solar power satellite for wireless...

28 Dr. S.G. Srivani , Gagana P

International Journal of Electronics, Electrical and Computational System

IJEECS

ISSN 2348-117X

Volume 6, Issue 6

June 2017

Solar Power Satellite for Wireless Transmission

Dr. S.G. Srivani

Associate professor Gagana P

RV College of Engineering, Bangalore RV College of Engineering, Bangalore

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum) (Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)

Abstract— The paper presents a review of recent

researches in the field of wireless power transmission

and also about the solar energy conversion technology

by satellite to microwaves using an externally device

called magnetron. The methods applied for wireless

power transmission are also discussed. The solar power

wireless transmission of energy is completely based on

solar energy resources widely available through the

outer environment. Satellites in the earth’s atmosphere

receive the ultraviolet rays from the sun in the form of

photons and then transmit them to the broadcast center

in the form of converted microwaves. These microwaves

travel a long area to reach the device in the receiving

station on earth called rectenna. These rectenna will

convert those microwaves into required energy source

and distributes them to all available places. This

technology overcomes the power loss prevailing in the

present society

Keywords: Rectenna, Magnetron, Microwave, Energy

source wireless transmission, WiTricity, solar power

I. INTRODUCTION

Electricity is the most versatile and widely

used form of energy. The global demand for

electricity is continuously growing. Of the total

generation worldwide, more than 60 percent of

energy is generated using coal-fired station

resulting in carbon dioxide emission threatening the

global warming. To mitigate the consequence of the

climate change, the generation systems need to

undergo significant changes [3].

One of the major issues in power system is

the losses occurring during the transmission and

distribution of electrical power. The percentage of

loss of power during transmission and distribution

is approximated as 26%. The main reason for power

loss during transmission and distribution is the

resistance of wires used in grid. According to the

World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s electricity

grid has the highest transmission and distribution

losses in the world – a whopping 27-40%. Tesla had

proposed methods of transmission of electricity

using electromagnetic induction.

Tesla had always tried to introduce worldwide

wireless power distribution system. But due to lack

of funding and technology of that time, he was not

able to complete the task. Research is being going

on and recent developments have been observed in

this field. Despite advances wireless power

transmission has not been adopted for commercial

use.

Highlight of a wireless transmission in 1891 in

Tesla’s “experimental station” at Colorado is shown

in figure 1.

Fig.1. Tesla’s experimental lamp.

In 1899 Sir Nicolas Tesla and Heinrich

Hertz powered a fluorescent lamp keeping it 25

miles away from source. Wireless power

transmission experiments were conducted at

Warden Clyffe tower. High frequency current, of a

Tesla coil, could light lamps filled with gas (like

neon). In this method, a closed circuit is made using

transmitter, ionized path between upper atmosphere

and transmitter, second ionized path connecting

receiver. The circuit back to the transmitter is

completed through the earth. High potential is

maintained at transmitter and receiver end as well.

A high potential transmitter transmits an

electromotive impulse” through the ionized path to



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June 2017

the upper atmosphere where it ionizes the air, and

this air between the transmitter and receiver would

conduct like a neon tube.

Fig. 2. Neon tube

Warden clyffe tower was designed by Tesla

for trans-Atlantic wireless telephony and also for

demonstrating wireless electrical power

transmission today. [4]

Fig. 3. Warden clyffe tower also known as tesla’s

tower (187 foot) at long Island, New York.

II. METHODS OF WIRELESS

TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL POWER:

1. Induction

The principle of mutual induction between

two coils can be used for the transfer of electrical

power without any physical contact in between. The

simplest example of how mutual induction works is

the transformer, where there is no physical contact

between the primary and the secondary coils. The

transfer of energy takes place due to

electromagnetic coupling between the two coils. [7]

2. Electromagnetic Transmission

Electromagnetic waves can also be used to

transfer power without wires. By converting

electricity into light, such as a laser beam, then

firing this beam at a receiving target, such as a solar

cell on a small aircraft, power can be beamed to a

single target. This is generally known as “power

beaming”.

3. Evanescent Wave Coupling

Researchers at MIT believe they have

discovered a new way to wirelessly transfer power

using non-radiative electromagnetic energy

resonant tunneling. Since the electromagnetic

waves would tunnel, they would not propagate

through the air to be absorbed or wasted, and would

not disrupt electronic devices or cause physical

injury like microwave or radio transmission.

Researchers anticipate up to 5 meters of range. [2]

4. Electrodynamic Induction

Also, known as "resonant inductive coupling"

resolves the main problem associated with non-

resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy

transfer; specifically, the dependence of efficiency

on transmission distance. When resonant coupling

is used the transmitter and receiver inductors are

tuned to a mutual frequency and the drive current is

modified from a sinusoidal to a non-sinusoidal

transient waveform. Pulse power transfer occurs

over multiple cycles. In this way, significant power

may be transmitted over a distance of up to a few

times the size of the transmitter. [4][6]

5. Radio and Microwave

Power transmission through radio waves can

be made more directional, allowing longer distance

power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of

electromagnetic radiation, typically in the

microwave range. A rectenna may be used to

convert the microwave energy back into electricity.

Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95%

have been realized. Power beaming using

microwaves has been proposed for the transmission

of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to

Earth and the beaming of power to spacecraft

leaving orbit has been considered.

6. Electrostatic Induction

Also, known as "capacitive coupling" is an

electric field gradient or differential capacitance

between two elevated electrodes over a conducting

ground plane for wireless energy transmission

involving high frequency alternating current

potential differences transmitted between two plates

or nodes. [4]



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June 2017

III. CURRENT TECHNOLOGY IN THE

FIELD OF WIRELESS POWER

TRANSMISSION

1. Microwave Transmitter

The most current research and proposals use

microwaves as the frequency range of choice for

transmission. At present an efficiency of 76% is

possible using current technology for microwave

power transmission. For transmission efficiency, the

waves must be focused so that all the energy

transmitted by the source is incident on the wave

collection device. Higher frequencies are also

impractical because of the high cost of transmitters

and the relative low efficiency of current optical and

infrared devices. [5]

Fig. 4. Microwave transmitter

The most common transmitters for microwaves are

the travelling wave tube (TWT), klystron and

magnetron. The TWT is far too expensive and

power restrictive making it impractical for the task

of power transmission. The klystron has been the

DC to microwave converter of choice however it is

also somewhat expensive. [1]

Fig. 5. Klystron

Many researchers are looking to use magnetrons

instead because they are cheap and efficient.

Magnetron frequency output is not as precisely

controllable as the klystron or TWT but power

transmission is more lenient to frequency

fluctuations than communication systems are. One

of the more common proposals would be for an

array of magnetrons to be used as the transmitter.

One of the main advantages to using many smaller

magnetrons as opposed to a few klystrons is that

300 W to 1kW magnetrons are already mass

produced for microwave ovens. The efficiency of

magnetrons is inconsistently reported.

2. Use of Microwave Power Transmission in Solar

Power Satellites (SPS)

Solar power generating satellites launched

into space and transmitting power to Earth stations.

This idea was first proposed in 1968 and all of the

experiments have only been carried out in terrestrial

laboratories. The SPS satellites would be put in high

earth orbit at geosynchronous location. This would

allow them to receive light 99% of the year. A large

rectenna array facility will be built on the Earth to

collect the incoming microwaves. To maintain a

good lock on the rectenna the satellite will need to

be built with a retro directive transmitter which

locks on to a pilot beam emanated from the ground

station.

Fig. 6. Solar power satellite.

Since most of the research is done in the 2.4

GHz to 5.8 GHz range there are some spectrum

regulatory issues to deal with. Also since the retro

directive antenna system is unproven. There is the

health concern that the microwave beam could veer

off target and microwave some unsuspecting

family. However, a Japanese government agency is



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planning to send up 10 to 100 kW low earth orbit

satellite to prove its feasibility. [2]

IV. LATEST INVENTION AND

EXPERIMENTS

1. WiTricity

The new technology called WiTricity is

based on using coupled resonant objects [10]. Two

resonant objects of the same resonant frequency

tend to exchange energy efficiently, while

interacting weakly with extraneous off-resonant

objects. After Nicolas Tesla, there was rebirth of

this in 2007 by the team from Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, who call their invention

‘WiTricity’. In the first successful trial of its kind,

the team was able to illuminate a 60-watt light bulb

7ft away.

Fig.7.Overall picture of Wireless transmission

They simulated a transfer of 60W across two

identical loops similar in dimension. The coils had a

radius of 30 cm, with a cross section of 3cm and

distance between the coils was 200m. Basic

principle is Two resonant objects of the same

resonant frequency tend to exchange energy

efficiently, while interacting weakly with

extraneous off-resonant object

Fig.8.Experiment at MIT for WPT

The investigated design consists of two

copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of

the coils, attached to the power source, is the

sending unit. The resonant nature of the process

ensures the strong interaction between the sending

unit and the receiving unit, while the interaction

with the rest of the environment is weak. [4]

Fig.9.Transmission of electricity is occurring

inspite of the obstruction in between them.

Fig.10. An alternate view of the previous picture.

V. SOLAR POWER SATELLITE

Future suitable and largest application of the WPT

via microwave is a Space Solar Power Satellite

(SPS). The SPS is a gigantic satellite designed as an

electric power plant orbiting in the Geostationary

Earth Orbit (GEO). It consists of mainly three

segments; solar energy collector to convert the solar

energy into DC (direct current) electricity, DC-to-

microwave converter, and large antenna array to

beam down the microwave power to the ground.

The first solar collector can be either photovoltaic

cells or solar thermal turbine. The second DC-to-

microwave converter of the SPS can be either

microwave tube system and/or semiconductor



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system. It may be their combination. The third

segment is a gigantic antenna array. Table 1.1

shows some typical parameters of the transmitting

antenna of the SPS. [5][2]

Table 1: Typical parameters of the

transmitting antenna of the SPS [5]

Old JAXA1 JAXA2 NASA

Model JAXA model model /DOE

Model MODEL

Frequency 5.8 GHz 5.8 GHz 5.8 GHz 2.45 GHz

Diameter of 2.6 kmφ 1 kmφ 1.93 kmφ 1 kmφ

Transmitting

antenna

Amplitude 10 dB 10 dB 10 dB 10 Db

Taper Gaussian Gaussian Gaussian Gaussian

Output power 1.3 GW 1.3 GW 1.3 GW 6.72 GW

(beamed to

earth)

Minimum 6.3 mW/ 42 mW/ 11.4 0.22 W/

power cm^2 cm^2 mW/cm^2 cm^2

Density at

center

Antenna

spacing 0.75 λ 0.75 λ 0.75 λ 0.75 λ

Powerper Max. 0.95 Max. Max. 1.7 Max. 185

antenna W 6.1W W W

(3.54 (540 (1,950 (97

billion) million) million) million)

Rectenna

diameter 2.0 kmφ 3.4 kmφ 2.45 kmφ 1 kmφ

180 26 100 23

Maximum mW/cm^ Mw/cm^ mW/cm^ mW/cm^

power 2 2 2 2

Density

Efficiency 96.5 % 86 % 87 % 89 %

JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOE:

Department of Energy.

An amplitude taper on the transmitting antenna is

adopted in order to increase the beam collection

efficiency and to decrease sidelobe level in almost

all SPS design. Atypical amplitude taper is called

10 dB Gaussian in which the power density in the

center of the transmitting antenna is ten times larger

than that on the edge of the transmitting antenna.

The SPS is expected to realize around 2030. Before

the realization of the SPS, we can consider the other

application of the WPT. In recent years, mobile

devices advance quickly and require decreasing

power consumption. It means that we can use the

diffused weak microwave power as a power source

of the mobile devices with low power consumption

such as RF-ID. The RF-ID is a radio IC-tug with

wireless power transmission and wireless

information. This is a new WPT application like

broadcasting. [1][2]

Fig.11 Recent Technologies and Researches of

Wireless Power Transmission – Antennas And

Transmitters [1]

VI. ANTENNAS FOR MICROWAVE POWER

TRANSMISSION

All antennas can be applied for both the MPT

system and communication system, for example,

Yagi-Uda antenna, horn antenna, parabolic antenna,

microstrip antenna, phased array antenna or any

other type of antenna. To fixed target of the MPT

system, we usually select a large parabolic antenna,

for example, in MPT demonstration in 1975 at the

Venus Site of JPL Goldstone Facility and inground-



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to-ground MPT experiment in 1994-95 in Japan. In

the fuel-free airship light experiment with MPT in

1995 in Japan, they changed a direction of the

parabolic antenna to chase the moving airship.

However, we have to use a phased array antenna for

the MPT from/to moving transmitter/receiver which

include the SPS because we have to control a

microwave beam direction accurately and speedy.

Power distribution at the transmitting antenna is

given by (1-r²), where r is the radius of antenna. [5]

The phased array is a directive antenna which

generate a beam form whose shape and direction by

the relative phases and amplitudes of the waves at

the individual antenna elements. It is possible to

steer the direction of the microwave beam. The

antenna elements might be dipoles [8], slot

antennas, or any other type of antenna, even

parabolic antennas [9]. In some MPT experiments

in Japan, the phased array antenna was adopted to

steer a direction of the microwave beam All SPS is

designed with the phased array antenna. We

consider the phased array antenna for all following

MPT system.

Japan wants to power up three million

houses with wireless energy from space. They have

serious plans to send a solar-panel-equipped

satellite into space that

could wirelessly beam a giga watt-strong stream of

power down to earth. A small test model is

scheduled for launch in

2015. To iron out all the kinks and get a fully

functional system set up is estimated to take three

decades. A major kink, presumably, is coping with

the possible dangers when a 1-gigawatt microwave

beam aimed at a small spot on Earth misses its

target. The $21 billion project just received major

backing from Mitsubishi and designer IHI (in

addition to research teams from 14 other countries).

[4] [8]

Fig. 12. Japan’s wireless, power-generating, solar satellite

in habitat

VII.WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Fig.13 Schematic diagram of wireless power

transmission via solar power satellite

Components of WPT system: The Primary

components of Wireless Power Transmission are

Microwave Generator, transmitting antenna and

Receiving antenna (Rectenna) [5]

OPERATION

Fig.14 Functional Block Diagram of Wireless

Power Transmission System [5]

In the transmission side, the microwave power

source generates microwave power and the output

power is controlled by electronic control circuits.



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The waveguide circulator which protects the

microwave source from reflected power is

connected with the microwave power source

through the coax- waveguide adaptor. The

tuner matches the Impedance between the

transmitting antenna and the microwave source. The

transmitting antenna radiates the power uniformly

through free space to the rectenna impedance

matching is the practice of designing the input

impedance electrical load output impedance to

maximize the power transfer or minimize

reflections from the load. [1]

VIII. MAGNETRON

Magnetron is a crossed field tube which

forces electrons emitted from the cathode to take

cyclonical path to the anode. The magnetron is self-

oscillatory device in which the anode contains a

resonant RF structure. The magnetron has long

history from invention by A. W. Hull in1921. The

practical and efficient magnetron tube gathered

world interest only after K. Okabe Average RF

output power versus frequency for various

electronic Devices And semiconductors [2] [6] [9]

Fig.15.A cross sectional view of Magnetron

IX. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES AND

RESEARCHES OF WIRELESS POWER

TRANSMISSION - BEAM CONTROL,

TARGET DETECTION, PROPAGATION,

RECENT TECHNOLOGIES OF

RETRODIRECTIVE BEAM CONTROL

A microwave power transmission is suitable for a

power transmission from/to moving

transmitters/targets. Therefore, accurate target

detection and high efficient beam forming are

important. Retro directive system is always used for

SPS.

A corner reflector is most basic retro directive

system [8]. The corner reflectors consist of

perpendicular metal sheets, which meet at an apex.

Incoming signals are reflected back in the direction

of arrival through multiple reflections off the wall

of the reflector. Van Atta array is also a basic

technique of the retro directive system [9]. This

array is made up of pairs of antennas spaced

equidistant from the center of the array, and

connected with equal length transmission lines. The

signal received by an antenna is re-radiated by its

pair, thus the order of re-radiating elements is

inverted with respect to the center of the array,

achieving the proper phasing for retro directivity.

Usual retro directive system has phase conjugate

circuits in each receiving/transmitting antenna,

which play a same role as pairs of antennas spaced

equidistant from the center of the array in Van Atta

array. A signal transmitted from the target is

received and re-radiated through the phase

conjugate circuit to the direction of target. The

signal is called a pilot signal. We do not need any

phase shifters for beam forming. The retro directive

system is usually used for satellite communication,

wireless LAN, military, etc. There are many

researches of the retro directive system for these

applications [11] - [17]. They use the almost same

frequency for the pilot signal and returned signal

with a local oscillator (LO) signal at a frequency

twice as high as the pilot signal frequency in the

typical retro directive systems. Accuracy depends

on stability of the frequency of the pilot signal and

the LO signal. Prof. Itoh’s group proposed the pilot

signal instead of the LO signal [18].

There are other kinds of the phase conjugate circuits

for the MPT applications. Kyoto University’s group

have developed a retro directive system with

asymmetric two pilot signals, ωt+Δω and ωt+2Δω,

and the LO signal of 2ωt [19].ωt indicate a

frequency of a transmitter. Other retro directive

system with 1/3 ωt pilot signal and without LO

signal. The LO signal is generated from the pilot

signals. The latter system solves a fluctuation

problem of the LO and the pilot signal which cause

phase errors because the fluctuations of the LO and

the pilot signals are synchronous. They have used

2.45 GHz for ωt. Mitsubishi Electric Corporation in

Japan have developed PLL-heterodyne type retro

directive system in which different frequencies for

the pilot signal and the microwave power beam,

3.85 GHz and 5.77 GHz, respectively, have been

used [20]. The retro directive system unifies target



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detection with beam forming by the phase conjugate

circuits. There are some methods for target

detecting with pilot signal which is separated to

beamforming. We call the method “software retro

directive”.

Computer is usually used for the software recto

directive with the phase data from a pilot signal and

for the beam forming with calculation of the

optimum phase and amplitude distribution on the

array. In the software recto directive, we conform

microwave beam freely, for example, multi-beams.

On contrary, we need phase shifters in all antennas.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 16. Various retro directive array with phase

conjugate circuits Developed in (a) Kyoto University

and kobe university in 1987 (2.45GHz),

(b) Kyoto university in 1996 (2.45GHz), (c) queen’s

university (62-66GHz) (d) Jet propulsion laboratory

and university of michigan in 2001 (5.9GHz) [3]

X. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES OF

RECTENNA

The word “rectenna” is composed of “rectifying

circuit” and “antenna”. The rectenna and its word

were invented by W. C. Brown in 1960’s [8][9]

[11]. A typical rectenna site is 4 km in diameter f or

a transmitting antenna diameter of 1km operating at

5.8 GHz. Under these conditions, 93% of the

transmitted power is collected. The peak microwave

power density at the rectenna site is 27 mW/cm2 if

a Gaussian power profile is assumed f or the

transmitter. The beam intensity pattern has a non-

uniform distribution with a higher intensity in the

center of the rectenna and a lower intensity at its

periphery as shown in Fig. 2. The safety

requirement f or the microwave power density f or

humans is set to 1mW/cm2 in most countries, which

is satisfied at the periphery.

Fig. 16 gives the Typical power density at a

rectenna site (1kmφ TX antenna with 10dB

Gaussian power distribution) [5]

Fig.17. Graph of Intensity Verses Range [5]

Fig.18. Block Diagram of the Rectenna Element [9]

In well-matched rectenna arrays, the diode is the

most critical component to achieve high efficiencies

because it is the main source of loss. Schottky

barrier diodes utilizing Si and GaAs have been

employed with rectification efficiencies greater than

80%.Although the electron mobility of GaAs is

over six times greater over Si for high efficiency, Si

has a higher thermal conductivity for better

reliability Proper diode selection for a WPT

application is dependent on input power levels, and

the diode parameters should be chosen carefully for

an efficient rectifier at a specified operating

frequency. The breakdown voltage (Vbr) limits the

diode’s power handling capability and is directly

related to the series resistance and junction

capacitance through the intrinsic properties of the

diode’s material and structure. For instance,

increasing the breakdown voltage increases either

the series resistance or junction capacitance.

Decreasing the series resistance will decrease the

power dissipated in the diode; however, the

breakdown voltage will decrease or the junction



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capacitance will increase. Increasing the junction

capacitance will lower its cut off 1frequency. These

parameters must be traded in selecting the proper

diode for high- power applications. [7] [22]

XI. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES OF

CYCLOTRON WAVE CONVERTER

If we would like to use a parabolic antenna as a

MPT receiver, we have to use Cyclotron Wave

Converter (CWC) instead of the rectenna. The

CWC is a microwave tube to rectify high power

microwave directly into DC. The most studied

cyclotron wave converter (CWC) comprises an

electron gun, a microwave cavity with uniform

transverse electric field in the gap of interaction, a

region with symmetrically reversed (or decreasing

to zero) static magnetic field and a collector with

depressed potential as shown in Fig.16. Microwave

power of an external source is converted by this

coupler into the energy of the electron beam

rotation, the latter is transformed into additional

energy of the longitudinal motion of the electron

beam by reversed static magnetic field; then

extracted by decelerating electric field of the

collector and appeared at the load-resistance of this

collector.

Fig.19 Schematic picture of cyclotron wave

converter [2]

Efficiency

We classify the MPT efficiency roughly into three

stages; DC-RF conversion efficiency which

includes losses caused by beam forming, beam

collection efficiency which means ratio of all

radiated power to collected power on a receiving

antenna, and RF-DC conversion efficiency.

RF-DC Conversion Efficiency

The RF-DC conversion efficiency of the rectenna or

the CWC is over 80 % of experimental results as

shown in Fig.16. Decline of the efficiency is caused

by array connection loss, change of optimum

operation point of the rectenna array caused by

change of connected load, trouble of the rectenna,

and any losses on the systems, for example, DC/AC

conversion, cables, etc. However, it is easier to keep

high efficiency than that on the other two stages.

Beam Collection Efficiency

The beam collection efficiency depends on the

transmitter and receiver aperture areas, the

wavelength, and the separation distance between the

two antennas as shown in the section 1. For

example, it was calculated approximately 89% in

the SPS reference system with the parameters as

follows; the transmitter aperture is 1 km φ, the

rectenna aperture is 10x13 km, the wavelength

is12.24 cm (2.45GHz), and the distance between the

SPS and the rectenna 36,000 km [3]. They

assume10dB Gaussian power taper on the

transmitting antenna. Decline of the efficiency is

caused by phase/frequency/amplitude error on a

phased array. [1]

DC-RF Conversion Efficiency

If we do not have to steer a microwave beam

electrically in a MPT, we can use a microwave

transmitter with high DC-RF conversion efficiency

over 70-80 % like microwave tubes. However, if we

need to steer a microwave beam electrically without

any grating lobes, we have to use phase shifters

with high loss. Especially in the SPS system, the

optimum and economical size of the transmitting

phased array and microwave power are calculated

as around a few km and over a few GW,

respectively. It also means that phase shifter has to

be installed after the microwave

generation/amplification (Fig.16) if microwave

beam will be steered to directions of larger than 5

degrees without grating lobes. In present, the power

loss of the phase shifter is over 4-6 dB. It means

that DC-RF conversion efficiency in the MPT

system in Fig16.is below 20% if we use over 70%

efficiency



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Nasa’s first practical solar power satellite:

Fig.20. SPS-ALPHA: The First Practical Solar

Power Satellite via Arbitrarily Large Phased

Array

SPS-ALPHA (Solar Power Satellite via Arbitrarily

Large Phased Array) is a novel, bio-mimetic

approach to the challenge of space solar power. If

successful, this project will make possible the

construction of huge platforms from tens of

thousands of small elements that can deliver

remotely and affordably ten to thousands of

megawatts using wireless power transmission to

markets on Earth and missions in space. The

selected NIAC project will enlist the support of a

world-class international team to determine the

conceptual feasibility of the SPS-ALPHA by means

of integrated systems analyses, supported by

selected "proof-of-concept" technology

experiments. [22]

XII. CONCLUSION

Wireless power transmission of electrical power can

be considered as a large scope in future prospects of

power generation and transfer. Solar power

satellites are the future for supplying non-

conventional energy. The various methods and

aspects regarding wireless transmission of electrical

power and the details of design of solar power

satellite has been discussed. The evolution of the

technology from the time of Tesla has been

overviewed.

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Satellite (SPS) by R.Gautham, G.Elavarasan,

Mr.kamalakannan, International Journal of Power

Control Signal and Computation (IJPCSC) Vol. 4

No. 2 April- June -2012

©gopalaxjournals,singapore ISSN:0976-268X

[2] G. E. Maryniak, “Status of international

experimentation in wireless power Transmission,”

Sunset energy counsel, Solar energy, vol. 56,1996.

[3] “Wireless Power Transmission Using Satellite Based

Solar Power System”, Hemant m. dighade1,

Akhilesh A. Nimje2 Volume 2, Issue 10, October

2013 ISSN 2319 –4847 International Journal of

Application or Innovation in Engineering &

Management (IJAIEM)

[4] Wireless Transmission of Electrical Power Overview

of Recent Research & Development by Sagolsem

Kripachariya Singh, T. S. Hasarmani, and R. M.

Holmukhe, International Journal of Computer and

Electrical Engineering, Vol.4, No.2, April 2012

[5] Wireless Power Transmission Via Solar Power

Satellite by M.Muthupriya,B.E(EEE), S.Vinothini,

B.E(EEE), vivekanandha college of technology,

Namakkal for women, Namakkal, Tamil nadu,India.

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering

Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013ISSN 2229-

5518

[6] Skolnik, M. I., “Radar Handbook, 2nd Ed.”,

McGraw-Hill, 1990, pp.7.38-7.43

[7] “Wireless energy transfer” Wikimedia Foundation

[8] Brown, W. C., “The History of the Development of

the Rectenna”, Proc. of SPS microwave systems

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IJEECS

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[21] solar satellite power generation Shariq mohammed

Ansari1, Alam afzal2, Dilshad ahmad Ansari3, Noor

mohammed4, Gulrez Bodhle5, International Journal

of Research in Science & Engineering e-ISSN:

2394-8299 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 March-April 2017 p-

ISSN: 2394-8280

[22] SPS-ALPHA: The First Practical Solar Power

Satellite via Arbitrarily Large Phased Array By John

Mankins Artemis Innovation Management Solutions

updated on October 11,2011.

solar power satellite for wireless...

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