solar heat for large buildings - estif - european solar

Solar Heat forLarge Buildings

Guidelines and Pract ical

Examples for Apartment

Buildings, Hotels and

Business

This publication was compiled as part of the EU SOLARGE project

Foreword

Rising oil and gas prices,climate change andgrowing energy import dependency place ourcurrent energy supply arrangements underincreasing threat .A major challenge for thefuture is to cut fossil fuel use to a minimum.About a third of Europe’s final energy con-sumption is accounted for by space and waterheating in buildings.Conserving energy andusing renewables in this sector can reap mas-sive cost savings and are an efficient way tohelp slow climate change.This brochure is intended for building plannersin the resident ial building,hotel and localgovernment sector who aim to make buildingsready for the solar age. It presents examples oflarge solar thermal systems across Europetogether with experience gathered in operat-ing them.The brochure has been produced as part of theEuropean SOLARGE project, in which elevenorganisat ions from eight countries aroundEurope use a wide range of measures to pro-mote solar thermal systems in apartment buil-dings,hotels and municipal facilit ies.Theexamples are intended to encourage similarprojects and invite replication.

The SOLARGE Team

www.solarge.org

Contents

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Foreword

Large Solar Thermal Systems

Fields of Applicat ion

Components

System Approaches

Heating Circuits

Costs of Solar ThermalSystems

Planning Procedure

Solar Air Condit ioning in a Nutshell

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Best Pract ice Catalogue

Hot Water Systems

Hot Water and Space Heating Sytems

Other Applicat ions

Outlook

Publisher's Information

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Heat49 %

Electricity 20 %

Transport31 %

in operat ion

newly installed

Technical Basics

Large Solar Thermal Systems

The great majority of solar thermal systemsnow in use belongs to detached or semi-detached houses.But solar thermal systems are increasinglybeing used in larger buildings: apartmentblocks,hotels and catering establishments,and public buildings.Many large systems are already installed inEurope.The experience gained with thesesystems is so posit ive that many operators are planning more systems.One important lesson learnt is that the designof large solar systems cannot be standardised.Each system must be individually designed,taking into account the circumstances anduser needs.A task and a challenge for all architects and engineers involved.

Growth of solarthermal energy in EuropeSolar thermalenergy is booming.Over 19 millionsquare metres (13.5 GWth) of solarcollectors were inoperation acrossEurope by 2006.Source: ESTIF

About half of finalenergy consump-tion is used ingenerating heat,most of it for buil-dings.

Flat plate collectors

Photo: Conergy

Solar thermal: market development

The use of solar thermal heating has spreadrapidly in recent years.Solar systems with atotal collector area of some 19 million squaremetres are now installed across Europe.Thisimpressive figure shows the technology haslong matured and is established in the market .The European Solar Thermal Industry Federat ion(ESTIF) forecasts that total installed collectorarea will increase by 30 % a year over the longterm. However, market penetrat ion varies greatly between different EU states.

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Public buildings

Sports facilit ies,old people’s homes and swim-ming pools are generally well suited to solarthermal energy because they need hot waterin large quant it ies.As administrat ive buildingsmostly only need space heat ing,solar thermalsystems are not suitable for such buildingsunless air condit ioning is required.

Hotels and restaurants

Hotels are very well suited to the use of solarthermal energy because they tend to bebusiest in the summer months and in latespring and early autumn.Solar energy is also useful to hotels andrestaurants as a market ing instrument toattract environment-conscious tourists.

Technical Basics

Fields of Applicat ion

Solar thermal energy can be used whereverlow-grade heat is needed: For hot water, tosupplement space heat ing,and to generateprocess heat for thermally driven air condit io-ning systems.Solar thermal systems can supplement thesupply of heat to buildings in summer, latespring and early autumn.

Apartment buildings

Large solar thermal systems on apartmentbuildings in Europe are most ly used to providehot water. In central and northern regions ofEurope there is also a trend towards ‘combi-systems’ that supplement space heating.

Hotel du Golf de Valescure,FranceApartment building,Salzburg,AustriaPhoto: S.O.L.I.D./Austria Solar

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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40

30

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m Overnight stays in 2003

Bed occupancySolar power

Bed occupancy and solar powerIn many hotels (chart: Germany)hot water consumption tracks solarenergy availability over the year.Source: Federal Stat ist ical Office 2005

Swimming pools

Solar water heating in hotels combines ex-cellent ly with water heating for swimmingpools.Surplus heat is easily transferred to pool water, improving user comfort at no extraenergy cost .

Solar air condit ioning

Hotels and restaurants often have large aircondit ioning needs,as do as hospitals andpublic buildings.Solar thermal energy canbe used here in exist ing thermally driven aircondit ioning systems.

Car washes

Solar thermal systems provide a simple way ofheat ing water for car washes.Heating thewater also saves on detergent . It may makesense to connect repair shops and showroomsinto the solar system to smooth heat demandover t ime.

Solar thermal energy for contractors

Solar thermal energy is also attract ive as a product for energy suppliers and contractors.They can install collectors on factory,ware-house and resident ial roofs or on spare landand sell the generated heat to consumers or a district heating network.This makes for predictable energy prices and stable heatgenerat ion costs for district heat, in both casesfor the long term.

UPC Arena Graz,Austria:Local heat management contracted to nahwaerme.at

Photo: S.O.L.I.D./ ESTIF

Car wash Center in Oberursel,Germany

Photo:Wagner-Solar.com

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Most modern solar thermal systems use flat plate or vacuumtube collectors.The required systemtemperatures as well as the moun-t ing mode determine the type ofcollector.

Collector Type

Air collector

Glazed flat-plate collector

Vacuum tube collector(direct flow)

Vacuum tube collector(heat pipe)

Heat Transfer Medium

Air

Water or water-glycol mixture

Water orwater-glycol mixture

Indirect heat ing of the heat transfer medium(Water or water-glycol mixture)

Collector types overviewApplications

Preheating for factory shed air-drying systems,‘open’ air condit ioningsystems,and solar drying

Hot tap water,space heat ing,so-called ‘open’ and ‘closed’ single-stage air condit ioning/chiller systems and preheating of industrial processes

Hot tap water,space heat ing,single-stage and two-stage air condit ioning/chiller systems and preheating of industrial processes

Hot tap water,space heat ing,single-stage and two-stage air condit ioning/chiller systems and preheating of industrial processes

ComponentsCollectors and Storage tanks

Collectors

A roof-mounted solar collector captures sunlight and converts it into heat .The unit ’sabsorber has what is called a selective surfacecoat ing,allowing it to convert even diffuse orwinter day solar radiat ion into heat energywith high efficiency.The collector is protectedby tempered glass which can withstand evenhailstones.Collectors can be mounted on a flat or pitchedroof, integrated into the roof cladding orinstalled as part of the building’s facade.

Technical Basics

Borehole heat storageSolar heat is transferred tothe ground via boreholes 20–100 metres deep and isdrawn upon as needed.Dueto the lower thermal capacityof soil, the stores are general-ly three to five t imes largerthan hot water units.How-ever they are less complicatedto build and can be extendedas needed.No direct contactwith groundwater is an ad-vantage .

Gravel/ water heat storagePits lined with special sheet ing are filled with a gravel/ water mixture.Theheat is transported to the store by the water itself or through coiled pipes.Gravel/ water storage has a lower heat capacity thanstraight hot water storageunits and needs a bigger volume (about one and a half t imes).

Aquifer heat storageThis form of storage usesgroundwater to store thermalenergy.Groundwater raisedfrom a borehole is warmed bya heat exchanger and thenreturned to the aquifer via asecond borehole.The heat isrecovered by reversing theflow.The cost per unit heatgenerated is relatively low,but such systems require specific hydrogeological con-dit ions which do not existeverywhere.

Heat storage

Short-term storageShort-term storage units store captured solarheat for several days to make up for rainyweather.Good temperature strat ificat ion is animportant factor in such units.They are there-fore made tall and slender so stable strataspanning a large temperature range can bebuilt up over their height .Collector return flowtemperatures should be as low as possible.This is a precondit ion for high system efficien-cy.Solar thermal energy can be made to coverup to 30 % of total heat demand.

Seasonal storageSeasonal thermal storage is most ly used indistrict heat ing networks and can retain heatfor several weeks.There are hot water,gravel/water,borehole and aquifer systems.Hot water tanks used in seasonal heat storageare several thousand cubic metres in volume.Seasonal storage is most ly used in residentialareas with hundreds of individual apartmentbuildings,but lat terly as well as in separateapartment buildings.Seasonal storage allowssolar energy to meet up to 100 % of total heatdemand.

Solar thermal storage tanks 100 % solar-heated apartment building (under construct-ion), by Jenni Energietechnik – completed in August 2007Photo: Jenni Energietechnik AG,Switzerland

Seasonal thermal storage technologies

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Control

Obtaining the maximum energy yield from asolar thermal system crit ically depends on theefficient interaction of all system components.The control system is highly important in thisregard.A closed-loop control system controls both theheat ing and collector circuit .This means thatboth the solar thermal system and the supple-mentary heat ing system are run at optimumresource levels.Modern closed-loop controlsystems have a heat meter and in some casesremote diagnost ics.These allow subsequentadjustment of the solar system and consider-ably simplify troubleshooting and billing for heat ing costs.Freely programmable controllers are also avail-able.These allow the operat ion of the solarsystem to be adapted to the individual loadprofile on the fly .

A well coordinated control of solar and auxiliaryheating system is essential for a proper functio-ning.

Technical Basics

Heat exchanger

The solar heat captured by the collector istransferred to the heat ing circuit by a heatexchanger.On large solar thermal systems this is usually an external unit .The heat exchanger hydraulically separatesthe different circuits so each one can be opt imally run.Heat exchangers are also used in what areknown as fresh water stat ions.These heatmains water separately in each apartment,using the heating circuit as heat source.This is a cost-effect ive system because there is no need for protect ion against legionella or for addit ional pipework to distribute hotwater.

Centralised heat control stat ion for solar and conven-t ional heatPhoto: Upmann,Berlin

ComponentsAddit ional elements

Auxiliary heating

The supplementary heat supply can be ar-ranged within the building centrally or on adecentralised basis. It can be integrated inseries or in parallel.The supplementary heat supply can be inte-grated in various ways depending on the situation in the building and the design of theheating and/or hot water system.Technicalsolut ions are available to meet a wide range of needs.

A solar thermal system with decentralised heat storage tanksand auxiliary heating in Spain – El LlimonetPhoto: Qualitat Promocions

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Solar hot water supply

When used to supply hot water,solar thermalsystems generally meet up to 60 % of therespective heat demand.Hot water supply iseither centralised via a circulat ing pipe ordecentralised with a hot water unit in eachapartment .There are also systems (most ly in Spain) withdecentralised storage tanks and supplement-ary heat ing units.Supplementary heat ingtakes the form of the boiler stat ion in eachapartment supplied by a central collector field.In centralised systems,protect ion againstlegionella is ensured by heat ing the standbytank once a day to 60 °C.There is no need toprotect decentralised systems in this way dueto the short distance from heat exchanger totapes.”

Space heat ing/combisystems

Solar supported space heat ing can be imple-mented in centralised and decentralised heat ing systems.Approx.10-30 % (in somecases even more) of the entire heat demandwill be covered by solar combisystems.Howthe solar system is integrated depends onsolar system design and the building's heat ingsystem.

Technical Basics

System Approaches

Reflect ing differences in culture and climate,solar thermal systems are utilised in widelydiffering ways across Europe.Most systems inSouthern Europe are used for supplying hotwater.Those in Northern Europe often have acentral heat storage unit and addit ionally pro-vide supplementary heat ing,but there is also atrend towards district heat ing networks inwhich convent ional heat sources are boostedby solar thermal energy in late spring andearly autumn.The greatest system differences can be foundin heat distribution in apartment buildings.This can be done via the collector circuit, usingheat transfer units in individual apartments,orcentrally via circulat ing pipes.

Frostproofing and overheating protect ion

Collectors are generally prevented from freez-ing in winter by adding ant ifreeze.Where theheat transportat ion medium is pure water(mandatory in the Netherlands), frost protec-t ion is provided by a drain-back system.Control and safety features protect systemsfrom overheat ing when there is no demand/no flow through the system,as in summer.

Photo: Neuhof-Canonniers,Strasbourg,FrancePhoto: Pracatinat,Fenestrelle, Italy

Overheating protection during the summer and frostproofing in winter is essential for safe and steady operation.Reliable and approved features from experienced planners and system providers ensure a well-protected CSTS forboth extremes.

Solar systems in new buildings

In a new building,solar thermal technologycan be planned as an integral part of the heat-ing system to optimise overall energy supply.Planners have a free hand in deciding how col-lectors are integrated into the building (forexample by making them part of the roof clad-ding or the building’s facade) and the spat ialarrangement of heat storage and controlunits.Boiler,solar thermal and heat storagecapacity can also be matched to actual needs.Centralised supply systems are usually chosenfor new buildings as the capital cost per unit islower than decentralised systems.However,hot water consumption – a keysystem design parameter – is relat ively hard toest imate for a new building.Standardised con-sumption figures usually overest imate actualconsumption.Exact knowledge of future heatloads is essent ial.

Refurbishment

Exact design and dimensioning is also impor-tant for solar thermal systems fit ted duringbuilding modernisat ion. It is helpful to collectdata on hot water consumption beforehand.Installing solar thermal systems during refur-bishment usually means integrating them intoexist ing heat ing and hot water systems. Itoften makes sense to replace any auxiliaryheat ing at the same time,and to dimensionboth the boiler and the storage to match thesystem as a whole.

Backup for conventional heat ing

Boilers or heat pumps are available to meetany supply demand when collector output istoo low.Solar thermal systems can be com-bined with generally available convent ionalheat ing systems.Many manufacturers of convent ional heat ingsystems offer complete control units to runtheir systems in combinat ion with solar ther-mal technology.Storage for solar heat can be centralised ordecentralised according to the heat ing and hot water system.When retrofit t ing,exist ingstorage tanks can be kept and supplementedwith the solar heat storage unit .

Estimate hot water needs as accurately as possible

Economic operat ion of a solar thermal systemdepends on accurate dimensioning to supplythe required amount of hot water. If actualconsumption is below estimate, the system is overdimensioned. If the storage unit is fullbut no hot water is used,no more heat can betaken from the solar collector even though thesun continues to shine.Harvested solar energythen goes unused.One solution here is to connect more heat-ut ilising units to the solarcircuit .

382 dwellings provided with solar heat - see exampleon page 52 for further information.Photo: Schalkwijk,Haarlem,Netherlands

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Fresh water units/semi-decentralised systems

Fresh water units are a third opt ion for inte-grating solar thermal energy.Heat transferstat ions provide heat for hot water in eachapartment .The heat source is usually theheat ing circuit .However, this requires hightemperatures in the heat circuit .Fresh waterunits are therefore only suitable in buildingsheated by radiators with an appropriate tem-perature range.

Technical Basics

Heating Circuits

Central heating systems

Solar thermal systems can be integrated part icularly easily into central heat ing and hotwater systems.A conventional two or four-pipesystem may be used.Storage,control and supplementary heating are centralised.

Decentralised systems

In a decentralised system, the hot water is preheated by a common collector field.Supplementary heating and solar heat storageare provided by decentralised boiler units.

Solar heat storage,auxiliary heating unit and controlunit in each flat in an apartment building in Spain.Photo:Ve�rt ix

Fresh water unit in a building's two-pipe heating net-work.Apartment building in Salzburg.Photo: gswb Salzburg

Boiler room with solar heat storage tanks and controlunitPhoto: Sonnenkraft ,Munich,Germany

*

Load

Heatexchanger

Boiler

Storage tank

Collectors

Schematic diagramIntegration of a solar thermal system

Bivalent hot tapwater heat storage

Backup heated buffer storage

Serial backup heating

Backup heated tap-water storage

* also as fully decentralised system

Hot water units

also as tank-in-tank

system

Serially connected tap water

Parallel-connectedtap water and buffer charging system

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Planning

Planning scenario 3:Compliance with legal requirementsAnother planning object ive can be to reduce a building’s primary energy factor and henceits system input /output rat io to comply withlegislation like Germany’s Energy SavingOrdinance (EnEV) or Spanish Building Codes.

Cost-effect ivenessThe cost-effect iveness of a solar thermalsystem is mostly determined by three factors:capital cost,energy output and oil price trends.Furthermore,considering synergies raises theeconomics of solar thermal systems.Example:Addit ional savings can be achieved by makingflat plate part of a facade or roof.Due to theirconstruction, flat plate collectors can serve adual purpose as a heat source and a replace-ment for thermal insulat ion.

Dynamically rising prices for oil and gas tendto improve the cost-effect iveness of solar heat .

The profitability of a system is enhanced byfurther opt ions,e.g. combining civil works,allocat ions etc.Experienced planners take allthis into account .

Costs of Solar Thermal Systems

A solar thermal system (including pipework,storage unit ,control system and system design)current ly costs between EUR 700 - 1,200 perm2 of collector area.The costs vary accordingto the collector type, the situation of the build-ing,and the design philosophy used to opt i-mise the system.The following list showssome typical planning scenarios:

Planing scenario 1:Maximum energy savingThis planning object ive can be attained with a solar fract ion (solar energy as a fraction oftotal energy) equalling 30–100 % of the ener-gy needed for hot water and space heat ing.Heating costs and greenhouse gas emissionsare reduced for the long term.

Planning scenario 2:Reduced heat generat ion costsWith a solar fract ion of 10–20 % (including hotwater and space heating), the solar system can operate at maximum output .This mini-mises the costs of solar heat generation andthe payback period.The solar fract ion may behigher for some apartment buildings and canreach 50 % for some district heat ing networks.

1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000

Annual global irradiat ion [kWh/ (m2 · a)]

Dimensioning solar thermal systems

Hot water onlyMeeting 50 % of the annual energy needs forhot water requires a collector area of 1–1.5 m2

per apartment and about 50–60 l of solar heatstorage per m2 of collector surface.

CombisystemsSystems combining hot water supply withsupplementary heating require roughly 3–4 m2

of flat plate collectors per apartment .The heat-ing will then be about 15–20 % solar-assisted.

Solar district heat ing networksSolar district heat ing networks need about10–30 m2 of flat plate collectors per apartment(solar fract ion approx.50 %).That is about 1.5–2.5 m2 of flat plate collectors and 2- 5 m2 ofstorage volume per 1,000 kWh annual heatdemand.

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Preliminary planning checklist

1. Does installat ion of the solar thermalsystem fit in with the t iming of plannedmodernisation work? The t ime of the nextroof/ facade renewal should match the life-t ime of the collectors.The same applies forrenewal of the heating system.

2. Locat ion: Can the collectors be orientedbetween SE and SW? Are there any shadingobjects?

3. Collector mounting: Can collectors be fit ted to the roof or integrated into theroof/ facade? Is it possible to install ent irecollector fields?

4. Is there enough space for the solar heatstorage tank and is it accessible for instal-lation? What structural changes are neededfor the storage tank to be installed?

5. Have all structural and energy systemchanges to the building been taken intoaccount? Is the solar thermal system aligned to them? Is there further scope for energy improvements?

6. Choice of planning object ive between sub-st itut ing primary energy,minimising heatgenerat ion costs and legal compliance(building system input /output rat io or solarordinances).

Planning

Planning Procedure

Solar thermal systems for large buildings arealways tailor-made.This means they needcareful, individual planning.Architects and system designers have to workclosely together from the outset .This ensuresthat the finished system will work opt imally.Contractually guaranteed savings makesystems an even safer investment for owners.

Horizontally mounted vacuum tubecollectors on flat roofPhoto: Die Fabrik,Berlin (Germany)

40° installat ion on flat roof Facade integrationPhoto:Wagner-Solar.com

SWSE

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Installat ion planning checklist

1. Can architect and solar system designerwork together from the outset to developan integrated system?

2. Does the quoted price cover both designingthe solar thermal system and matching itto the heat ing and/or hot water system?Do the solar system installers have ex-perience with large systems? Are theexpected energy savings subject to guarantee?

3. Does the installat ion planning take intoaccount that new trades will have to bebrought into the building work and theheat ing system must first be opt imisedfrom an energy standpoint? Is it ensuredthat only suitable components and insu-lation materials for standing temperaturesup to 200 °C will be used for the solar ther-mal system ?

4. Can the system be opt imised when opera-t ing, i.e.when the building is occupied?When is the t imeframe for fine-tuning thesystem?

Acceptance checklist

Following installat ion, it is essential to fine-tune the solar thermal system in operat ion.This optimisat ion should take place over a pre-set t imeframe (e.g. three months).The systemis tested at the same time to see if the guar-anteed energy savings are achieved.The instal-lers may be required to make adjustments.

Init ial acceptance1. Are all system components properly fit ted

and connected? Have all circuits beentested under pressure?

2. Are all valves and pipes fully labelled?3. Is the system fully insulated,without gaps

in the insulation where pipework passesthrough walls and ceilings?

4. Are all parameter sett ings documented?

Final acceptance (after st ipulated period in operat ion)5. Are all guaranteed parameters (energy

savings) achieved?6. Are all system components matched (suit-

ably dimensioned heat exchanger,heatmeter, temperature sensor,expansion ves-sel) and properly posit ioned?

7. Are all parameter sett ings and modifica-t ions to the system documented?

40° installat ion Photo: Soli fer Solardach GmbH - Altenpfleheim St .Michael,Dresden (Germany)

Integrated collectors Photo:Velux

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Absorption chillers with a liquid absorbentcover the 15 kw to 5 MW range. Input tempera-tures on these systems range from 80–110 °C.COPthermal: 0.6–0.8 for a single-stage chillerand up to 1.2 for a two-stage system.

Absorption chillers need about 3–3.5 m2 of collector surface per kW of cooling capacity.

Another system type,known as a sorpt ion-assisted air condit ioning system,uses desic-cant and evaporat ive cooling (DEC).After cool-ing, the refrigerant (water) is expelled fromthe system.Desiccant and evaporat ive coolingsystems achieve a cooling capacity in the 20-350 kW range.Such systems can be expandedon a modular basis.The operat ing temperatureis only around 45–95 °C.This means the heatcan be provided by simple flat plate collectorsand in some cases even by air collectors(COPthermal: 0.5–1.0).Systems using a liquidabsorbent are current ly being developed.

As a rule of thumb for open systems,about 8–10 m2 of collector area can be assumed neces-sary per 1,000 m3/ hr installed capacity.

Technical Basics

Solar Air Condit ioning in a Nutshell

Solar air condit ioning systems are offered byseveral firms in Europe for offices and publicbuildings.Solar thermal energy is very well suited for running air condit ioning systems,ascooling demand tends to correlate very wellwith the amount of sunshine.

Cooling demand heavily depends on buildinguse,building type, the condit ion of the buil-ding (thermal insulat ion) and the interior heatload. In Central Europe, resident ial buildingsare expected to need air condit ioning for 50 to200 hours a year.This increases to 1,000 hoursfor office and industrial buildings.The figure inSouthern Europe is far higher,especially forhotels and office buildings.

The output of solar-powered chillers rangesfrom 10 kW to 5 MW.Such units are used toprovide cold water and for air condit ioningsystems.

The 50–400 kW range is generally served byadsorpt ion chillers operat ing with a solidadsorbent .The input temperature of about60–90 °C is provided by flat plate or vacuumtube collectors (coefficient of performanceCOPthermal: 0.5–0.7).

Typical performance figures (COPthermal) for thermally driven chillers range from 0.5–1.2 depending on the system.However,the COPthermal performance figure differs from the figure used for electrically driven chillers.The coefficient for a thermally driven chiller is defined as the rat io of the heat given off by the cold water circuitand the heat needed to drive the process(COPthermal = Qcold/Qhot).On electrically driven chillers,COPconv is the rat io of the heatgiven off by the cold water circuit and the electrical energy used (COPconv = Qcold/ Eelec).

Factory building with solar cooling,Audi, Ingolstadt,Germany Photo: Solahart /ESTIF

Solar air condit ioning – absorption chillerPhoto: Schu�co

Solar air condit ioning – adsorption chiller in the university hospital,FreiburgPhoto: Universita�tsklinikum Freiburg/Fraunhofer ISE

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Best Pract ice Catalogue

SurveyIn a quest ionnaire-based survey,data andstatements have been collected from systemoperators,owners and planners.The question-naires covered over 120 items. In addit ion totechnical and economic variables,surveyrespondents were asked for general remarksand recommendations for future projects.Thefacts and experience collected from surveyrespondents provide a comprehensive insightinto the subject .Planners will find relevanttechnical details together with general re-quirements for planning and implementat ion.

Best Pract ice Examples

The systems presented by way of example inthe following pages are selected from a large,nine-country project database which can beviewed in full at www.solarge.org.

The catalogue is divided into seven applicat ions:

Applications for hot water A Hot water for apartment buildingsB Hot water for hotelsC Hot water for public and social buildings

Applications for hot water and space heatingD Hot water and space heat ing

for apartment buildingsE Hot water and space heat ing for hotelsF Hot water and space heat ing

for public and social buildings

G Other applicat ions

Besides hot water and space heat ing,some ofthe systems also provide heat for swimmingpools and other purposes.

Scheme 1: Direct piping for hot tap water with decentral-ised solar storage and backup heaters (common in Spain)

Scheme 2:Two-pipe installat ionfor hot tap water with centralisedsolar storage and decentralisedbackup heaters

Scheme 3:Two-pipe installat ionfor hot tap water with centralisedbackup heater and solar storage(common in D,F, I,DK,NL)

Addit ional note: All systems depend on the situation of the building and local and nat ional laws. In some cases,for example boilers, solar storage tanks etc.are located directly under the roof.The schemes shown provide only a simplified representation of the options for integrating a solar thermal system into a building.

How to use the Best Pract ice CatalogueThe examples presented in the pages that fol-low provide an overview of the different typesof system.This allows comparison with readers’own plans.The examples are also a source ofideas for improvements to such plans.

The examples show where solar thermalsystems can be usefully integrated into heat ing systems.A wide range of systemapproaches is covered so that a suitablesystem type for every applicat ion can be founded.

The number of systems selected bears no relat ion to the number of systems of each type in operat ion today.Nor does the select ionimply anything about where solar thermalsystems are best deployed.

As mentioned elsewhere, the size of a plannedsolar thermal system always depends on theindividual situat ion (consumption profiles,available installat ion options, integrat ion intoan overall system concept) and cannot bedirect ly inferred from apparent ly similarsystems.

It is therefore always important to obtain ad-vice from professionals with experience inplanning large solar thermal systems.

Scheme 4: Direct pipingfor space heating and hot tapwater with decentralised solar storage and backup heaters (common in Spain)

Scheme 5:Two-pipe installat ion for space heating and hot tapwater with centralised solar storageand decentralised backup heaters

Scheme 6:Two and four-pipeinstallat ion for space heating andhot tap water with centralised backup heater and solar buffer(common in D,A, I,DK,NL)

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Contactu Ve�rt ix

Can Ra�bia,11,LocalE-Barcelona,Spain

kh Rafael Lo�pez,Antoni Esque�

1 +34 93 2063476

I +34 93 2051586

! [email protected] ix.es

Profile

Real estate company

New mult i-family house,39 dwellings

61 m2 flat-plate collector (gross area),on flat roof

60 % reduct ion of final energy consumption forhot water generation(calculated)

Best Pract ice 1

Ve�rt ix - San Cugat des Valle�sMult i-Family House

Facts in briefYear of construction of CSTS 2004/2005

Aperture area of collectors 60 m2

Thermal output 42 kWth

Collector yield 796 kWh/ (m2 ·a)

Total costs of solar hot water system* 89,133 €

Subsidies 0 %

CO2-emissions avoided 14.13 t CO2 per year

Reduct ion of final energy 59,765 kWh/a

Replaced energy source Natural gas

*costs without convent ional heating system

Motivat ion

The main reason to install the CSTS was theSan Cugat des Valle�s Solar Ordinance.Thismunicipal ordinance mandates the installat ionof solar thermal systems for hot water genera-t ion in new buildings with a minimum solarproportion of 60 %.This building was the firstVe�rt ix building where a solar thermal systemwas installed for hot water generat ion.

Collector area per apartment: 1.5 m2

Investment costs per apartment:* 2,285 €

Solar fract ion of global heat demand:** 60 %

* without consideration of subsidies** measured

No.

For further information,please refer to www.solarge.org

hot water k apartment buildingsA

Decentralised heat-ing system.Solarheat storages andbackup heaters are located in eachapartment .The building is compos-ed of 39 apartmentson 5 floors.

Technical Descript ion

The solar storage devices are distributed in a decentralised manner and are connected in series to a modulated combinat ion boiler (for space heat ing and hot water generat ion).■ operat ion mode: low-flow■ type of hot water heating: decentralised■ type of space heat ing: decentralised■ solar buffer storage: 39 x 150 l

Financing

The project developer,Ve�rt ix, financed theCSTS installat ion themselves without applyingfor a subsidy or special loans.

Comments

■ “The CSTS installat ion on SanCugat Valle�s was the first onecompleted by Ve�rt ix.However, the implementationof the system was mandatedby the municipality's SolarOrdinance. It was also takenon as a challenge by the pro-ject developer to comply withthis obligat ion.The favoura-ble results of the installationand the lack of major pro-blems gave Ve�rt ix the confi-dence to invest in solar ther-mal systems in future buil-dings.”

“The CSTS is running well.Atthe beginning there weresome complaints because ofthe noise from one pump.The pump was changed andno more problems have beenreported. In the beginningthere were also some pro-blems reported with the col-lector fluid.There were somesmall leaks in the circuitwhich caused pressure dropswithin the circuit .The leakswere detected and repairedand the circuit was filledagain.”

28

Contactu Tablis Wonen

P.O.Box 1453360 AC SliedrechtThe Netherlands

1 +31 184 444 844

I +31 184 444 866

! [email protected]

Profile

Social Housing Associat ion

Mult i-Family House (1968),80 dwellings

90 m2 flat-plate collector(gross area),on flat roof

57,000 kWh/a reduct ion of final energy consump-t ion (measured)

Best Pract ice 2

Tablis Wonen - Sperwerflat IMult i-Family House

Facts in briefYear of construction of CSTS 2003


Thermal output 62.3 kWth


Total costs of solar hot water system 50,211 €

Subsidies 31 %




Motivat ion

The project took place as part of an overallrenovat ion of the hot water installation.Smallindividual gas-fired kitchen tap water heatersthat emitted exhaust gases into the dwellingshave been replaced by a central solar hotwater system.There are several benefits forthe tenants:■ hot water facility has been improved;■ indoor air quality has been improved (no

more exhaust gases, less humidity);■ problems with mould on the kitchen walls

have been solved due to lower humidity inthe flats.

No.


collector area per apartment: 1.1 m2

investment costs per apartment:* 628 €

Solar fract ion of global heat demand: n/a

* without consideration of subsidies


The solar hot water system consists of a 90 m2

collector surface and a buffer storage with astorage volume of 3,000 litres.The solar col-lectors and buffer storage tank are connectedby a plate heat exchanger.Solar heat is storedin the tap water.Drain-back protects againstfreezing and overheating.■ operat ion mode: high flow■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 3 m3

Financing

The turn-key system cost amounted to EUR564/m2 (total EUR 50,000) paid for by theowner/ investor,Tablis Wonen.Subsidies weregranted from three sources for a total of 31%of the cost .

Comments

■ “The complete retrofitt ing of the Sperwer building witha central solar hot watersystem resulted in a lot of'wins' for the tenants: Bettercomfort ,better indoor airquality, lowered indoor humi-dity, savings in energy billsand a contribut ion to climatechange mit igation.Since thisproject,8 other buildingshave been equipped with asimilar central solar hotwater system."

“Installing solar thermalsystems fits in with the socialresponsibility policy goals ofTablis.This is one such exam-ple where the hot watersystem for the flats has beenmodernised to improve livingcondit ions (no exhaust gasesin the flats, less humidity andmould) and comfort (impro-ved hot water facilit ies). Inorder to compensate for therelated increase in energyconsumption (due to centralhot water circulat ion lossesand better facilit ies) the solarsystems were added.“


Flatplate collectors

and solar heat

storage of the

Sperwer building

30

Contactu ATC Torino

Corso Dante,14I-10134 Torino, Italy

kh Ing.Paolo Cinus

1 +39 11 3130532

I +39 11 3130461

! [email protected]

Profile

Social housing associat ion

Mult i-Family House,42 dwellings

96m2 flat-plate collectors (gross area), solar roof

69 % reduction of finalenergy consumption for hot tap water (estimated)

Best Pract ice 3

ATC Torino – Mult i-Family House

Motivat ion

ATC Torino,a social housing public agency inthe province of Turin,has dealt with environ-mental and energet ic matters since 1996.Whenever possible,new technologies (especi-ally renewable energy sources) have been inte-grated into ATC's buildings in order to reducetheir environmental impact .






Subsidies 43 %




No.



investment costs per apartment:* 1,816 €

Solar fract ion of hotwater demand:** 46 %

* without consideration of subsidies** heat demand for hot tap water

generation (value: estimated)


The solar system heats the buffer storage tankvia an external heat exchanger.The buffer storage tank then loads one of three hot tapwater tanks through a second external heatexchanger.The other two hot water storagetanks are heated by both the first buffer stora-ge tank and the boiler. In order to assure thesanitary quality of the hot water, the solar hotwater tank can also be heated up by the boiler.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 4.0 m3

Financing

The province of Turin subsidised a part of thetotal investment costs through a demonstra-t ion programme (publicat ions and presenta-t ions from various newspapers,newslettersand exhibit ions on the Province's web site).

Comments

■ “The building located inMoncalieri near Juglaris,illustrates the appeal of solarthermal technology.Due tothe integrat ion of the collec-tors into a solar roof,which isa cost effect ive and innovat i-ve solut ion in Italy,our solarthermal system is very attrac-t ive from an architecturalpoint of view as well.


Roof integrated flat-

plate collectors and

solar heat storage in

Moncalieri

32

Contactu Wohnungsgenossenschaft

„Karl Marx“ Potsdam e.G.Jagdhausstr.27D-14480 Potsdam,Germany

kh Klaus Bergemann

1 +49 331 6458 235

! [email protected]

Profile

Co-operat ive housing society

Mult i-Family House,258 dwellings

222 m2 flat-plate collectors(aperture area),on flatroof

88,270 kWh/a reduction offinal energy consumption

Best Pract ice 4

WG Karl Marx e.G.– Mult i-Family House

Motivat ion

Within the scope of the refurbishment of thebuilding,a complete modernisat ion of theheat ing system including central hot watergenerat ion was necessary.For that reason,among others, the possibilit ies for solar energyintegrat ion were analysed.Although hot waterprovision with a solar thermal system seemedto be a favourable option, the implementat ionproved to be a great task for the planners andmanufacturers involved as well as for us as thebuilding owner. It should be mentioned thenthat,as of the t ime of the planning in 1998,



Thermal output n/a

Collector yield approx.300 kWh/ (m2 ·a)


Subsidies 85 %

CO2-emissions avoided n/a


Replaced energy source District Heating

No.






WG Karl-Marx e.G.- collector field

large solar thermal systems for resident ialbuildings were rarely installed so there waslimited background experience for the project .In hindsight, the result was very favourable:The end technical and economic performancelevels met all the predicted benchmarks.


The solar thermal system consists of a 222m2

collector field connected to a separated controlunit and storage devices.The solar thermalenergy is used only for the generation of hotwater.■ operat ion mode: Low flow■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 9.75 m3

Financing

The purchase of the system was predominant-ly financed by soft loans,but 15% was financedby the housing society.The total costs of allimplemented renovat ions (including CSTS) areshared by the tenants within the legal ranges.

Comments

■ “The experience gainedthrough this project under-line the fact that solar ther-mal systems are suitable forimplementat ion on large resi-dent ial buildings. It wasshown that technical andeconomic target values canbe achieved.A key factor inthe implementation was agood working knowledge ofthe consumption profilesbefore the installation of theCSTS.Remote monitoring will ensure the long-termfunct ionality of the system.


34

Contactu Municipality of Giurgiu

49-51 Bucharest Street8375 Giurgiu,Romania

kh Lucian Iliescu,Constantin Ionescu

1 +40 246 213588

I +40 246 213747

! primargr@pcnet .ro

Profile

Municipal housing administrat ion

2 Multi-Family Houses,2x 40 dwellings

300 m2 flat-plate collec-tors (aperture area),on flat roofs

58,000 kWh/a of solar heat

Best Pract ice 5

Municipality of Giurgiu – Policlinica AreaMult i-Family House

Motivat ion

During the summer, the combined heat andpower (CHP) plant in Giurgiu does not produceelectricity and therefore the hot water supplyis turned off completely between April andNovember.The installation of 300 m2 of solarpanels on two housing blocks was necessaryto supply hot water for 80 flats during thesummer months.






Subsidies 0 %


Reduct ion of final energy n/a

Replaced energy source District Heat ing (CHP)

No.





* without consideration of subsidies** this solar thermal system supplies 100%

of the hot water demand of this bothbuildings during the summer periode

Collector field andsolar heat tanks inPoliclinica Area


It was decided to use a solar thermal systemfor the provision of domestic hot water duringthe summer months.A joint system with alarge coverage area was built to supply thetwo housing blocks.Heat is stored direct ly inthe domestic hot water or in exist ing hotwater tanks; 2x 5 m3 for each block.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 4 x 5 m3

Financing

The solar project was part of Romania'sDistrict Heating Rehabilitat ion Project forGiurgiu which was financed by the DanishEnvironmental Agency (DEPA) through theDanish Cooperat ion for Environment inEastern Europe programme (DANCEE).TheRomanian counterpart contributed using itsown financing measures.

Comments

■ “The installation of 300 m2

solar panels on two housingblocks in Giurgiu enables 80dwellings to be supplied withhot water during the summermonths.These flats are theonly flats in Giurgiu with hotwater supply in the summerand are therefore now veryattract ive to buy.


36

Contactu Helsingør Boligselskab

Kongedammen 343000 Helsingøre,Denmark

kh Poul Hansen (chairman)

1 +45 49 2128-61

I +45 49 2128-91

! sundparken@stofanet .dkwww.helsingorboligselskab.dk

Profile

Co-operat ive housing society

Multi-Family Houses,425 dwellings

336 m2 flat-plate collectors(aperture area),on roof


Best Pract ice 6

Sundparken – Mult i-Family House

Motivat ion

The Chairman of the housing society motiva-ted the tenants to support the installation ofthe system despite the rent increase thatwould be incurred over a limited period oft ime.Rent rates would then return to lowerlevels.






Subsidies 13 %



Replaced energy source District heating

No.




Solar fract ion of global heat demand:** 3.1 %

* without consideration of subsidies** measured

Flat plate collectorsand the central control system


The solar heat ing system is a low flow systemwith a 10,000 l hot water tank.Due to theorientat ion of the buildings the CSTS was desi-gned as two separate systems with a commonstorage tank.Half of the solar collectors (168 m2)face east, the other half of the solar collectors(168 m2) face west .The collector t ilt is 15° from the horizontal forall the collectors.Both the east-facing and thewest-facing collectors have their own solar col-lector loop,circulat ion pump,external heatexchanger and control system.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 10 m3

Financing

The project was financed mainly throughreserves from the housing association's ownrevolving funds as well as a small loan,nat io-nal subsidies and a tax break.

Comments

■ “There is great potent ial forthe expansion of the solarcollector area for space hea-t ing,but,at the moment, thereturn temperature from theradiator system is consideredto be too high.


38

Contactu Mairie de La Rochelle

Ho�tel de Ville - BP 154117086 La Rochelle Cedex 2,France

kh Mr Giret

1 +33 5 46515010

! www.ville-larochelle.fr

Profile

Mairie de La Rochelle

12 Multi-Family Houses,941 dwellings

1,164 m2 flat-plate collectors (gross area),on flat roof

43 % reduction of final energy consumption (est imated)

Best Pract ice 7

ZUP Les Salines – 12 Mult i-Family Houses

Motivat ion

„We would carry on with the approach follo-wed by the city of La Rochelle since 1970.Withthe district heat development, the restorat ionof the former solar installat ion of the Salineswould prove to be a necessary thing to do.“


Gross area of collectors 1,164 m2



Total costs of solar hot water system 1,446,000 €

Subsidies 80 %

CO2-emissions avoided 210 t CO2 per year


Replaced energy source Diverse (District heating)

No.




Solar fract ion of global heat demand: n/a*


Boiler room withsolar heat tanks,auxiliary heatingand control unit


The CSTS was restored in 2005 and is compo-sed of 1,164 m2 flat plate collectors installed onflat roofs of the twelve buildings.They are pla-ced in a south/south-western orientat ion of25° and with an inclinat ion of 30°.Total solarstorage is 58 m3 shared between the twelvebuildings.■ operat ion mode: variable■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 19 m3

Financing

The total cost of this project was EUR 1,371,000excluding VAT and EUR 1,446,000 includingVAT (VAT at 5.5%). It was subsidised at 80% byEurope (FEDER funds: EUR 411,494) and by theADEME / Regional Council of Poitou-Charentes(EUR 685,824).

Comments

■ “A former solar installat ionalready existed on this siteand La Rochelle City Hallchose to carry on with thisapproach init iated in theSevent ies with a restoration.La Rochelle City Hall arrangedan agreement between thepublic ut ility company andthe Elvo Ocean Company, theinstallat ion's operator.Thisoperat ion was split into threeparts,carried out by three dif-ferent installers.For a projectlike this, it is important towork with an engineeringcompany with lots of goodreferences.


40


Contactu Hotel Fortuna

Hauptstraße 779199 Kirchzarten,Germany

kh Manfred Meder

1 +49 7661 3980

Profile

Private ownership

Hotel,70 beds

53 m2 flat-plate collectors(gross area), roof inte-grated

34,000 kWh/a reduct ion of final energy consump-t ion

Best Pract ice 8

Fortuna Hotel

Motivat ion

During a regular pub meeting in the year2000,hotel owner Manfred Meder and OttoWehrle,collect ive solar thermal systems instal-ler and producer of solar storage tanks,discus-sed the apparent high consumption of hotwater in the FORTUNA Hotel.A special topicwas the high consumption of oil for the hea-ting of hot water during the warm months.Since the consumption of hot water is a givenin hotels,operat ing costs were able to be redu-ced through the installat ion of a well-plannedsolar thermal system.


Aperture area of collectors 46.7 m2



Total cost of solar hot water system 55,000 €

Subsidies 10.8 %



Replaced energy source Heating Oil

No.

collector area per room: 1.3 m2



* without consideration of subsidies** est imated


The solar storage tanks were built within oneinsulat ion jacket in order to cover the connec-t ing pipes.This avoids heat losses between thesolar storage tanks.■ operat ion mode: high flow■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ tap water storage: 4.1 m3

Financing

The owner is also the investor.Nearly 90 % ofthe personal invested resources have a calcula-ted return of investment period of approxima-tely seven years.This is due to the planner'smany years of experience.About 10.8 % of theproject costs were subsidised by the FederalOffice of Economics and Export Control (BAFA).

Comments

■ “The structural condit ion ofthe building,a demand ana-lysis, visit ing referencesystems, the experiencedcompany that carried outthe installat ion work and proven systems were all partof the successful integrat ionof a solar thermal systeminto the existing building services.When awarding thecontract only companiesshould be considered whichcan produce an installat ionschedule as early as in thepreliminary stages.This wayunnecessary surprises duringassembly can be avoided.“

„Finally the operating costscan be reduced with the helpof a well-planned and well-installed solar thermalsystem because hot waterconsumption is guaranteedin hotels.“

hot water k hotelsB

Roof integrated

flatplate collectors

of Hotel Fortuna

and piping located

in the gable

42

Contactu Hotel Novotel Sophia Antipolis

290 rue dostoïevski06410 Valbonne,France

1 +33 4 92387238

I +22 4 93958012

Best Pract ice 9

ACCOR Group – Ho�tel Novotel Sophia Ant ipolis

Motivat ion

The solar installat ion was carried out with thehelp of the ACCOR Group's commitment to beinvolved with sustainable policy and to impro-ve the brand image of the hotel.





Total cost of solarhot water system 84,500 €

Subsidies 73 %

CO2-emissions avoided 11 t CO2 per year


Replaced energy source Electricity

No.






Profile

Hotel chain

Hotel,97 rooms

113 m2 flat-plate collectors(gross area),on a flat roof

48% reduction of final energy consumption for hot tap water heat ing

Flatplate collectorsof the Hotel inValbonne


The CSTS was designed to cover 49 % of theenerget ic needs for hot tap water provision.113 m2 collector surfaces were installed on theflat roof facing south and with an inclinat ionof 30 %.The collectors are connected to two3,000-lit re solar tanks.Back-up storage con-sists of five 3,000-litre electric storage tanks.■ operat ion mode: variable■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 6 m3

Financing

The total cost of this operation was EUR84,505 excluding VAT,subsidised at 73 % by the ADEME and the PACA Regional Councilwith EUR 61,742.

Comments

■ “Aware of the importance of sustainability for the tou-rism industry, the ACCORGroup,of which this hotel is a member,has implemen-ted a coherent environmentalpolicy since 1993. In 1999,acontract to develop renew-able energy sources was signed with the ADEME.Each year the measured solaroutput has exceeded theguaranteed energy out linedin the solar performance guarantee.“

hot water k hotelsB

44

Contactu Woonveste Housing

AssociationAfrikalaan 92P.O.Box 1275150 AC DRUNENThe Netherlands

Profile

Social Housing Associat-ion,Woonveste

Mult i-family House for elderly persons,105 dwellings

100 m2 flat-plate collectors(gross area),on a flatroof


Best Pract ice 10

Woonveste – House for elderly persons

Motivat ion

The installat ion of this system was in accor-dance with the association's environmentalmission.As part of their environmental poli-cies Woonveste actively aims to reduce energyand water consumption and promotes the useof renewable energy systems in its buildingstock.






Subsidies 33 %

CO2-emissions avoided 11.7 t /a



No.






Flat plate collectors


■ operat ion mode: n/a■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 3 m3

Financing

For the realisat ion of this project,Woonvestewas supported by the project “Space for Solar”,which provided feasibility studies,an intere-st ing turn-key offer based on a call for tenderand an investment subsidy.

Comments

■ “When the decision wasmade to install a solar waterheater not all tenants werehappy because of the corre-sponding increase in rent .Butnow the solar water heater isin service and the overallenergy costs have been lowe-red by twice the amount ofthe rent increase.Needless tosay,all the tenants are sat is-fied.Woonveste will cont inueits mission to install renew-able energy systems in itsbuilding stock."

hot water k public buildingsC

46

Best Pract ice 11

Contactu Dom starejših obcanov TEZNO

(TEZNO Retirement home)Panonska ulica 412000 Maribor,Slovenia

kh Jasna Cajnko,M.Sc.director

1 +386 2 4602602

! [email protected]

Profile

Social Association

Retirement home (2003),200 residents + 80 Employees

110 m2 flat-plate collector(gross area),on flat roof

29,390 kWh/a reduction of final energy consump-t ion

TEZNO – Ret irement Home

Motivat ion

The system,as well as the building,was finan-ced by the Ministry of Labour,Family andSocial Affairs and community of the town ofMaribor.The complete building was taken overby the current users.The supplier of the solarsystem manages and maintains the systemfree of charge.






Subsidies 50 %




No.





* without consideration of subsidies** est imated

Financing

Due to the present owners having just takenover the building,accurate costs are notknown.The investment cost was approximate-ly EUR 500 per m2 solar collector.Half of theinvestment was paid for by the local commu-nity as part of the programme to help theelderly.


The solar system,which is used to heat hottap water, is composed of two fields of flatselect ive solar collectors with a total area of100 m2.There are four heat storage tanks,eachwith a volume of 900 lit res,which serve asbuffer storage.Two of them are connectedparallel forming the battery.Two batteries areconnected in series.This way,better tempera-ture distribut ion in the storage tanks is achie-ved.Heat from the buffer solar heat storage istransferred over a plate heat exchanger intotwo addit ional storage tanks where the tapwater is heated.Each of them has a volume of1,000 litres.Cold tap water flows through thefirst to the second storage tank and is addit io-nally heated with a spiral exchanger integra-ted into the last storage tank and gas boiler.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 3.6 m3

Comments

■ “During the process of dis-cussion,planning,construc-t ion and operat ion of thelarge solar system a lot ofexperience was gained.Thefirst two years of operat ionshowed that the system isaccurately designed and wellconstructed.There were nosignificant costs with systemmaintenance.The experience has been successfully used in new projects.“


Flatplate collectorsand hydraulics

48

Contactu Consorzio Pracat inat

localita� Pra� CatinatFenestrelle (TO), Italy

kh Claudio Richiardone

1 +39 121 884807

I +39 121 83711

! c.richiardone@pracatinat .itwww.pracatinat .it

Profile

Consorzio Pracat inat

Hotel,200 rooms

150 m2 flat-plate collec-tors (gross area),on flatroof

180,000 kWh/a reduction of final energy consump-t ion

Best Pract ice 12

Pracatinat – Educational Centre

Motivat ion

„The educational centre,Consorzio Pracat inat,specialises in environmental educat ion act ivi-t ies,sustainable tourism and accompanyinglocal sustainable development projects.Therefore, it has a natural affinity towardsrenewable technologies.This is clearly test ifiedby the decision to install a solar thermal pilotplant,which contributes to create an environ-mentalist image for the centre.Furthermore,adisplay is mounted in the hall of the buildingto show the performance of the solar system.“






Subsidies 40 %



Replaced energy source Natural Gas

No.



investment costs per room:* 450 €

Solar fract ion of hotwater demand:** 55 %

* without consideration of subsidies** heat demand for hot tap water

generation (value: estimated)

Flatplate collectorsand panel display inPracatinat


The collectors are connected to a 5 m3 bufferstorage tank,which heats up a hot tap watertank via a heat exchanger.Two further tanksare connected in parallel and are heated up byboth the solar tank and the auxiliary heat ingboiler.The recirculat ion circuit can be divertedeither to the solar tank (in the summer) or tothe other two tanks (in the winter) in order toopt imise the efficiency of the system.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 5 m3

Financing

The plant was part ly financed by the provinceof Turin as part of a demonstration program-me.

Comments

■ “Due to the intermediate lowefficiency of the system, theinvestment is not yet profita-ble.Small modificat ions tothe plant,however,should beenough to improve the ener-get ic and economic efficiency.Our applicat ion was evalua-ted and finally our hotel waschosen for the installat ion ofa pilot plant .The technicalstaff were supported byexperts in the planning andin the choice of suppliers.Recommendation for the rea-lisation of future projects:before the decision to installa pilot plant is made, itshould be ensured that allthe players involved are infor-med and share the same opi-nion.Otherwise it will be dif-ficult to coordinate all thepeople involved,such as theowner, the planner and thoseresponsible for monitoringthe project .


50

Contactu DEGEWO gAG

Potsdamer Str.6010785 Berlin,Germany

1 +49 30 26485-0

I +49 30 26485-120

! [email protected]

Profile

Housing group

Mult i-Family Houses,53 dwellings

59 m2 flat-plate collectors(gross area),on a flat roof


Best Pract ice 13

DEGEWO – Mult i-Family House

Motivat ion

The project was carried out in the contextof the solar reorganisat ion strategy of theDEGEWO.Due to posit ive experiences in co-operat ionwith the project partners and the total energysavings,every renovat ion or remodelling plantakes the use of solar thermal into considera-tion from the very beginning.The project mustbe profitable for the property company.



Thermal power 37.9 kWth


Total cost of solar heating/hot water system 69,944 €

Subsidies 16.4 %




No.





* without consideration of subsidies** measured (this plant concept focuses on

the boiler opt imisation whereby fossilenergy savings are considerably higherthan shown by the solar fract ion here)

ging in accordance with the EnEV for waterheating and heater support .■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 1.3 m3

Financing

The costs of the installation and renovat ionwere financed by subsidies (EUR 11,500) fromthe Market St imulat ion Programme from theFederal Government, the Retrofit Premiumfrom GASAG and equity capital (EUR 58,500)from the owners' association.


The solar thermal system has a collector areaof 59 m2 and a central regulat ion and controlunit .The obtained solar energy is used forwater heating,heater support and for thethermal solar Legionella-circuit by the solarcompact stat ion.Water and space heating issupplemented by fossil-generated heat onlywhen necessary.The solar collector system,water heat ing,space heat ing and the boilers are operated bya central,automatic controller,so that,apartfrom the energy savings by the solar collectorsystem, this combined system will result infurther energy savings compared to the con-vent ional use of the boiler as it taps synergyeffects.As part of maintenance procedures,the water heat ing system was renovated.The boiler was replaced by a smaller,modern,fuel-efficient boiler that generates approx.60-70% of the annual heat ing required by thehousing complex.A remaining second boilerreceived a new modulating gas burner.Theheat supply was retrofit ted for natural gas and therefore emits fewer pollutants.Thepiping and armatures in the heating plantroom,which were not replaced, received lag-

Comments

■ “Large thermal solar systemscan be operated efficient lyand gains and costs can becalculable if the systems areconsidered in planning andimplemented with compe-tent partners from the begin-ning.Personal commitmentand persistence are absolute-ly necessary for the realisa-t ion of such projects.

hot water + space heat ingk apartment buildingsD

Combined solar ener-gy and boiler controlstat ion “SEZ” in Berlin

52

Contactu Eneco Energie

Diakenhuisweg 39-43Haarlem,Netherlands

! www.eneco.nl

Profile

Energy service company

9 Mult i-Family Houses,382 dwellings

2,925 m2 flat-plate collec-tors (gross area),on roof

1,433,000 kWh/a of solarheat

Best Pract ice 14

Schalkwijk – Mult i-Family House

Motivat ion

The housing corporation originally planned toinstall individual combined gas-fired boilersfor space heat ing and hot water.This would,however,have consumed scarce living space.Asustainable,central heat ing system thereforeappeared to be a good alternat ive.Both thehousing corporat ion and the local governmentsupported this solut ion and init iated a co-ope-rative venture with the utility company.


Aperture area of collectors 2,850 m2

Thermal output 1,995 kWth


Total cost of solar heating/hot water system 1,825,000 €

Subsidies 35 %


Reduct ion of final energy 4,989,000 kWh/a

Replaced energy source District Heating(Natural Gas)

Heat pump

Aquifer

No.





* without consideration of subsidies** est imated (due to the seasonal aquifer

storage this solar plant supply that highsolar fraction)

Installat ion of pre-assembled flatplatecollector structuresfor 382 dwellings inHaarlem


Nine 40-year old blocks with 382 apartmentswere retrofit ted and equipped with solar energy.The system consists of 2,850 m2 glass-covered solar flat collectors,short-term heatstorage,aquifer seasonal heat storage,heatpumps and boilers for peak demand.The energy savings,according to the design,amount to 70 %.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central per block■ solar buffer storage: 9 x 9.5 m3

Financing

Eneco Energie is the investor and CSTS systemowner.Eneco Energie sells the heat and hotwater to the apartment owners.Grants cover35 % of the overall investment .The net presentvalue of the avoided exploitat ion of a conven-t ional installat ion, totalling EUR 182,000 waspaid by the housing associat ion to EnecoEnergie.

Comments

■ “In the long term, the futureof an energy supplier willdepend on its innovat ivepower choices: Innovat ionmeets our goals of socialresponsibility and enables thelong-term cont inuity of ourbusiness.These are the dri-vers for developing the rene-wable energy market . In thepast 10 years,Eneco Energiehas carried out more than 50 large-scale solar thermalsystems in the housing sec-tor.An efficient organisat ionthat can init iate, implementand operate large-scale solarthermal systems has beenbuilt .The 2 MW project ispart of the cont inuous inno-vat ion process that we aimfor.We intend to remain amarket leader for the imple-mentat ion of large-scale solar thermal systems in the housing sector.”

hot water + space heat ingk apartment buildingsD

54

Contactu Die Fabrik

Schlesische Str.1810997 Berlin,Germany

kh Georg Krug

1 +49 30 6118254

I +49 30 6189974

! [email protected]

Profile

Private ownership

Hotel,120 beds

27 m2 vacuum tube col-lectors (gross area),on a flat roof


Best Pract ice 15

Die Fabrik – Hotel

Motivat ion

The hotel, ”Die Fabrik”, is located in a formerindustrial building,where telephones wereonce produced. In 1994,when the building was remodelled as a hotel, rooms,bathrooms,a large lobby and a restaurant were created.The 50-year-old,out-of-date steam heat ingsystem was not sufficient to maintain anacceptable level of comfort for the guests.Therefore, in 1999, the whole building wasenerget ically modernised, including the boilers(switched to natural gas) and the heat ingsystem (pipes, radiators).The installation of a






Subsidies 33 %




No.


collector area per bed: 0.2 m2

investment costsper bed:* 333 €


* without consideration of subsidies** calculated

Financing

The solar thermal system was installed as akey element in the energet ic modernisation ofthe hotel.The subsidies granted from the UFPProgram amounted to one third of the totalcosts (planning and installation).Thanks to theresult ing high level of energy savings,particu-larly through the reduct ion of system lossesand assistance from solar thermal energy,aswell as the grants, the ent ire project wasfavourably profitable.As early as 1999 the ove-rall measure was almost profitable.

solar thermal collector for hot-water genera-t ion and heating support was planned.Theentire renovat ion was substant ially funded bythe UFP Environmental Funding Program ofBerlin.


27 m2 vacuum tube collectors were installedflush to the flat roof of the hotel's rear buil-ding - without a mounting system.This solu-t ion was chosen because of static reasons.Thehigh-performance collectors are connectedwith an efficient buffer storage system,mea-suring 2.25 m3, in the heat ing centre. Integrat-ed into the heat ing system,with a shared con-trol unit , the system covers 8 % of the energyneeds for heating and 43 % of the energyneeds for hot water generation (simulat ionresult).■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 2.25 m3

Comments

■ “Within the scope of thechanged ut ilisat ion of thebuilding from industrial tohotel use, the solar thermalsystem was,and is,a highlyvalued part of the building'sconcept .The energy createdby the solar thermal systemprovides economic relief fromthe energy costs which isbecoming even more im-portant due to the currentincrease in energy prices.In addit ion, the image of “DieFabrik” is enhanced by theinnovat ive energy concept - afactor that is well received bythe guests.“

hot water + space heat ingk hotelsE

Vacuum-tube col-lectors and displaypanel of the hotel“Die Fabrik”

56

Contactu Dom paraplegikov d.o.o.

Št ihova 14Ljubljana,Slovenia

kh Mr Janez Trdina

1 +386 1 4327138

I +386 1 4327252

! [email protected]

Profile

Private ownership

Hotel,Sports building Hospital,120 beds

78 m2 flat plate collectors(gross area),on roof

Best Pract ice 16

DomParaplegikov – Hotel

Motivat ion

The health resort is designed for the physicallyhandicapped and offers them an option forhealthy and relaxing vacations.Disabled sport-smen can use the resort for preparing for sportscompetit ions.This health resort is meant tobecome an incubator of ideas for all areas oflife of a physically disabled person.The solarsystem was completed in 2007. One of the firstresults of the SOLARGE project was the factthat we have installed calorimeters in the solarsystem pipeline and connected to the BMS(Building Management System).




Collector yield n/a


Subsidies 90 %



Replaced energy source Liquid gas

No.


collector area per user: 0.6 m2

investment costsper user:* 286 €


* i without consideration of subsidies

Flatplate collectorson roof and Solarheat tanks


Two liquid-gas,high-temperature boilers wereinstalled for space and tap water heat ing.Rooms are heated by radiators with thermo-stat ic valves.Some parts of the building – the-rapy,congress room,and restaurant – have air-condit ioning systems.Hot tap water as well assea water is pumped into the pool and prehea-ted by the solar system.The system consists oftwo sections of solar collectors with a totalarea of 72 m2.Water heated by the solar collec-tors flows through a tube heat exchanger,integrated in the heat storage tank (2 m3) forhot tap water generat ion and heat ing supportor through a plate heat exchanger for the pre-heating of sea water for the pool.■ operat ion mode: high flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 4 m3

Financing

The Health Resort Centre in Pacug was plan-ned in such a way that quality was given firstpriority.The decision for a solar system wasmade a few years ago.This was a very gooddecision in hindsight,because the price ofliquid-gas has increased.The inst itut ion,whichfinanced the construct ion of the health resort,supported the decision. In the end, the priceper square metre of solar collectors was a lit t lehigher than expected.

Comments

■ „We are aware of the gro-wing importance of energyconservat ion and thereforethe decision to use as manyrenewable energy sources aspossible was easy.Withregard to the fact that ourbuilding lies in the sunniestarea of Slovenia – 2,292 hoursof sunshine per year – thesolar system was a logicalchoice.One of the first resultsof the SOLARGE project willbe the installat ion of calori-meters in the solar systemand their connect ion to thebuilding's managementsystem.“


58

Contactu Ho�tel du Golf de Valescure

Avenue Paul l'Hermite83700 Saint Raphae�l,France

kh M.de Gaudemont

1 +33 494 528500

I +33 494 824188

! [email protected]

Profile

Private ownership

Hotel,40 rooms

90 m2 flat-plate collectors (aperture area), roof inte-grat ion


Best Pract ice 17

Hotel du Golf de Valescure –Hotel

Motivat ion

The hotel owner made the choice to respondto the environmental concerns of his hotelclientele,especially those from Northern-Europe.Tour operators are becoming more and more sensit ive to these concerns as well.This hotel has had a CSTS since its opening in 1981.In a sustainable development approach, theowner decided to totally restore the CSTS fortap water and swimming pool heat ing.Therestorat ion enabled the total collector surfacearea to be reduced due to the significant deve-






Subsidies 48 %

CO2-emissions avoided 19 t /a


Replaced energy source Electricity

No.



investment costsper room:* 2,525 €



lopment in collector efficiency over the past20 years.


The CSTS was installed in 2003 and is compo-sed of 90 m2 flat-plate collectors integratedinto the roof with a south-eastern orientationof 20° and an inclination of 30°.Hot tap wateris stored in two solar tanks measuring 2500 land 2000 l,and a back-up storage tank measu-ring 1500 l.The CSTS was designed to supplyhot water for use in the hotel and the swim-ming pool.■ operat ion mode: variable■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 4.5 m3

Financing

The CSTS cost totalled EUR 101,000 includingVAT with EUR 40,000 for the collector system,38,000 EUR for solar installat ion and EUR8,400 for planning and development .The project was subsidised at 48 % with EUR 48,174provided by the ADEME and the regional coun-cil of PACA.

Comments

■ „I have wanted to involve thehotel in a globally oriented,environmental approach thatintegrates water,energy andwaste management .To fol-low through with such anapproach is to take the leadover other hotels and thus tosecure a competit ive advan-tage.“


Roof integrated flateplate collectors ofthe Hotel du Golf deValescure

60

Contactu ADAPEI

Quai les Gondonnets84400 Saignon,France

kh Mr Bouillet

1 +33 4 90740-043

I +34 93 2051586

! +33 4 90740-919

Profile

Social Association

Retirement home,21 beds

56 m2 flat plate collectors(gross area),on the ground


Best Pract ice 18

Saignon Elderly House – Retirement home

Motivat ion

This specialised ret irement centre in Saignon,intended for physically handicapped persons,is an example of a high-quality,environmen-tally oriented design process.This building wasdesigned according to bioclimatic structure,with special regard to solar design,and has aone-floor construct ion to accommodate theneeds of handicapped persons.






Subsidies 82 %



Replaced energy source Heating oil and electricity

No.


collector area per room: 5 m2

investment costsper room:* 5,750 €



Rear side of the

building and flat

plate collectors

located near the

building on an

embankment


The installat ion has been in service since 2002and is composed of 50 m2 flat-plate collectorslocated on an embankment near the buildingfacing south and with an inclinat ion of 30°.The hot water is stored in a solar tank measu-ring 3,000 litres and has two back-up tanksmeasuring 1,500 and 1,000 lit res.■ operat ion mode: n/a■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ buffer storage: 3 m3

Financing

The 50 m2 solar installat ion of the ret irementcentre in Saignon cost EUR 57,600 includingengineering and VAT and was subsidised withEUR 45,000 from free financing (state regionalcouncil and ADEME).

Comments

■ This building was designedwith an environmental andbioclimatic approach and,logically,a CSTS was integra-ted for hot tap water produc-t ion.An all-round project was car-ried out using an architectu-ral contest and a commissionwas created to finalise pro-ject details and to draft acontract to choose the con-tract ing companies.The CSTS runs perfect ly andprovides 60 % of the hot tapwater needs of the building,as determined by the feasi-bility study.

hot water + space heat ingk social buildingsF

62

Best Pract ice 19

Contactu Asilo dei Vecchi

via Carlo Alberto Tron,27 San Germano Chisone, Italy

kh Giorgio Baret

1 +39 0121 58855

! [email protected]

Profile

Waldensian Church

Retirement home,98 inhabitants

78 m2 vacuum tube collectors (gross area),on roof


Asilo dei Vecchi – Retirement home

Motivat ion

The building's managers started the projectand were encouraged by a promotion programfrom the province of Turin which providedexpert technical assistance and economic sub-sidies."Our local promotion programs for renewableenergy sources are based on a complete sup-port structure for the investors. It is essent ialto create subsidy schemes and inform the par-t ies involved of their existence.Furthermore,technicians must be trained and supported,





Total cost of solar thermal system 72,850 €

Subsidies 40 %




No.



investment costsper apartment:* 743 €


* without considerat ion of subsidies** calculated

especially during system design and the instal-lat ion.Finally,an adequate monitoring planshould track the operation of each system."


The central heat ing system provides heat forhot tap water and space heat ing.Together with the solar system,a new gas condensing boiler was installed.The exist ingboiler is used to cover the peak loads.■ operat ion mode: low flow■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ solar buffer storage: 3 m3

Financing

The solar thermal system in San Germano isone of three systems financed by the provinceof Turin as part of a demonstration program.The province of Turin subsidised 40 % of thesystem costs.

Comments

■ The collector was designedfor hot water preparation butalso supports the heat ingsystem because of the exi-st ing hydraulic scheme.Thesystem is running properlyand is monitored monthly.Performance data for thesystem is available on theprovince government's web-site.

hot water + space heat ingk social buildingsF

Vacuum-tube col-lectors on the roofof the ret irementhome in SanGermano Chisone

64

Contactu Marstal District Heating

Jagtvej 25960 Marstal,Denmark

kh Leo Holm Petersen

1 +45 62 53 15 64

I +45 62 53 15 64

! [email protected]

Profile

Private company

various,1,420 users

19,000 m2 various types of collectors (gross area),ground mounted

8,824,000 kWh/a outputof solar heat

Best Pract ice 20

MarstalDistrict Heating

Motivat ion

The plant is part of the nat ional strategy todevelop large-scale solar heat ing systems fordistrict heating and for seasonal heat storage.

Facts in briefYear of construction of CSTS 1996 – 2003

Gross area of collectors 19,000 m2

Thermal output 12,850 kWth


Total cost of solar heating/hot water system 7,333,000 €

Financing 40 % self-financing23 % loans,37 % subsidies

CO2-emissions avoided 2,500 t /a

Reduct ion of final energy 7,792,000 kWh/a


No.



investment costsper apartment:* 10,476 €


* without consideration of subsidies** monitored


■ operat ion mode: variable■ type of hot water heating: decentralised ■ type of space heat ing: central■ seasonal storage: 14,000 m3

Financing

The ent ire system was built in a number ofphases. In general,30% of the grants camefrom the Danish Energy Agency.The latestaddit ion was part ly subsidised by the EU.

Comments

■ „The project in Marstal has,together with other projectson Aeroe,provided a basis fora new industry on the smallisland of Aeroe.Main act ivi-t ies include the product ion of large solar collectors andheat exchanger units.”

other applicat ionsG

Aerial photo ofMarstal and a partof the collectorfield

66

Contactu Špan d.o.o.

Tržaška 5371351 Brezovica pri LjubljaniSlovenia

kh Mr Ludvik Špan

1 +386 1 365 8110

I +386 1 365 8122

! [email protected]

Profile

Family company

Car Centre

43 m2 vacuum tube col-lectors (gross area),on a flat roof


Best Pract ice 21

Techcentre ŠPAN –Car Centre

Motivat ion

„Špan Company has been constant ly growingfor 25 years now,and has always been con-cerned about protect ing the environment .Our experiences have been so posit ive that wesuggest everyone,especially large consumersof hot tap water and service water, to install asolar system. Unfortunately, in 2005, there wereno governmental subsidies available,as hadbeen the case before,so we had to build thesystem exclusively with our own financing.“




Collector output approx.669 kWh/ (m2 ·a)


Subsidies 0 %



Replaced energy source Liquid gas

Restaurantund garage

No.


collector area per 100 m2 heated area: 0.9 m2

investment costs per 100 m2 heated area:* 1,526 €




The solar system that is used for hot waterpreparation, the heat ing of a coffeehouse andheating the service water in the carwash,con-sists of ten units of vacuum solar collectorswith heat pipes (30 pipes to one unit).Theunits are connected in series; the flow of heattransfer fluid is variable and depends on thetemperature of the collectors' output .■ operat ion mode: variable■ type of hot water heating: central ■ type of space heat ing: central■ buffer storage: 1.5 m3

Financing

The system was paid for by the owner.Thefinal price of the system was EUR 1,053 per m2

of solar collector area.Only one third of thisprice was the cost of the solar collectors dueto the high quality of installed elements andrather complex configurat ion of the system.Unfortunately, in the year 2005,subsidies forthe financing of solar systems were not availa-ble,as was the case in the previous year.

Comments

■ According to observat ions ofsystem performance madesince the system went intooperat ion in October 2005,the system is very reliabledue to the combinat ion ofant ifreeze,drain-back tech-nology and overheat ing protect ion.The priorit ising of heat storage and variableflow operat ion contributes to the high solar collectoryield.

other applicat ionsG

Vacuum-tube col-lectors and solarstorage tank ofthe car centreŠpan

68

People will expect higher standards of well-being in both resident ial buildings and work-place environments, increasing the need for aircondit ioning and hence cooling,especially inSouthern Europe.Solar thermal energy will beincreasingly important here, too,not leastbecause collectors provide shade for the buil-ding’s envelope and so reduce the need forcooling.

Besides their use in resident ial buildings,hotels and public facilit ies,solar thermalsystems will become increasingly widespreadin industrial applicat ions. In the none-too-distant future,solar collectors will be able tosupply process heat at temperatures of morethan 250 °C.Laundries,electroplat ing opera-tions and drying plants (for example in thecoat ings industry) will increasingly be oper-ated with the aid of solar thermal energy.

Outlook

Outlook

The best pract ice examples from the SOLARGEproject provide a compelling demonstrat ion ofthe advanced state of technology in large solarthermal systems.

Research and development cont inue,however,as do market trends,and will further accelera-te the adopt ion of solar thermal energy inEurope.

For example, industry and researchers areworking on the development of storage unitswith greater storage densit ies and more com-pact dimensions.By 2030,buildings supplied100% by solar energy could be standard inEurope.

Architecturally attractive integration of collec-tors into the building envelope will also be-come increasingly widespread.No longer justheat generators, collectors will become part ofthe roof cladding and a funct ional design ele-ment in facades.

Driven by the climate change debate andrising oil prices, it will become far more com-mon to design buildings from a total energyconsumption standpoint .Solar thermal energywill play a major role here.

Fresnel collector for a solar cooling system in Bergamo, Italy Photo: PSE

Window integrated collector Photo: Robin Sun

Facade integrated collectorsPhoto: GREENoneTEC / ESTIF

70

Published by

Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.EnergieforumStralauer Platz 3410243 Berlin/Germany

Compiled and market writ ten by

BSW BundesverbandSolarwirtschaft e.V. (Germany)

in collaboration with the SOLARGE partners

Design

triolog Freiburg (Germany)

SOLARGE project coordinator

target GmbH (Germany)

Project partners

ADEME – Agence de l’Environne-ment et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie(France)

Ambiente Italia srl (Italy)

Berliner Energieagentur GmbH(Germany)

Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.(Germany)

Ecofys Netherlands BV(Netherlands)

Ecofys S.L. (Spain)

ENERPLAN – AssociationProfessionnelle de l'Energie Solaire(France)

ESTIF – European Solar ThermalIndustry Federation (Belgium)

Rambøll Danmark A/S (Denmark)

University of Ljubljana – Faculty ofMechanical Engineering (Slovenia)

Publisher’s Information

www.solarge.org

supported byThe sole responsibilityfor the content of thispublication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflectthe opinion of theEuropean Communit ies.The European Commis-sion is not responsiblefor any use that may bemade of the informa-t ion contained therein.

solar heat for large buildings - estif - european solar

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