solar photovoltaic systems - esf
TRANSCRIPT
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Solar Photovoltaic
Systems Neal M. Abrams, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry SUNY ESF
March 7, 2012
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Electricity Use and Demand
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A Focus on Energy Use
! 1.8x1012 Watts
(continuously)
! 6x109 persons
! 3 100W light bulbs per person
! U.S. – 25% of total ! 15 100W light bulbs per
person
! 36 kWhr/day/person
Solar energy 1%
Biomass 47%
Wind energy 2%
Geothermal 5%
Conventional hydroelectric power 45%
U.S. Energy Consumption
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Where are the people? Where is the power?
nasa.gov
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Current Supplies
U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2009
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How much do we need?
Area required for all US electricity production (~100 x 100 miles)
Where are the watts?
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Matching the Need
! A 1 kilowatt (1,000 watt) system will generate nearly 1,000 kilowatt hours (kWh) per year of energy in cloudy climates
! Average consumer utility bill:
! 10,000 kWh/year
! Reduce your load!
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The Magic in the Panel
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The Magic in the Panel
! Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed creating a dc source
! An array of solar panels converts solar energy into usable DC electricity. ! Inverters convert the DC to
60 Hz AC to feed for on grid
! Power goes to a charge controller to charge batteries for off-grid
n-layer
p-layer
back contact
anti-reflective coating
front contact
Cover glass
e-
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Anatomy of PV cell
n-layer
p-layer
back contact
anti-reflective coating
front contact
Cover glass
e-
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PV System Components
! Array – Set of PV cells that typically sit on a roof or a pole
! Inverter – Converts PV DC voltage to AC voltage with very low loss
! Batteries – Provide backup power for off-grid use ! In a net metering system,
batteries can still be used for backup power
! Electric meter – Connects the PV array to the grid to support net metering. ! Can spin backwards!
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Required Components
On Grid
! The solar module
! Inverter (which translates direct current power to alternating current)
! Associated wiring and support structures
Off Grid
! The solar module
! The battery (for energy storage)
! The battery regulator (also known as a charge controller),
! Attachment structure and associated connections
! Wiring
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On Grid
! The solar module
! Inverter (which translates direct current power to alternating current)
! Associated wiring and support structures
Sunny Boy inverter ETM solar
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Off Grid
! The solar module
! The battery (for energy storage)
! The battery regulator (also known as a charge controller),
! Attachment structure and associated connections
! Wiring
ETM solar
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Going off-grid
Batteries
! Rechargeable batteries are most effective energy storage solution
! Remaining PV production capacity can be used up by the electrochemical conversion process of the battery.
! Battery storage capacity is rated in ampere hours
! Most PV systems use lead acid batteries. Nickel cadmium batteries are newer and have very high reliability.
Charge Controller
! Used to prevent over- and under-charging of the battery.
! Typically necessary if the peak charging rate of the solar module is more than 1.5% of the battery ampere hour capacity.
! The quality of the regulator is a key factor in the reliability of the overall system. Aligns the depth of discharge with the battery temperature and the rate of discharge.
! Monitoring current and voltage throughout the system is important for safety and overall system performance.
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Anatomy of a PV Installation
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Silicon – the benchmark
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The Solar Benchmark – 32 %
! Silicon cells – most mature, most developed
! 80-90% market share
new Apple data center, NC
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Photovoltaic types and benefits
! Silicon ! Single crystal silicon (c-Si)
! Multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si)
! Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
! Thin-film (10-20% market share) ! Silicon
! Cadmium telluride, CdTe
! Copper indium gallium diselenide , CIGS ! Very efficient in diffuse light conditions
! Dye-sensitized
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Efficiency: How high?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
25.0
20.4
16.7
26.4
19.4 16.7
10.1 10.1 10.4
5.2
32.0
% E
ffic
ienc
y
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PV development
nrel.gov
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PV Production Payback
! Current silicon PV technology requires 4 years to generate the energy required to produce it.
! Newer generation PV cells require only 2 years.
Alternatives
! Other semiconductors: GaAs, GaInP, CdTe, CIGS
! Thin films and amorphous cells
! Solar concentrators
! Dye-sensitized
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Costs and Benefits
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(39,000 miles2)
Growth
! Market is growing
! The US on-grid market increased to 914 MW in 2010, a growth rate of 101% over the prior year.
! California’s share dropped from 51% of the on-grid market, down from 30%, as New Jersey’s and Arizona’s market sizes soared.
! Led the market for >1 MW system sizes with a 31% share
! Chinese manufacturers grew their share from 11% to 37% of the US market.
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The Growing Solar Industry
Source: Solarbuzz
The solar market grew 20% in 2009, in spite of the economic downturn!
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
kW o
f sh
ipped
mod
ules
Year
Silicon Thin film
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Module Pricing
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
Cos
t per
wat
t
Year
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Other issues
! Building infrastructure ! Permits: Electrical and structural
! Neighborhood restrictions ! Beauty and the bulb
! Finding installers
! Maintaining incentive programs
People, places, and politics
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Light, people, and politics
! Sunniest place in Germany has 1250 kWh/m2 per year
! Syracuse has 1358 kWh/m2 per year (horizontal average)
! Germany: 8800 MW of PV
! USA: closing in on 1000 MW of PV
! Germany has 2.47 times as much area of land and water as NY
! Population of Germany: 82,422,299
! Population of NY: 18,976,457
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Is it worth it??? nyserda.cleanpowerestimator.com/nyserda.htm
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True Market Drivers (current)
! Early adopters
! Perceived benefit
! Feel good, go green
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Getting the Job Done
! PV installations require NABCEP certification for NY state incentives, $1.50/watt, max $10,500
! NABCEP certified programs offered locally
! Federal tax incentives do not require NABCEP certification
! Permits required for
! Structure
! Electrical connection
Your Name Here
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Is PV the complete solution?
Advantages
! Vast, renewable, free fuel source
! No emissions, no combustion, no radiation
! Low operating costs
! No Moving parts
! High reliability
! Modular
! Point of use capability
Disadvantages
! Diffuse fuel source
! High installation costs
! offset by financial incentives
! Poor reliability of system components (inverters, etc.)
! Lack of efficient energy storage
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Our Ever Leaking Sun
When there’s a HUGE solar energy spill, we
just call it a “nice day”!