remained stable at $2.46 prices have remained stable at $2.46 for PV cells and $3.42 for PV modules.for PV cells and $3.42 for PV modules.

• Photovoltaic (PV) systems—have very little impact on the Photovoltaic (PV) systems—have very little impact on the environment, making them one of the cleanest power-generating environment, making them one of the cleanest power-generating technologies available .technologies available .

• Solar power produces no air pollution. Solar power produces no air pollution.

• Solar power produces no greenhouse gases, so it does not contribute Solar power produces no greenhouse gases, so it does not contribute to global warming.to global warming.

ProductionProduction

• Combinations of haz and non-haz Combinations of haz and non-haz materials + High temperatures = materials + High temperatures = high environmental cost high environmental cost

• Cost decline as companies depend Cost decline as companies depend more on solar for production of more on solar for production of cells/modulescells/modules

LifeLife

• Average 20-30 years Average 20-30 years

• Efficiency decrease 1% a year. Efficiency decrease 1% a year.

• Research on manufacturing and Research on manufacturing and output efficiency and recycling output efficiency and recycling ongoing. ongoing.

• Payback or energy break even - 15 Payback or energy break even - 15 years. years.

After lifeAfter life

• Waste generation lag due to life of Waste generation lag due to life of technology technology

• Heavy metals and toxic gases Heavy metals and toxic gases produced in breakdown. produced in breakdown.

• High temperaturesHigh temperatures

Example of Progressive Example of Progressive policypolicy

• EU “End of Life of Vehicles” Policy. EU “End of Life of Vehicles” Policy.

• PV Industry has a pro-active approach PV Industry has a pro-active approach to energy saving/environmental benefit to energy saving/environmental benefit increase etc. increase etc.

• Policy can be created like ELV to Policy can be created like ELV to encourage manufacturers to encourage manufacturers to incorporate breakdown into productionincorporate breakdown into production. .

Things to consider when looking at Things to consider when looking at technologiestechnologies

• Payback or breakeven is important Payback or breakeven is important (Energy produced by technology - (Energy produced by technology - energy used in production <per unit/ energy used in production <per unit/ unit of time>) unit of time>)

• Less hazardous materials. Less hazardous materials. • More easily taken apart if More easily taken apart if

constructed with several detachable constructed with several detachable components which could be recycled components which could be recycled or smelted. or smelted.

Solar Energy OrganizationsSolar Energy Organizations

  International solar energy society (ISES)International solar energy society (ISES)

• Founded in 1954Founded in 1954

• A UN accredited non-government organization A UN accredited non-government organization

• Exists in over 50 countriesExists in over 50 countries

• Promoting international development of solar Promoting international development of solar energy energy

• Holds a biannual solar world congress, the Holds a biannual solar world congress, the next will be held next year in Orlando Florida next will be held next year in Orlando Florida

American Solar Energy SocietyAmerican Solar Energy SocietyThe American Chapter of the The American Chapter of the International Energy SocietyInternational Energy Society-Located in Boulder CO- Nation’s Largest -Located in Boulder CO- Nation’s Largest and Oldest Membership Organization for and Oldest Membership Organization for Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy-Sponsors the National Solar Energy -Sponsors the National Solar Energy Conference: Held July 10-14, Portland ORConference: Held July 10-14, Portland OR-Publishes the Bimonthly Magazine Solar -Publishes the Bimonthly Magazine Solar TodayToday-Organizes the Annual National Solar -Organizes the Annual National Solar Tour Tour -Organizes the Solar Action Network-Organizes the Solar Action Network

• Solar Energy Industries Association Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)(SEIA)

• -Provides funding and research for solar -Provides funding and research for solar advancement technologiesadvancement technologies

• -Political group that spends much energy -Political group that spends much energy lobbying on behalf of solar power and other lobbying on behalf of solar power and other renewable resourcesrenewable resources

• -14 state SEIA Organizations-14 state SEIA Organizations

  

Solar Energy Business Association Solar Energy Business Association of New England (SEBANE)of New England (SEBANE)

• --Centered in Boston, MA; services the entire Centered in Boston, MA; services the entire New England AreaNew England Area

Vermont Based Solar ProvidersVermont Based Solar Providers

• Vermont Solar Businesses that are Members Vermont Solar Businesses that are Members of SEBANE:of SEBANE:

• Northern Power SystemsNorthern Power SystemsNorthern Power Systems designs, builds and installs Northern Power Systems designs, builds and installs high reliability electric power systems. Northern has high reliability electric power systems. Northern has installed over 800 systems worldwide in the past 25 installed over 800 systems worldwide in the past 25 years, earning a reputation for delivering top-years, earning a reputation for delivering top-quality energy solutions. Northern provides quality energy solutions. Northern provides photovoltaic, wind and wind/diesel hybrid power for photovoltaic, wind and wind/diesel hybrid power for commercial, industrial, institutional and government commercial, industrial, institutional and government clients. clients.

Vermont Based Solar ProvidersVermont Based Solar Providers

• Solar Works, Inc.Solar Works, Inc.Since 1980, Solar Works, Inc., has provided renewable energy Since 1980, Solar Works, Inc., has provided renewable energy services and equipment to government agencies, utilities, private services and equipment to government agencies, utilities, private businesses, homeowners, and not-for-profit organizations in the businesses, homeowners, and not-for-profit organizations in the United States and overseas. As a full-service renewable energy United States and overseas. As a full-service renewable energy firm, Solar Works maintains sales offices in California, Connecticut, firm, Solar Works maintains sales offices in California, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Our experience includes: New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Our experience includes: program development, project management, and the design and program development, project management, and the design and installation of Photovoltaic (Solar Electric or PV) Systems, Solar installation of Photovoltaic (Solar Electric or PV) Systems, Solar Thermal Systems (both active and passive), High-efficiency Thermal Systems (both active and passive), High-efficiency Lighting and Heating systems, and small-scale Wind Turbines. Lighting and Heating systems, and small-scale Wind Turbines.

Vermont Based Solar CompaniesVermont Based Solar Companies

• Sunnyside Solar, Inc.Sunnyside Solar, Inc.Sunnyside Solar, Inc. is a full service photovoltaic company Sunnyside Solar, Inc. is a full service photovoltaic company specializing in line-tie and stand alone photovoltaic specializing in line-tie and stand alone photovoltaic systems. Design, & engineering, equipment sales, full systems. Design, & engineering, equipment sales, full service & installation capabilities. Educational programs service & installation capabilities. Educational programs seminars and workshops. Sunnyside Solar, Inc. The gentle seminars and workshops. Sunnyside Solar, Inc. The gentle electric company. We bring good things from light! electric company. We bring good things from light!

Sunrise Solar ServiceSunrise Solar ServiceSunrise Solar Service installs, sells, and services domestic Sunrise Solar Service installs, sells, and services domestic hot water systems, pool heating, water pumping, lighting hot water systems, pool heating, water pumping, lighting systems, and system components and supplies. systems, and system components and supplies.

SourcesSources

• http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html

• http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/pvt/pvbasics/index.htmhttp://www.fsec.ucf.edu/pvt/pvbasics/index.htm4545• http://www.http://www.brookesbrookes.ac..ac.ukuk//eieeie//elvelv..htmhtm• http://www.http://www.environmentaldefenseenvironmentaldefense

.org/documents/894_GC_.org/documents/894_GC_takebacktakeback..htmhtm

Contact InformationContact Information

• Northern Power SystemsNorthern Power Systems Jito Coleman Jito Coleman PresidentPresidentP.O. Box 999P.O. Box 999182 Mad River Park182 Mad River ParkWaitsfield, VT 05673-0999Waitsfield, VT 05673-0999

• Solar Works, Inc.Solar Works, Inc.Leigh Seddon Leigh Seddon PresidentPresident64 Main Street64 Main StreetMontpelier, VT 05602Montpelier, VT 05602

• Sunnyside Solar, Inc.Sunnyside Solar, Inc. Richard Gottlieb Richard Gottlieb 1014 Green River Road1014 Green River RoadGuilford, VT 05301-8117 Guilford, VT 05301-8117

• Sunrise Solar ServiceSunrise Solar ServiceEd Butler Ed Butler P.O. Box 129P.O. Box 129454 Hunt Road454 Hunt RoadRandolph, VT 05060 Randolph, VT 05060