Solar Energy & the Solar Energy & the AtmosphereAtmosphere

Earth’s atmosphere is heated Earth’s atmosphere is heated by the by the _______________________from_______________________from the the sun.sun.

Energy is transferred two ways:Energy is transferred two ways:

1.1. Directly: __________ of the sun’s Directly: __________ of the sun’s rays by ___________ in atmosphere.rays by ___________ in atmosphere.

2.2. ____________: Oceans & land ____________: Oceans & land absorb energy then __________ that absorb energy then __________ that energy as __________.energy as __________.

RadiationRadiation All _______________ received on earth All _______________ received on earth

comes from the sun as ____________.comes from the sun as ____________. RadiationRadiation: : _______ forms of energy _______ forms of energy

that travel through ___________ as that travel through ___________ as __________.__________. Waves are __________ by Waves are __________ by wave___________.wave___________.

A wavelength is measured from _______ __ A wavelength is measured from _______ __ _______._______.

_________________ _________:_________________ _________: All of the frequencies or wavelengths of All of the frequencies or wavelengths of

___________________ radiation.___________________ radiation.

The Atmosphere & Solar RadiationThe Atmosphere & Solar Radiation The atmosphere ___________ solar The atmosphere ___________ solar

radiation in several waysradiation in several ways..

The __________ atmosphere __________The __________ atmosphere __________ most radiation most radiation that has that has ___________ wavelengths ___________ wavelengths than visible light.than visible light.

Molecules (nitrogen & oxygen) in _____________ and _____________ absorb X-rays, gamma rays and UV rays

Most of Most of the solar rays that reach the ________ the solar rays that reach the ________ atmosphereatmosphere, such as ___________ and infrared waves, , such as ___________ and infrared waves, have _____________ wavelengths.have _____________ wavelengths.

Radiation Radiation _________ in two manners as _________ in two manners as it enters the _____________:it enters the _____________: ____________________ ReflectsReflects

ScatteringScattering

Clouds, dust, water droplets, and molecules in the Clouds, dust, water droplets, and molecules in the atmosphereatmosphere _____________ the paths of radiation _____________ the paths of radiation from the sun and from the sun and cause ______________.cause ______________.

Scattering occurs when particles and gas molecules in Scattering occurs when particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere reflect and ____________ solar rays.the atmosphere reflect and ____________ solar rays.

This deflection This deflection causes the rays to travel out in all causes the rays to travel out in all _______________. _______________.

ReflectionReflection

Albedo:Albedo: the ____________ of solar radiation that is the ____________ of solar radiation that is reflected off the _____________ of an object.reflected off the _____________ of an object.

The amount of energy that is absorbed or reflected depends on The amount of energy that is absorbed or reflected depends on characteristics such ascharacteristics such as ________________________ TextureTexture Composition Composition Volume & mass Volume & mass Transparency Transparency State of matterState of matter _________________ of the material on which the solar _________________ of the material on which the solar

radiation falls. radiation falls.

The intensity and _____________ that a surface material The intensity and _____________ that a surface material receives radiation also affects how much energy is reflected or receives radiation also affects how much energy is reflected or absorbed. absorbed.

Solar radiation that is not reflected is ___________Solar radiation that is not reflected is ___________ by by Rocks, _______, ________, and other surface materials.Rocks, _______, ________, and other surface materials. Gas __________ in the atmosphere.Gas __________ in the atmosphere.

The absorption of _____________ energy from the ground The absorption of _____________ energy from the ground heats the _____________ atmosphere heats the _____________ atmosphere and keeps Earth’s and keeps Earth’s surface much warmer than it would be if there were no surface much warmer than it would be if there were no atmosphere.atmosphere.

Absorption & Infrared EnergyAbsorption & Infrared Energy

Sometimes warm air near the earth’s Sometimes warm air near the earth’s surface, bends light rays & produces an surface, bends light rays & produces an effect called effect called ______________.______________.

Greenhouse effect: Greenhouse effect: the warming of the the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when _______________, that occurs when _______________, ____________, and other gases in the ____________, and other gases in the air absorb and ___________ radiation.air absorb and ___________ radiation.

The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect

Earth’s atmosphere _________ the escape Earth’s atmosphere _________ the escape of energy that radiates from Earth’s surface.of energy that radiates from Earth’s surface.

Human Impact on the Human Impact on the Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

However, However, human activities human activities may change may change this __________ and this __________ and may may cause the cause the average temperature of the atmosphere average temperature of the atmosphere to ____________.to ____________.

Increases in the amount of carbon Increases in the amount of carbon dioxide may _____________ the dioxide may _____________ the greenhouse effect greenhouse effect and may cause Earth and may cause Earth to become warmer in some areas and to become warmer in some areas and cooler in others.cooler in others.

__________________________ the transfer of energy as heat the transfer of energy as heat ______________ a material______________ a material

The molecules in a substance move ____________ as The molecules in a substance move ____________ as they become heated.they become heated.

___________ between the particles result in the transfer ___________ between the particles result in the transfer of energy, which __________ the substance.of energy, which __________ the substance.

Conduction heats only the lowest few __________ of Conduction heats only the lowest few __________ of the atmosphere, where air comes into __________ the atmosphere, where air comes into __________ contact with the warmed surface of Earth.contact with the warmed surface of Earth.

ConvectionConvection the movement of ___________ due to the movement of ___________ due to differences in ___________differences in ___________ caused by temperature variationscaused by temperature variations can result in the transfer of energy as _______can result in the transfer of energy as _______

Convection occurs when gases or liquids are Convection occurs when gases or liquids are heated _____________.heated _____________.

The The continuous ______ in which cold air ______ continuous ______ in which cold air ______ and warm air _____ warms Earth’s atmosphere and warm air _____ warms Earth’s atmosphere evenly.evenly.

Variation in TemperatureVariation in Temperature

The temperature of the atmosphere in any ___________ The temperature of the atmosphere in any ___________ on Earth’s surface depends on several factors,on Earth’s surface depends on several factors, including _________ including _________ _________ features_________ features and the ________and the ________

Pressure differences, which are the result of the Pressure differences, which are the result of the __________ heating that causes convection, create __________ heating that causes convection, create ___________.___________.