solar powered back pack

44
SOLAR POWERED BACK PACK CAPSTONE PROJECT Submitted in partial fulfillment of  the r equirement for Aw ard of degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In MECHANICAL ENGINEERING B Mir Shezan Anwar 1111121 Ar!h "e er Sin#h 1$1%&1 She'har M(r 11%)*1 !nder the "uper#i"ion of Mr+ ,a!win-er Sin#h A!!i!.an. Pr(/e!!(r DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LO"ELY PROFESSIONAL 0NI"ERSITY PHAGWARA P0N,AB INDIA3 4 15552 1

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Page 1: solar powered back pack

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SOLAR POWERED BACK PACK 

CAPSTONE PROJECT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of 

 the requirement for Award of degree

Of 

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

B

Mir Shezan Anwar 1111121

Ar!h "eer Sin#h 1$1%&1

She'har M(r 11%)*1

!nder the "uper#i"ion of 

Mr+ ,a!win-er Sin#h

A!!i!.an. Pr(/e!!(r

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LO"ELY PROFESSIONAL 0NI"ERSITY

PHAGWARA P0N,AB INDIA3 4 15552

1

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L(6e78 9r(/e!!i(na7 :ni6er!i.8 ,a7an-har P:n;a<

CERTIFICATE

I hereb $ertif that wor% whi$h i" being pre"ented in the $ap"tone pro&e$t entitled =S(7ar

P(were- Ba>' Pa>'?  in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree

Ba>he7(r (/ Te>hn(7(#8 and "ubmitted in department of 'e$hani$al Engineering( )o#el

Profe""ional !ni#er"it( Pun&ab i" an authenti$ re$ord $arried out during period of $ap"tone

 pro&e$t under the Super#i"ion of Mr ,a!win-er Sin#h A!!i!.an. Pr(/e!!(r *epartment of 

'e$hani$al Engineering( )o#el profe""ional uni#er"it( Pun&ab+

  The matter pre"ented in thi" pro&e$t ha" not been "ubmitted b me anwhere for the

award of an other degree or to an in"titute+

  Thi" i" to $ertif that the abo#e "tatement made b the $andidate i" $orre$t to the be"t of 

m %nowledge+

*ate, Mr ,a!win-er Sin#h3

  Super#i"or 

2

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

-e ta%e the opportunit to a$%nowledge the a""i"tan$e and $ontribution of the people toward"

the $ompletion of our pro&e$t+ -e would li%e to than% management of our !ni#er"it( the

.O* and the re"pe$ti#e fa$ultie" for their "upport and word" of wi"dom+

-e "in$erel than% 'r Ja"winder "ingh /A""i"tant Profe""or( S$hool of 'e$hani$al

Engineering0 for hi" #aluable guidan$e and $on"tant en$ouragement at ea$h and e#er "tep in

 preparation of thi" wor%+

-e are al"o than%ful to 'r An%ur Bahl /A""i"tant *ean( S$hool of 'e$hani$al Engineering0for en$ouraging u" during the $our"e of the pro&e$t+

-e e1pre"" our gratitude to all the tea$hing and non tea$hing "taff( member" of wor%"hop"(

our friend" and familie" for their in#aluable $ooperation toward" the pro&e$t+

3

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Ta<7e (/ >(n.en.!

Chapter pages

 A$%nowledgement 222222222 3

Cha9.er 1+ In.r(-:>.i(n .( !(7ar 9(wer <a>' 9a>' 22+++222222+ *@

  4+4+  Ob&e$ti#e" 2222+++2222+ 5

  1+2+  Need of our pro&e$t in pre"ent 2222+++2222+ 5

  1+)+  !tili6ation 22222+++222++ 7

  1+5+  Blo$% diagram of "olar power ba$% pa$% 222222+++22++ 8

Cha9.er 2+ Li.era.:re re6iew 222222+++22++ $@12

  2+1+ 9ir"t "praer 222222222++ :

  2+2+  Common problem" and re#iew" 222222222++ 4;

  2+)+  Spraer hi"tor 2222+++2222+ 44

Cha9.er )+ C(9(nen.! in -e.ai7 2222222+++2++ 1)@1$

  )+1+ Pump 2222222+++2++ 43

  3+4+4+ Tpe" of pump" 2222222++++++++ 43

  3+4+<+ *iaphragm pump 22222222++++++ 4=

)+2+  No66le 222222222+++ 45

  3+<+4+ Tpe" of no66le" 222222222+++ 45

  3+<+<+ No66le performan$e fa$tor" 22222222++++++ 4:

)+)+ Solar panel 2222222222 <4

  3+3+4+ Building blo$%" of a "olar panel 2222222222 <4

  3+3+<+ Theor and $on"tru$tion 2222222222 <<

  3+3+3+ Effi$ien$ie" 2222222222 <3

  3+3+=+ Re$$ling 22222222++++++++ <=

4

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  3+3+>+ The $urrent "$enario 2222222222 <=

  )+5+ Batter 222222222+++ 3<

  3+=+4+ Ad#antage" 222222222+++ 3<

  3+=+<+ Charging "pe$ifi$ation" 222222222+++ 3<

  3+=+3+ Cir$uit diagram 222222222+++ 33

  3+=+=+ 9eature" 22222222+++++++ 33

  3+=+>+ Ad#antage" and benefit" 22222222+++2 33

  3+=+5+ Produ$t tpe 22222222+++2+ 33

  3+=+7+ Appli$ation" 222222222++++ 3=

)+%+ Tan%" and $hemi$al" 222222222++++ 3=

Cha9.er 5+ Me.h(-(7(#8

5+1+ ?olumetri$ method 222222222++++ 35

  5+2+ @ra#imetri$ method 222222222+++ 37

Cha9.er %+ Te>hni>a7 !9e>i/i>a.i(n! 2222222+++++++++++38

  %+1+ )i"t of $omponent" u"ed 2222222222 38

Cha9.er *+ Re!:7. an- -i!>:!!i(n 2222222222+3:

Cha9.er &+ C(n>7:!i(n an- re>(en-a.i(n!

&+1+  9uture "$ope 2222222222 =;

  &+2+ S$ope and future of the pro&e$t 2222222222+=;

  &+)+ Ad#antage" of "olar powered "praer 2222222222 =4

 

A99en-i 2222222222+=<

  Re/eren>e! 2222222222+=3

5

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  CHAPTER 1 INTROD0CTION

  Solar agro "praer $an be u"ed a" a fuel alternating de#i$e a" the $o"t of 

fuel i" in$rea"ing e#er pa""ing da+ It wor%" on the prin$iple of "olar photo#oltai$

/P?0( with $ertain modifi$ation" on the e1i"ting power "praer in the mar%et+ The

annual maintenan$e $harge of the "praer i" e1pe$ted to be around R" <;; with the

initial in#e"tment of R"+ 5;;; toward" the $o"t of the "praer+

1+1 O<;e>.i6e! 

To e1tend the $on$ept of Solar P? Te$hnolog on Solar Spraer" a"

Energ Alternate *e#i$e"+ To $on#ert the 9uel Operating S"tem a" 9ree Energ

Operating S"tem for agri$ulture implementation+

  -e are proudl introdu$ing .igh Power Solar Batter Spraer( whi$h $an

$harge u"ing "olar power a" well a" Normal Ele$tri$ )ine+ -e Promi"e that the

Performan$e i" unbeatable than other batter "praer model" alread in mar%et+ we

$on#ert thi" Spraer model for 9armer 9riendl !PS S"tem( 'ainl !"ed for .ome

)ighting Purpo"e and al"o for $attle "hed )ighting( -hen the "praer i" not in u"e+

Thi" "a#e" life of the batter al"o+ It "upport" for 'obile Phone Charging purpo"e and

run" *C 9an 8 .our" at home or Pro#iding 8 .our" for 3 NoD" of Three -att )E*

Bulb" whi$h i" the additional Benefit of thi" model+

1+2 Nee- (/ (:r 9r(;e>. in 9re!en.

4+ Thi" i" a "olar power ba$%pa$% "praer whi$h mean" that thi" run through "olar 

energ rather than u"ing fuel+ So we $an u"e thi" "our$e of energ rather than u"ing

renewable "our$e+

<+ Con#entional ba$% pa$% "praer i" the "our$e of pollution and it require" lot of 

human effort+ But b u"ing thi" we $an redu$e pollution a" well a" human effort+

3+ That the idea of $on#erting e1i"ting batter powered ba$%pa$% equipment into "olar 

 powered one emerged be$au"e #illage" "till did not ha#e enough ele$tri$it to either 

run the "praer" or to $harge the batterie" for an "ingle "praing operation+ The "olar 

 power ""tem i" pri$ed at R"+ 3(>;;+ 9armer" $an bu it and fit to the e1i"ting de#i$e"

the u"e+

=+ In remote area" power failure" are $ommon o$$urren$e+ Thi" de#i$e "eem" to be a

 boon in the"e area"+

>+ The "olar power ""tem in the "praer $an al"o fa$ilitate lighting of wirele"" light

6

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trap"F that $ontrol in"e$t pe"t" and redu$e" the number of in"e$ti$ide "pra" b fift

 per $ent( $utting the $o"t of $ulti#ation for the farmer+

5+ Sin$e #illage" "till get ele$tri$it for a "hort time( that too during odd hour"( thi"

"olar "praer &u"t might be the an"wer+

7+ A woman farmer who bought the "praer "aid It i" ea" for me to $arr the load on

m ba$% and "pra ea"il on m &a"mine $rop"+

8+ In the $ommonl a#ailable one"( the u"er need" to e1ert a lot of effort to pu"h the

le#er up and down to $reate the pre""ure to "pra+ Sometime" when the pre""ure

 be$ome" une#en( the no66le get" blo$%ed and the farmer ha" to "pend time to re$tif

it+

:+ The "praer not onl minimi6e" the drudger of the wor% but i" al"o more effe$ti#ethan the $on#entional one"+

4;+ -hile "praing in the field( the batter $an be further $harged b "wit$hing on the

"olar power ""tem atta$hed to the "praer+

44+ Solar power ba$%pa$% "praer ha#ing #er le"" weight that $an be ea"il hanged

on "houlder" whi$h in$rea"e" the effi$ien$ for the farmer to wor% for more hour" in

the field+

4<+ The"e agri$ultural "praer" offered b u" are widel appre$iated among the $lient"for their $omfort abilit( reliabilit( ea" maintenan$e and $o"t effe$ti#ene""

43+ The bigge"t ad#antage i" that it generate" uniform droplet" due to $on"tant

 pre""ure of 33+> %gG$m< whi$h i" ideal to pre#ent the droplet" from being blown

awa b wind and polluting the en#ironment+

1+) 0.i7iza.i(n

There i" one ma&or que"tion where we utili6e our pro&e$t +"o we are gi#ing

"ome beautiful e1ample" and utili6ation of "olar power ba$%pa$% "praer+

1+)+1 R:ra7 area!,In rural area" where there i" la$% of ele$tri$it it $an be effi$ientl

u"ed+

1+)+2 M:7.i.a!'in#, it not onl redu$e" human effort but it $an al"o be u"ed to $harge

mobile( operate table fan+

1+)+) A. H(e!, we $an ma%e a mi1ture of neem and other ingredient" in the tan% to

repel the mo"quitoe" from our home

7

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1+)+5 P7an. an- Gar-en!, Be$au"e of it" $ompa$t "i6e( $omfort abilit and fle1ibilit

it $an be ea"il u"ed in plant" and garden"+

1+)+% Car wa!hin#, It $an be u"ed to wa"h the $ar be$au"e it $reate" "o mu$h

 pre""ure that "mall du"t parti$le" $an ea"il be wa"hed awa where the normal flow

water $anDt rea$hed+

 It" popularit and utili6ation i" in the hpe( mo"t e"pe$iall in the A"ian $ountrie"+ A"

we %now that "till there are man #illage" in India where ele$tri$it i" not a#ailable "o

it i" a boon for them+

1+5 B7(>' -ia#ra (/ S(7ar P(wer Ba>'9a>' S9ra8er

8

 SOLAR PANEL BATTERY

  TANK P0MP

  NOLE

  O0TLET

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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT0RE RE"IEW

  -hene#er we "ee "praer u"ed b farmer" we "ee tiring effort" made b them

a" the ha#e to $reate the pre""ure b pre""ing the ram or pi"ton u"ed in the tan% in

whi$h the $hemi$al" are filled+ The main motto i" to redu$e the human fatigue and

moreo#er the time ta%en b the farmer" to "pra the field i" more a" the ha#e to

$reate pre""ure time to time before "praing the $hemi$al"+

So we "tart the "ur#e and doe" the literature re#iew to minimi6e the abo#e problem"

fa$ed b the farmer"+

2+1 Fir!. !9ra8er

=Ga:.a Ma;:-ar?( "$ienti"t CICR  who de#eloped the "praer( "aid that

the idea of $on#erting e1i"ting batter powered %nap"a$% equipment into "olar 

 powered one emerged be$au"e #illage" "till did not ha#e enough ele$tri$it to either 

run the "praer" or to $harge the batterie" for an "ingle "praing operation+ In manual

"praer"( u"er ha" to e1ert a lot while pu"hing the le#er up and down /<;=; "tro%e"

 per minute0 for $reating enough pre""ure to generate uniform and $ontinuou" "pra+

H9armer" had been u"ing le#er operated %nap"a$% "praer in whi$h operator manuall

"tro%e the le#er with one hand and "pra with the other hand+ Thi" i" #er

$umber"ome and too% a lot of time to $o#er the entire field+ The "olar photo #oltai$

 panel and ele$tro"tati$ $harger $an $harge the equipment mu$h qui$%er a" the farmer 

u"e" it(H Ma;:-ar "aid+

Sin$e "praing "hould ideall be done during "unn da" to bring the required effe$t

on in"e$t"( the "olar panel ha" been mounted in a wa "o a" to pro#ide "hade to the

operator while "praing+ A" it i" mu$h "maller in "i6e than $on#entional "praer" it

redu$e" drudger of the wor%+ 9armer $an $o#er at lea"t a he$tare a da+ HE1$ept for 

repeated refilling of the $ontainer( there are no di"ad#antage"(H Ma;:-ar "aid+

The bigge"t ad#antage i" that it generate" uniform droplet" due to $on"tant pre""ure of 

33+> %gG$m< whi$h i" ideal to pre#ent the droplet" from being blown awa b wind

and polluting the en#ironment+

9

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2+2 C((n 9r(<7e! an- re6iew!

1+ The brin&al $rop wa" being infe"ted with brin&al fruit borer+ -ith the qualit of 

har#e"ting being low owing to fruit borer atta$%( farmer" were getting onl >; pai"e

 per %ilogram+ To o#er$ome thi" problem( farmer" "tarted "praing pe"ti$ide"( on$e a

wee%+ Not onl wa" the pe"ti$ide e1pen"i#e( farmer" had al"o to in$ur additional $o"t"

for "praing u"ing petrol "praer+ The were u"ing <+> litre" of petrol per he$tare per 

"pra+ Con"equentl( the $o"t $ulti#ation in$rea"ed b around R"+ <5<> per he$tare+

!nder "u$h $ir$um"tan$e" Da6i- wa" e1ploring alternati#e" to redu$e the $o"t of 

$ulti#ation+ Initiall he tried with ele$tri$ "praer+ Thi" had to be operated b an

ele$tri$ motor powered b a re$hargeable batter+ On$e $harged( the "praer $ould be

u"ed for onl 3 hour" in the field+ But( a" there were frequent power $ut"( farmer"

found it diffi$ult to re$harge+ Then he made an impro#ement to the "praer b

harne""ing the "olar energ+

A "olar panel wa" atta$hed to a helmet in "u$h a manner that the panel fa$ed the "un+

The "olar powered "praer $ould be u"ed throughout the da without an interruption+

.owe#er( after a few trial"( farmer" felt it wa" diffi$ult to $arr the helmet with the

 panel on the head+ Then Da6i- fitted the "olar panel in the "praer it"elf+ The entire

 pro$e"" too% two ear"+

2+ A new "olar and batter powered de#i$e i" e1pe$ted to impro#e the li#e" of 

finan$iall$hallenged farmer" from India+ Da6i- Ra;a Be7ea:( .he a!!i!.an. -ire>.(r(/ H(r.i>:7.:re Ka-a8a ha" de$ided to re#olutioni6e agri$ulture b

implementing+

9armer" from de#eloping $ountrie" often rel on $enturie"old method" to water their 

$rop"( green diar inform"+

So far( the were for$ed to $arr around a hea# "a$% that had to be $on"tantl filled

with water and pe"ti$ide"+ .owe#er( thing" are about to $hange a" Be7ea:  ha"

impro#ed the ""tem( $ounting on the benefit" of $lean( green "olar power+

2+) S9ra8er! Hi!.(r8

1+ 1$*1

  The brother L:i#i an- L:>ian( Carrar(  found the me$hani$al wor%"hop

O+C+)+)+ Srl+

2+ 1$&1

  The fir"t "praer i" de"ign and built+

10

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)+ 1$1

  The fa$tor "pe$iali6e" in the $on"tru$tion of "praer" for the prote$tion of plant"

and agri$ultural $rop"+

5+ 1$$1

  The fir"t low #olume "praer i" de"igned and built+

%+ 1$$%

  New line CARRAROSPRA i" de"igned with the intent to impro#e the a$$e"" in

the international mar%et"+

*+ 1$$$

  Stud and $on"tru$tion of a new "praer that meet" the need" of the 9ren$h

$hamber of agri$ulture+ The te"t "how" that the "praer i" $ompliant to the $hamber of

agri$ulture reque"t+

&+ 21

  Introdu$tion of a new $on$ept of "praer equipped with < $ounterrotating fan"+

+ 22

  The CARRAROSPRAY b O+C+)+)+ i" rewarded with the 0NI+EN+ISO 

$12+

9. 2004

  Introdu$tion of ECommer$e to bu online+

1+ 2%

  Stud and $on"tru$tion of a new "praer with "tainle"" "teel tan% that meet" the

need" of u" mar%et u"ed al"o in other area" of the world+

11+ 2

  Ma:rizi( an- Mi>he7e Carrar( a""ume the leader"hip of the $ompan with the

role of dire$tor"( alwa" with the pre"en$e of the father" L:i#i an>

12+ 2$

  The Compan and other 7 Italian manufa$ture" leader in the agri$ultural found" a$on"ortium named IL COSTR0TTORE $hange of generation from father to "on+

1)+ 21

  9oundation of CARRAROSPRAY FRANCE

1%+ 212

  re"tru$turing of the internal ""tem( fo$u"ing in human re"our$e"+

1*+ 21)

  E1ten"i#e re"tling of the range with the introdu$tion of a new "praer with

 panel" /ECO)O@ICA)0 pro&e$t reali"ed with "olid wor%"+

11

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1&+ 215

  Introdu$tion of lean produ$tion pro$e"" to optimi6e and to redu$e produ$tionF"

$o"t"+

9rom the literature re#iew( it wa" found that little wor% ha" been done on the

following+

1+  )ittle wor% i" done on renewable re"our$e" ( hen$e we u"ed thi" re"our$e" to ha#e

no running $o"t and %eeping in mind the "u"tainable de#elopment+

2+  It wa" ob"er#ed that little wor% i" done on $lo"ingGopening of the #al#e+

)+  )ittle wor% i" done on $ontrolling the di"$harge a$$ording to the need"+

  CHAPTER ) COMPONENTS IN DETAIL

12

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The #ariou" $omponent" u"ed in "olar power ba$% pa$% "praer "u$h a" Pump( No66le(

Solar Panel( Batter( Tan% Chemi$al et$+ The brief introdu$tion are a" follow",

)+1 P:9

  A pump i" a de#i$e that mo#e" fluid" /liquid" or ga"e"0( or "ometime" "lurrie"(

 b me$hani$al a$tion+ Pump" $an be $la""ified into three ma&or group" a$$ording to

the method the u"e to mo#e the fluid, dire$t lift( di"pla$ement( and gra#it pump"+

Pump" operate b "ome me$hani"m /tpi$all re$ipro$ating or rotar0( and $on"ume

energ to perform me$hani$al wor% b mo#ing the fluid+ Pump" operate #ia man

energ "our$e"( in$luding manual operation( ele$tri$it( engine"( or wind power( $ome

in man "i6e"( from mi$ro"$opi$ for u"e in medi$al appli$ation" to large indu"trial pump"+

'e$hani$al pump" "er#e in a wide range of appli$ation" "u$h a" pumping water from

well"( aquarium filtering( pond filtering and aeration( in the $ar indu"tr for water

$ooling and fuel in&e$tion( in the energ indu"tr for pumping oil and natural ga" or 

for operating $ooling tower"+ In the medi$al indu"tr( pump" are u"ed for bio$hemi$al

 pro$e""e" in de#eloping and manufa$turing medi$ine( and a" artifi$ial repla$ement"

for bod part"( in parti$ular the artifi$ial heart and penile pro"the"i"+

)+1+1 T89e! (/ 9:9!

'e$hani$al pump" ma be "ubmerged in the fluid the are pumping or be pla$ed

e1ternal to the fluid+

Pump" $an be $la""ified b their method of di"pla$ement into

4+ Po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump"+

<+ Impul"e pump"+

3+ ?elo$it pump"+=+ @ra#it pump"+

>+ Steam pump" and #al#e le"" pump"+

  A ma&or $omponent of the plumbing ""tem i" the pump+ The $hara$teri"ti$" of a

 parti$ular pump will u"uall define the plumbing ""tem+ 'o"t pump" are $ategori6ed

a" po"iti#e di"pla$ement or non po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump"+

The po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump mo#e" a "pe$ifi$ #olume of liquid with ea$h "tro%e

or re#olution+ The pump output i" proportional to "peed and #irtuall independent of 

 pre""ure+ E1ample" of po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump" in$lude pi"ton( roller anddiaphragm+

13

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The output of non po"iti#e pump" #arie" dire$tl with pump "peed and i" "en"iti#e to

 pre""ure+ Tpi$all( the output will de$rea"e dramati$all with in$rea"ing pre""ure+ An

e1ample of a non po"iti#e pump i" a $entrifugal pump whi$h ha" an impeller with

$ur#ed #ane" that rotate" at high "peed"+ The liquid i" drawn into the $entre of the

impeller"+ Then the liquid i" di"per"ed b $entrifugal+

P:9! /(r A#ri>:7.:ra7 S9ra8er

P:9 .89e Pre!!:re

ran#e9!i3

O9era.in#

!9ee-r93

F7(w

ra.e#90

Di!97a>een.

.89e

Centrifugal >8; <;;;=>;; ;4<; Non po"iti#e

*iaphragm >;8>; <;;4<;; 45; Semi po"iti#e

Pi"ton =;;4;;; 5;;48;; >5; Po"iti#e

Roller >;3;; 3;;4;;; 4=> Po"iti#eTurbine >5; 5;;4<;; 4;8; Non po"iti#e

)+1+2 Dia9hra# P:94

Fi# )+1 Dia9hra# P:9

4+ -hat i" a diaphragm pumpK

  A diaphragm pump i" a po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump that u"e" a $ombination

of re$ipro$ating a$tion and either a flapper #al#e or a ball #al#e to tran"fer liquid"+

Thi" pump i" "ometime" referred to a" a membrane pump+ *iaphragm pump" are "elf 

 priming and are ideal for #i"$ou" liquid"+ 'o"t model" are a#ailable in ele$tri$(

engine( manual( air operated or hdrauli$ $onfiguration"+

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<+ -hat "i6e" of diaphragm pump" are a#ailableK

*iaphragm pump" are a#ailable in 4H=H $onne$tion "i6e"+ Coupling" are a#ailable to

fit almo"t an piping arrangement+

3+ -hat %ind" of fluid" doe" a diaphragm pump tran"ferK

*iaphragm pump" tran"fer almo"t an %ind of "lurr( debri" laden wa"te( food

 pro$e""ing re"idual( liquid( "tone"( "ti$%"( "ugar( oil "ludge( refiner wa"te( mud( $la

 pharma$euti$al( indu"trial fluid" and mu$h more+

=+ -hat tpe" of diaphragm pump" are a#ailableK

ou ha#e a wide $hoi$e of diaphragm pump offering"+ 9ir"t ou $an $hoo"e between

"ingle or double diaphragm model" and "tationar( wheel %it( "%id mounted or trailer 

mounted model"+

>+ .ow long ha#e diaphragm pump" been "pe$ified for wa"te tran"ferK

*iaphragm pump" ha#e been in e1i"ten$e "in$e the 4:<;F"+ 'an $on"ulting

engineering firm" ha#e been "pe$ifing diaphragm pump" for wa"tewater and "lurr

handling "in$e the 4:3;F"+

5+ -ho manufa$ture" the 'ud Su$%er *iaphragm PumpK

-a"te$orp Pump i" the OE' /original equipment manufa$turer0( whi$h mean" that wede"ign engineer"( manufa$ture and te"t 'ud Su$%er pump" in North Ameri$a+

7+ -hereare 'ud Su$%er *iaphragm Pump" 'adeK

The 'ud Su$%er brand i" one of the onl diaphragm pump" de"igned and built in

 North Ameri$a+ 'ud Su$%erF" $an be u"ed anwhere in the world with >; .6 dri#e

""tem"+

8+ I" it ea" to u"e a diaphragm pumpK

'ud Su$%erF" are de"igned and engineered pla$ing the operator and appli$ation fir"t+

Thi" mean" that when ou $hoo"e the right pump for our appli$ation( ou get the

legendar long 'ud Su$%er life $$le( ea" to maintain de"ign and minimal

repla$ement part" $o"t"+ In mo"t $a"e"( ou $onne$t our 'ud Su$%er and turn it on+

:+ -hat i" different about a 'ud Su$%er diaphragm pumpK

'ud Su$%erF" are OE' de"igned and manufa$tured b -a"te$orp Pump" whi$h

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"pe$iali6e" in pump de"ign and manufa$turing+ -e are a pump $ompan+ -hile thi"

ma "eem ob#iou"( man other brand" are a""embled b $ompanie" who ma%e "e#eral

different produ$t" or H%no$%offH their de"ign"+ Thi" often re"ult" in higher 

maintenan$e $o"t" and almo"t alwa"( "hortened life $$le"+ The 'ud Su$%er i" not a

HthrowawaH pump+ 'ud Su$%erF" are patented and de"igned for the toughe"tmuni$ipal( indu"trial and publi$ wor%" fluid tran"fer &ob"+ -a"te$orpF" pump

 produ$tion "taff ha#e ear" of training in the pump manufa$turing bu"ine""+

4;+ -hat %ind" of fa$ilitie" u"e a diaphragm pumpK

9a$ilitie" of all "i6e" u"e diaphragm Pump"+ -e pro#ide multinational food and

 be#erage $orporation"( pharma$euti$al( $on"tru$tion( oil and mining $orporation" with

 pa$%aged diaphragm pump ""tem"+ -e al"o pro#ide homeowner"( lo$al bu"ine""e"(

re"taurant"( hotel"( biofuel produ$er"( marina" and $ampground" with 'udSu$%erF"

for their pumping appli$ation"+ No matter what the "i6e of our pumping &ob

-a"te$orp ha" the right 'udSu$%er for ou+

A  -ia9hra# 9:9 a7!( 'n(wn a! a Me<rane 9:9 ( Air Operated *ouble

*iaphragm Pump /AO**0 or Pneumati$ *iaphragm Pump0 i" a po"iti#e di"pla$ement

 pump that u"e" a $ombination of the re$ipro$ating a$tion of a rubber( thermopla"ti$ or 

teflon diaphragm and "uitable #al#e" either "ide of the diaphragm /$he$% #al#e(

 butterfl #al#e"( flap #al#e"( or an other form of "hutoff #al#e"0 to pump a fluid+

4+ Tho"e in whi$h the diaphragm i" "ealed with one "ide in the fluid to be

 pumped( and the other in air or hdrauli$ fluid+ The diaphragm i" fle1ed(

$au"ing the #olume of the pump $hamber to in$rea"e and de$rea"e+ A pair of 

nonreturn $he$% #al#e" pre#ent" re#er"e flow of the fluid+ Tho"e emploing

#olumetri$ po"iti#e di"pla$ement where the prime mo#er of the diaphragm i"

ele$trome$hani$al( wor%ing through a $ran% or geared motor dri#e( or purel

me$hani$al( "u$h a" with a le#er or handle+ Thi" method fle1e" the diaphragm

through "imple me$hani$al a$tion( and one "ide of the diaphragm i" open to air+

<+ Tho"e emploing one or more un"ealed diaphragm" with the fluid to be

 pumped on both "ide"+ The diaphragm/"0 again are fle1ed( $au"ing the #olume

to $hange+

-hen the #olume of a $hamber of either tpe of pump i" in$rea"ed /the diaphragm

mo#ing up0( the pre""ure de$rea"e"( and fluid i" drawn into the $hamber+ -hen the

$hamber pre""ure later in$rea"e" from de$rea"ed #olume /the diaphragm mo#ingdown0( the fluid pre#iou"l drawn in i" for$ed out+ 9inall( the diaphragm mo#ing up

on$e again draw" fluid into the $hamber( $ompleting the $$le+ Thi" a$tion i" "imilar 

to that of the $linder in an internal $ombu"tion engine

Dia9hra# 9:9 >hara>.eri!.i>!

4+ .a#e good "u$tion lift $hara$teri"ti$"( "ome are low pre""ure pump" with low

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flow rate"L other" are $apable of higher flow rate"( dependent on the effe$ti#e

wor%ing diameter of the diaphragm and it" "tro%e length+ The $an handle

"ludge and "lurr with a relati#el high amount of grit and "olid $ontent+

<+ Suitable for di"$harge pre""ure up to 4(<;; bar 

3+ .a#e good dr running $hara$teri"ti$"

=+ Can be u"ed to ma%e artifi$ial heart"+

>+ Are u"ed to ma%e air pump" for the filter" on "mall fi"h tan%"+

  5+ Can be up to :7M effi$ient+

  7+ .a#e good "elf priming $apabilitie"+

  8+ Can handle highl #i"$ou" liquid"+ A #i"$o"it $orre$tion $hart $an be u"ed a" a

  tool to help pre#ent under"i6ing AO* pump"+

  :+ Are a#ailable for indu"trial( $hemi$al and hgieni$ appli$ation"

  4;+ Cau"e a pul"ating flow that ma $au"e water hammer /Thi" $an be minimi"ed

 b u"ing a pul"ation dampener0

+

)+2 N(zz7e

  A no66le i" a de#i$e de"igned to $ontrol the dire$tion or $hara$teri"ti$" of a

fluid flow /e"pe$iall to in$rea"e #elo$it0 a" it e1it" /or enter"0 an en$lo"ed $hamber 

or pipe+ A no66le i" often a pipe or tube of #aring $ro"" "e$tional area and it $an be

u"ed to dire$t or modif the flow of a fluid /liquid or ga"0+ No66le" are frequentl u"ed

to $ontrol the rate of flow( "peed( dire$tion( ma""( "hape( andGor the pre""ure of the

"tream that emerge" from them+

  Fi# )+2 N(zz7e

)+2+1+ T89e! (/ n(zz7e!

  )+2+1+1+ ,e.

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  A ga" &et( fluid &et( or hdro &et i" a no66le intended to e&e$t ga" or fluid in a

$oherent "tream into a "urrounding medium+ @a" &et" are $ommonl found in ga"

"to#e"( o#en"( or barbe$ue"+ @a" &et" were $ommonl u"ed for light before the

de#elopment of ele$tri$ light+ Other tpe" of fluid &et" are found in $arburetor"( where

"mooth $alibrated orifi$e" are u"ed to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine( and in"pa"+ Another "pe$iali6ed &et i" the laminar &et+ Thi" i" a water &et that $ontain" de#i$e"

to "mooth out the pre""ure and flow( and gi#e" laminar flow( a" it" name "ugge"t"+

Thi" gi#e" better re"ult" for fountain"+

Jet no66le" are al"o u"e in large room" where the di"tribution of air #ia $eiling

diffu"er" i" not po""ible or not pra$ti$al+ *iffu"er that u"e" &et no66le" i" $alled &et

diffu"er where it will be arranged in the "ide wall area" in order to di"tribute air+ -hen

the temperature differen$e between the "uppl air and the room air $hange"( the

"uppl air "tream i" defle$ted upward"( to "uppl warm air( or downward"( to "uppl$old air+

)+2+1+2+  Hi#h 6e7(>i.8

9requentl( the goal i" to in$rea"e the %ineti$ energ of the flowing medium at the

e1pen"e of it" pre""ure and internal energ+ No66le" $an be de"$ribed a" $on#ergent

/narrowing down from a wide diameter to a "maller diameter in the dire$tion of the

flow0 or di#ergent /e1panding from a "maller diameter to a larger one0+ A de )a#al

no66le ha" a $on#ergent "e$tion followed b a di#ergent "e$tion and i" often $alled a

$on#ergentdi#ergent no66le+

Con#ergent no66le" a$$elerate "ub"oni$ fluid"+ If the no66le pre""ure ratio i" high

enough( then the flow will rea$h "oni$ #elo$it at the narrowe"t point /i+e+ the no66le

throat0+ In thi" "ituation( the no66le i" "aid to be $ho%ed+

In$rea"ing the no66le pre""ure ratio further will not in$rea"e the throat 'a$h number 

abo#e one+ *own"tream the flow i" free to e1pand to "uper"oni$ #elo$itie"L howe#er 

'a$h 4 $an be a #er high "peed for a hot ga" be$au"e the "peed of "ound #arie" a" the

"quare root of ab"olute temperature+ Thi" fa$t i" u"ed e1ten"i#el in ro$%etr wherehper"oni$ flow" are required and where propellant mi1ture" are deliberatel $ho"en

to further in$rea"e the "oni$ "peed+

*i#ergent no66le" "low fluid" if the flow i" "ub"oni$( but the a$$elerate "oni$ or 

"uper"oni$ fluid"+

Con#ergentdi#ergent no66le" $an therefore a$$elerate fluid" that ha#e $ho%ed in the

$on#ergent "e$tion to "uper"oni$ "peed"+ Thi" C* pro$e"" i" more effi$ient than

allowing a $on#ergent no66le to e1pand "uper"oni$all e1ternall+ The "hape of the

di#ergent "e$tion al"o en"ure" that the dire$tion of the e"$aping ga"e" i" dire$tl

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 ba$%ward"( a" an "idewa" $omponent would not $ontribute to thru"t+ 

)+2+1+) Pr(9e77in#

  A &et e1hau"t produ$e" a net thru"t from the energ obtained from

$ombu"ting fuel whi$h i" added to the indu$ted air+ Thi" hot air pa""e" through a high

"peed no66le( a propelling no66le( whi$h enormou"l in$rea"e" it" %ineti$ energ+

In$rea"ing e1hau"t #elo$it in$rea"e" thru"t for a gi#en ma"" flow( but mat$hing the

e1hau"t #elo$it to the air "peed pro#ide" the be"t energ effi$ien$+ .owe#er(

momentum $on"ideration" pre#ent &et air$raft from maintaining #elo$it while

e1$eeding their e1hau"t &et "peed+ The engine" of "uper"oni$ &et air$raft( "u$h a" tho"e

of fighter" and SST air$raft /e+g+ Con$orde0 almo"t alwa" a$hie#e the high e1hau"t

"peed" therefore ne$e""ar for "uper"oni$ flight b u"ing a C* no66le de"pite weight

and $o"t penaltie"L $on#er"el( "ub"oni$ &et engine" emplo relati#el low( "ub"oni$(e1hau"t #elo$itie" and therefore emplo "imple $on#ergent no66le( or e#en bpa""

no66le" at e#en lower "peed"+

Ro$%et motor" ma1imi6e thru"t and e1hau"t #elo$it b u"ing $on#ergentdi#ergent

no66le" with #er large area ratio" and therefore e1tremel high pre""ure ratio"+ 'a""

flow i" at a premium be$au"e all the propul"i#e ma"" i" $arried with #ehi$le( and #er

high e1hau"t "peed" are de"irable+

)+2+1+5 Ma#ne.i>

  'agneti$ no66le" ha#e al"o been propo"ed for "ome tpe" of propul"ion( "u$h

a" ?ASI'R( in whi$h the flow of pla"ma i" dire$ted b magneti$ field" in"tead of 

wall" made of "olid matter 

)+2+1+% S9ra8

'an no66le" produ$e a #er fine "pra of liquid"+

4+ A.(izer n(zz7e!  are u"ed for "pra painting( perfume"( $arburetor" for 

internal $ombu"tion engine"( "pra on deodorant"( antiper"pirant" and man

other u"e"+

<+ Air@A!9ira.in# N(zz7e u"e" an opening in the $one "haped no66le to in&e$t air 

into a "tream of water ba"ed foam /CA9SGA999G999P0 to ma%e the $on$entrate

Hfoam upH+ 'o"t $ommonl found on foam e1tingui"her" and foam hand line"+

3+ Swir7 n(zz7e! in&e$t the liquid in tangentiall( and it "piral" into the $enter and

then e1it" through the $entral hole+ *ue to the #orte1ing thi" $au"e" the "pra to

$ome out in a $one "hape+

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  Fi# )+) In.erna7 S.r:>.:re (/ N(zz7e

)+2+2 N(zz7e 9er/(ran>e /a>.(r!

)+2+2+1+ Li:i- 9r(9er.ie!

Almo"t all drop "i6e data "upplied b no66le manufa$turer" are ba"ed on "praing

water under laborator $ondition"( 7; 9 /<4 C0+ The effe$t of liquid propertie""hould be under"tood and a$$ounted for when "ele$ting a no66le for a pro$e"" that i"

drop "i6e "en"iti#e+

)+2+2+2 Te9era.:re

)iquid temperature $hange" do not dire$tl affe$t no66le performan$e( but $an affe$t

#i"$o"it( "urfa$e ten"ion( and "pe$ifi$ gra#it( whi$h $an then influen$e "pra no66le

 performan$e+

)+2+2+) S9e>i/i> #ra6i.8

Spe$ifi$ gra#it i" the ratio of the ma"" of a gi#en #olume of liquid to the ma"" of the

"ame #olume of water+ In "praing( the main effe$t of the "pe$ifi$ gra#it Sg of a

liquid other than water i" on the $apa$it of the "pra no66le+ All #endor"upplied

 performan$e data for no66le" are ba"ed on "praing water+ To determine the

#olumetri$ flow rate ( of a liquid other than water the following equation "hould be

u"ed+

)+2+2+5 "i!>(!i.8

 *nami$ #i"$o"it i" defined a" the propert of a liquid that re"i"t" $hange in the

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"hape or arrangement of it" element" during flow+ )iquid #i"$o"it primaril affe$t"

"pra pattern formation and drop "i6e+ )iquid" with a high #i"$o"it require a higher 

minimum pre""ure to begin "pra pattern formation and ield narrower "pra angle"

$ompared to water+

)+2+2+% S:r/a>e .en!i(n

The "urfa$e ten"ion of a liquid tend" to a""ume the "malle"t po""ible "i6e( a$ting a" a

membrane under ten"ion+ An portion of the liquid "urfa$e e1ert" a ten"ion upon

ad&a$ent portion" or upon other ob&e$t" that it $onta$t"+ Thi" for$e i" in the plane of the

"urfa$e( and it" amount per unit of length i" "urfa$e ten"ion+ The #alue for water i"

about ;+;73 NGm at <4 C+ The main effe$t" of "urfa$e ten"ion are on minimum

operating pre""ure( "pra angle( and drop "i6e+ Surfa$e ten"ion i" more apparent at low

operating pre""ure"+ A higher "urfa$e ten"ion redu$e" the "pra angle( parti$ularl on

hollow $one no66le"+ )ow "urfa$e ten"ion" $an allow no66le" to be operated at lower 

 pre""ure"+

)+2+2+* N(zz7e wear

 No66le wear i" indi$ated b an in$rea"e in no66le $apa$it and b a $hange in the

"pra pattern( in whi$h the di"tribution /uniformit of "pra pattern0 deteriorate" and

in$rea"e" drop "i6e+ Choi$e of a wear re"i"tant material of $on"tru$tion in$rea"e"

no66le life+ Be$au"e man "ingle fluid no66le" are u"ed to meter flow"( worn no66le"

re"ult in e1$e""i#e liquid u"age+

  )+2+2+*+1 Ma.eria7 (/ >(n!.r:>.i(n

The material of $on"tru$tion i" "ele$ted ba"ed on the fluid propertie" of the liquid that

i" to be "praed and the en#ironment "urrounding the no66le+ Spra no66le" are mo"t

$ommonl fabri$ated from metal"( "u$h a" bra""( Stainle"" "teel( and ni$%el allo"( but

 pla"ti$" "u$h a" PT9E and P?C and $erami$" /alumina and "ili$on $arbide0 are al"o

u"ed+ Se#eral fa$tor" mu"t be $on"idered( in$luding ero"i#e wear( $hemi$al atta$%( and

the effe$t" of high temperature+

)+) S(7ar Pane7

  Solar panel" are de#i$e" that $on#ert light into ele$tri$it+ The are $alled

H"olarH panel" be$au"e mo"t of the time( the mo"t powerful "our$e of light a#ailable i"

the Sun( $alled Sol b a"tronomer"+ Some "$ienti"t" $all them photo#oltai$ whi$h

mean"( ba"i$all( Hlightele$tri$itH+ A "olar panel i" a $olle$tion of "olar $ell"+ )ot" of "mall "olar $ell" "pread o#er a large area $an wor% together to pro#ide enough power 

to be u"eful+ The more light that hit" a $ell( the more ele$tri$it it produ$e"+

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Photo#oltai$ i" the field of te$hnolog and re"ear$h related to the pra$ti$al appli$ation

of photo#oltai$ $ell" in produ$ing ele$tri$it from light( though it i" often u"ed

"pe$ifi$all to refer to the generation of ele$tri$it from "unlight+ Cell" $an be

de"$ribed a" photo#oltai$ e#en when the light "our$e i" not ne$e""aril "unlight

/lamplight( artifi$ial light( et$+0+

The operation of a photo#oltai$ /P?0 $ell require" 3 ba"i$ attribute",

40 The ab"orption of light( generating ele$tronhole pair"+

<0 The "eparation of $harge $arrier" of oppo"ite tpe"+

30 The "eparate e1tra$tion of tho"e $arrier" to an e1ternal $ir$uit+

)+)+1 B:i7-in# <7(>'! (/ a S(7ar Pane7

A""emblie" of photo#oltai$ $ell" are u"ed to ma%e "olar module" whi$h generate

ele$tri$al power from "unlight+ 'ultiple $ell" in an integrated group( all oriented inone plane( $on"titute a "olar photo#oltai$ panel or H"olar photo#oltai$ module(H a"

di"tingui"hed from a H"olar thermal moduleH or H"olar hot water panel+H The ele$tri$al

energ generated from "olar module"( $olloquiall referred to a" "olar power( i" an

e1ample of "olar energ+ A group of $onne$ted "olar module" i" $alled an Harra+H

  S(7ar Pane7

)+)+2 The(r8 an- >(n!.r:>.i(n

Solar module" u"e light energ /photon"0 from the "un to generate ele$tri$it through

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the photo#oltai$ effe$t+ The ma&orit of module" u"e waferba"ed $r"talline "ili$on

$ell" or thinfilm $ell" ba"ed on $admium telluride or "ili$on+ The "tru$tural /load

$arring0 member of a module $an either be the top laer or the ba$% laer+ Cell" mu"t

al"o be prote$ted from me$hani$al damage and moi"ture+ 'o"t "olar module" are

rigid( but "emifle1ible one" are a#ailable( ba"ed on thinfilm $ell"+ The"e earl "olar module" were fir"t u"ed in "pa$e in 4:>8+

Ele$tri$al $onne$tion" are made in "erie" to a$hie#e a de"ired output #oltage andGor in

 parallel to pro#ide a de"ired $urrent $apabilit+ The $ondu$ting wire" that ta%e the

$urrent off the module" ma $ontain "il#er( $opper or other nonmagneti$ $ondu$ti#e

tran"ition metal"+ The $ell" mu"t be $onne$ted ele$tri$all to one another and to the

re"t of the ""tem+ E1ternall( popular terre"trial u"age photo#oltai$ module" u"e 'C3

/older0 or 'C= $onne$tor" to fa$ilitate ea" weatherproof $onne$tion" to the re"t of 

the ""tem+ Bpa"" diode" ma be in$orporated or u"ed e1ternall( in $a"e of partialmodule "hading( to ma1imi6e the output of module "e$tion" "till illuminated+

Some re$ent "olar module de"ign" in$lude $on$entrator" in whi$h light i" fo$u"ed b

len"e" or mirror" onto an arra of "maller $ell"+ Thi" enable" the u"e of $ell" with a

high $o"t per unit area /"u$h a" gallium ar"enide0 in a $o"teffe$ti#e wa+

)+)+) E//i>ien>ie!

*epending on $on"tru$tion( photo#oltai$ module" $an produ$e ele$tri$it from a range

of frequen$ie" of light( but u"uall $annot $o#er the entire "olar range /"pe$ifi$all(ultra#iolet( infrared and low or diffu"ed light0+ .en$e mu$h of the in$ident "unlight

energ i" wa"ted b "olar module"( and the $an gi#e far higher effi$ien$ie" if 

illuminated with mono$hromati$ light+ Therefore( another de"ign $on$ept i" to "plit the

light into different wa#elength range" and dire$t the beam" onto different $ell" tuned

to tho"e range"+ Thi" ha" been pro&e$ted to be $apable of rai"ing effi$ien$ b <>M+

)+)+5 Re>8>7in#

'o"t part" of a "olar module $an be re$$led in$luding up to :7M of $ertain

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"emi$ondu$tor material" or the gla"" a" well a" large amount" of ferrou" and non

ferrou" metal"+ Some pri#ate $ompanie" and nonprofit organi6ation" are $urrentl

engaged in ta%eba$% and re$$ling operation" for endoflife module"+ Re$$ling

 po""ibilitie" depend on the %ind of te$hnolog u"ed in the module",

1+ Si7i>(n <a!e- (-:7e!, Aluminum frame" and &un$tion bo1e" are

di"mantled manuall at the beginning of the pro$e""+ The module i" then

$ru"hed in a mill and the different fra$tion" are "eparated gla""( pla"ti$" and

metal"+ It i" po""ible to re$o#er more than 8;M of the in$oming weight+ Thi"

 pro$e"" $an be performed b flat gla"" re$$ler" "in$e morpholog and

$ompo"ition of a P? module i" "imilar to tho"e flat gla""e" u"ed in the

 building and automoti#e indu"tr+ The re$o#ered gla"" for e1ample i" readil

a$$epted b the gla"" foam and gla"" in"ulation indu"tr+

2+ N(n@!i7i>(n <a!e- (-:7e!, The require "pe$ifi$ re$$ling te$hnologie""u$h a" the u"e of $hemi$al bath" in order to "eparate the different

"emi$ondu$tor material"+ 9or $admium telluride module"( the re$$ling

 pro$e"" begin" b $ru"hing the module and "ub"equentl "eparating the

different fra$tion"+ Thi" re$$ling pro$e"" i" de"igned to re$o#er up to :;M of 

the gla"" and :>M of the "emi$ondu$tor material" $ontained+ Some

$ommer$ial"$ale re$$ling fa$ilitie" ha#e been $reated in re$ent ear" b

 pri#ate $ompanie"+

)+)+% The C:rren. S>enari(

  @reen afi$ionado" all o#er the world re&oi$ed when total power $apa$it

from the renewable "our$e" o#ertoo% worldwide produ$tion of nu$lear power( in <;44+

And( in that "olid figure pertaining to 384 @- of renewable power( "olar power alone

a$$ounted for a $redible $hun% of more than =3 @-( whi$h i" greater than 44 per$ent+

But( more importantl( the $o"t fa$tor whi$h ha" traditionall po"ed a" a predi$ament

to "olar energ( i" $learl in the pro$e"" of being "ub"idi6ed( to allow for more large

"$ale in"tallation" of photo#oltai$ grid"+ In fa$t( a$$ording to "ome "our$e"( man

large "$ale P? in"tallation" are $o"t effe$ti#e enough to pro#ide pri$e $ompetition toe#en $on#entional power from $oal and ga"e"+

 )+)+%+1 The Pr(<7e!

  -hen we $on"ider a dome"ti$ ambit( the $on#entional form of "olar power i"

"till $on"trained to roof top "ili$on ba"ed P? $ell"( whi$h a$$ount for greater up front

$o"t than that of ele$tri$it deri#ed from the main grid+ Thi" e1pen"i#e trend "e#erel

limit" the green te$hnologD" rea$h( e"pe$iall to the $ommon manD+

On the other hand( we do "ee the in$rea"ing quantit of "olar energ in"tallation""prouting in man lo$alitie"( thu" $ontributing to the high figure" e1hibited b modern

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"tandard" of "olar power+ .owe#er( from an unbia"ed per"pe$ti#e( the ma&orit of "u$h

in"tallation" and large "$ale pro&e$t" are being initiated in de#eloped $ountrie" in

Europe and North Ameri$a+ But( when we $on"ider emerging e$onomie" li%e China

and India( with a large population ba"e( their "olar power related endea#or" are "till

$omparati#el negligible+

In "impler term"( "olar energ ""tem" ha#e $ertainl progre""ed in "ome regional

quarter"( but "till la$% the adequate planning when it $ome" to a $olle$ti#e global

"$ale+

)+)+%+2 S>(9e /(r i9r(6een. 

The onl an"wer to "u$h predi$ament" i" the ad#an$ement of the pre"ent "olar 

 ba"ed te$hnologie"( and their e#olution to a $o"t effe$ti#e et effi$ient "$ope+

9ortunatel( the $ore "tati"ti$al figure" and e"timation" $ertainl atte"t to a bright

future for "olar energ+ In fa$t( International Energ Agen$ ha" alread predi$ted that

"impli"ti$ "olar ba"ed ""tem" li%e "olar water heater" and power "tation" built with

mirror" $ould pro#ide a third of the worldD" energ b <;5;+

'oreo#er( with the full "wing of "u"tainabilit in "ome "e$tor" li%e $on"tru$tion and

automoti#e indu"trie"( there ha#e been "ome $redible et adroit $on$eption" that

addre"" thi" $olle$ti#e i""ue+ -ith their full fledged de#elopment( we $an $ertainl

hope for a low emi""ion( effi$ient energ fueled future( with ea" a$$e""ibilit to

"u"tainable power for the a#erage $on"umer+

a3F7ei<7e S(7ar Ce77!

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  F7ei<7e S(7ar Ce77

9le1ible "olar $ell" ha#e long been u"ed in mobile gadget"( b #irtue of their relati#el

 portable nature+ In thi" regard( man $ompanie" are ingeniou"l tring to u"e the

te$hnolog in it" roof top iteration+ Ba$% in <;4;( SoloPower de"igned their #er"ion of 

fle1ible panel" for $ommer$ial rooftop"( with a "ub"tantial 44 per$ent effi$ien$+ Their 

 produ$t $ompri"ed of a $ompo"ite of $opper( indium( gallium and "elenium( whi$h

wa" then embedded in a fle1ible foil+

Some re"ear$he" e#en hinged on the organi$ "ide of affair"( in whi$h de" were

"ta$%ed into porou" <* "heet"+ 9or e1ample( re"ear$her" at Cornell !ni#er"it$on$ei#ed a "tru$ture %nown a" a $o#alent organi$ framewor% /CO90+ The organi$ de

mole$ule" were then ab"orbedD b thi" "tru$ture to form a framewor% for fle1ible

"olar $ell"+

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<3 In6i!i<7e S(7ar Ce77!

  In6i!i<7e S(7ar Ce77!

In another allu"ion to OP? /Organi$ Photo ?oltai$0 te$hnolog( National Renewable

Energ )aborator "$ienti"t" ha#e $ontri#ed a unique "olar $ell( whi$h i" $ompletel

tran"parent+ Coming at a "i6e of around 47; "q $m( whi$h i" 4= time" larger than their 

la"t attempt( the de"igner" "a ea$h module $an ea"il be fi1ed a" a window pane

along building fa$ade"+ In it" $urrent "tage( the $ell" offer an effi$ien$ of around 8

 per$ent+ .owe#er( the relati#el low $o"t of in"talling the module" $an $ounter 

 balan$e their $omparati#el inferior energ output+

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>3 Prin.a<7e S(7ar Ce77!

  Prin.a<7e S(7ar Ce77!

The te$hnolog of printable "olar $ell" in"inuate" e1a$tl what their name "ugge"t", a

new tpe of fle1ible( large "heet( reel to reel "olar $ell that $an be produ$ed /or rather  printed0 on a $ommer$ial "$ale+ Con$ei#ed with ele$trolte "u"pended parti$le" of 

"emi$ondu$ting titanium dio1ide that are $oated with light ab"orbing de"( the

re"ulting "olution i" u"ed a" in% for printing the "olar $ell+ In fa$t( man re"ear$he"

ha#e ad#an$ed beond thi" ambit to $reate multi laered "olar $ell"+ Some of them $an

e#en be wrapped around pla"ti$( paper or metal to in$rea"e their effi$ien$ to a

"ignifi$ant 4> to <> per$ent+

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-3S(7ar Fa<ri>

S

(7ar Fa<ri>

Thi" inno#ati#e te$hnologi$al fa$et entail" the u"age of P? $ell" embedded within

human $lothing+ Some of the $ompanie" li%e JapanD" Ideal Star ha#e "u$$eeded inin$orporating polmer ba"ed "olar $ell" into the intri$ate thread" of $loth+ Other more

$olle$ti#e endea#or"are related to dual nature of energ harne""ing( b whi$h a hbrid

 photo#oltai$ pie6oele$tri$ material $ould be integrated into the te1tile fiber+

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e3 S9ra8 (n !(7ar >e77

S9ra8 (n !(7ar >e77

Prett "imilar to the printable "olar $ell te$hnolog( the"e "olar har#e"ting $omponent"

are generall $reated b "praing a "pe$ial %ind of nano parti$le ba"ed in% on the

dedi$ated panel"+ In thi" regard( a Norwegian $ompan En"ol ha" en#i"aged a "$ope

where a newer tpe of thin film photo#oltai$ $ell $an be "u$$e""full painted onto

 building "urfa$e" that are flat+ In another in"tan$e( re"ear$her" at !ni#er"it of South

9lorida ha#e found out a wa of "praing diluted organi$ polmer on ad&u"table "olar 

 panel"+

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/3 Se7/ Re9airin# S(7ar Ce77!

Se7/ Re9airin# S(7ar Ce77!

Arguabl the mo"t no#el of all the "olar power generating me$hani"m"( the fa"$inating

"$ope of "elf repairing "olar $ell" i" being pur"ued b 'i$hael Strano( a profe""or at

the 'IT+ In a $on#entional ambit( mo"t "olar $ell" degrade due to prolonged e1po"ure

to the "un ra"+ .owe#er( in thi" $a"e( hi" team ha" $reated a prototpe $ompo"ed of 

"e#eral $omponent" in$luding a photo"en"iti#e protein( a fatt "ub"tan$e %nown a"

 pho"pholipid and "turd $arbon nanotube"+ Thi" dnami$D $ompo"ition in turn ha" the

 potential to regenerate the $ellD" indi#idual "olar energ $apturing $apabilit+

-ith the"e new tpe" of te$hnologie" ma%ing their pre"en$e felt in our "o$ietal "$ale(two #er important ad#antage" $ome into $on"ideration+ 9ir"tl( their appli$abilit i"

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enhan$ed b their intrin"i$ nature of fle1ibilit and u"er $on#enien$e+ A" a matter of 

fa$t( their $ontinued progre""ion $an help u" mo#e beond the $umber"ome "$ope of 

in"talling panel arra" on roof top"+ Se$ondl( and more importantl( "u$h inno#ati#e

$on$eption" $an po"e a" $o"t effe$ti#e et "u"tainable "olution"( thu" pu"hing forththrough the na"$ent "tate of our "olar power indu"tr+ Of $our"e( all of the"e #enture"

ha#e to be en#i"aged and applied from a gra"" root le#el( thu" upholding the di$tum of 

$olle$ti#e enri$hment+

)+5 Ba..er8

  Batter i" de"igned to meet Indu"trial Standard"+ The batter wor%" on ga"re$ombination te$hnolog( whi$h eliminate" the need to top up the batterie" with

water periodi$all and i" mounted hori6ontall in robu"t "ta$%able "teel module"+

Con"tru$tional .ighlight"

 1+ 9lame retardant $ell $a"e+

 2+ Proprietar pro$e"" te$hnolog ideal for all $limati$ Condition"+

 )+ Robu"t ae"theti$all attra$ti#e modular de"ign with thermal $ontrol

feature"+

 5+ !nique European tpe wide ele$trode de"ign+ %+ )ea% re"i"tant double "eal terminal de"ign+

*+ Effi$ient Effe$ti#e ?ent ?al#e A""embl+

)+5+1 A-6an.a#e!

1+ @a" re$ombination te$hnolog that eliminate" the need to add water+2+ In"tallation that i" high on $on#enien$e i" friendl pro#ide" pea$e of mind+

)+ Robu"t ae"theti$all attra$ti#e modular de"ign with thermal $ontrol feature"+

5+ Effe$ti#e repeatable #al#e operation that wor%" within a narrow pre""ure

 band+

 %+ .igh performan$e operation with no maintenan$e /doe"nDt require routine water 

addition" or "pe$ifi$ gra#it $he$%"0+ *+ Effi$ient Effe$ti#e ?ent ?al#e A""embl+

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)+5+2+ Char#in# S9e>i/i>a.i(n!

Tpe of Charging Con"tant Potential Current )imited

9loat #oltage and $urrent <+<> ?olt" Per Cell at <7C and $urrent

3 to > mA per A.

Boo"t #oltage and $urrent <+3; ?olt" Per Cell at <7C $urrent

ma1 <;M of the A. $apa$it

AC Ripple 'a1+ 3M R'S

 )+5+)+ Cir>:i. -ia#ra (/ <a..er8

  Cir>:i. -ia#ra

)+5+5+ Fea.:re!

4+ -hen the $harger i" $harging the batter( a pro"perou" and #entilated en#ironment

"hould be maintained+

<+ A "pe$ial $are "hould be ta%en to %eep the $harger awa from the item that $an

$au"e damage to it+

3+ -hile $harging( fir"t $onne$t the terminal" and then turn on the power+

=+ In $a"e of u"e of $harger( near the water "u$h a" in bathroom( "pe$ial $are "hould

 be ta%en to a#oid an "ort of ele$tri$ "ho$%" that $an $au"e fire+

>+ The"e $harger" are not ad#i"able to be $arried in $ar+

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)+5+%+A-6an.a#e! an- Bene/i.!

1+ )onger batter life will la"t 3>1 longer than an equi#alent S)A or ?R)A batter

2+ )ightweight 3;M of the weight of an S)A 4<? =+>A. lead a$id batter)+ -ide temperature performan$e

5+ Can be "afel $harged with a lead a$id batter $harging ""tem7

%+ )ow "elfdi"$harge

*+ 'aintain" higher #oltage during di"$harge than lead a$id&+ Can "tore at an "tate of $harge without degradation

8+ Safer than traditional lithium ion batterie"( hermeti$all "ealed

$+ Built in o#er $harge and o#er di"$harge prote$tion

1+ Built in o#er $urrent prote$tion )+5+*+ Pr(-:>. T89e

  Repla$ement for 4<? 47Ah )ead A$id Batter

  No memor effe$t Built in "hort $ir$uit prote$tion+

  )+5+&+ A997i>a.i(n!  Perfe$t for motor$$le "tarter( 4<?*C power( medi$al

equipment( )E* light power "uppl( "olar power+

N(.e 

The"e $an be u"ed in parallel to in$rea"e the $apa$it( but the $annot be u"ed in "erie"

to in$rea"e the #oltage+

 )+% Tan'! an- >hei>a7!

 )+%+1 T89e! (/ S9ra8 P(78:re.hane F(a Pr(-:>.!

  Spra polurethane foam /SP90 i" a highleffe$ti#e and widel u"ed

in"ulation and air "ealant material+ .owe#er( e1po"ure" to it" %e ingredient(

i"o$anate"( and other SP9 $hemi$al" in #apor"( aero"ol"( and du"t during and after 

in"tallation $an $au"e a"thma( "en"iti6ation( lung damage( other re"pirator and

 breathing problem"( and "%in and ee irritation+

To $reate the final SP9 in"ulation or "ealant produ$t( a $hemi$al rea$tion of two$omponent part" ha" to o$$ur+ Chemi$al" in SP9 produ$t" lea#e the gun( no66le( or 

"traw and form a foam a" the $hemi$al" rea$t+ Safe wor% pra$ti$e" "hould be in pla$e

to a#oid e1po"ure at e#er "tage of SP9 in"tallation+

1+ Tpe" of SP9 Produ$t"

2+ Information on Other In"ulation Produ$t"

The $hemi$al $omponent"( parti$ularl i"o$anate"( and related ha6ard" are "imilar for 

the #ariou" tpe" of SP9 produ$t "on the mar%et+ The polol blend /"ide B0 of SP9

 produ$t" $ontain" a #ariet of proprietar $hemi$al" that pro#ide "pe$ifi$ performan$e

fun$tion" i+e( $atal"t( flame retardant et$+

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.owe#er( the amount of produ$t u"ed( the deli#er me$hani"m( and o#erall

appli$ation pro$e"" differ" for ea$h tpe of SP9 produ$tL therefore( the potential for 

e1po"ure ma #ar( though there i" potential for ee( "%in( and inhalation e1po"ure to

ha6ardou" $hemi$al" with all tpe" of SP9 produ$t"+ Remember to u"e the appropriate

 prote$tion and be"t pra$ti$e" "uited for ea$h tpe of SP9 produ$t+

)+%+2 T89e! (/ S9ra8 P(78:re.hane F(a Pr(-:>. There are three main tpe" of 

SP9 produ$t"( ea$h of whi$h ha#e different appli$ation u"e"( but all the SP9 produ$t"

require the u"e of prote$ti#e equipment in order to pre#ent e1po"ure to i"o$anate"

and other SP9 $hemi$al"+ See below for more information on the differen$e" and

"imilaritie" of the SP9 produ$t"+

 

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CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY

5+1 "(7:e.ri> Me.h(-, In thi" method water i" $olle$ted in a mea"uring tan% 

of %nown internal dimen"ion"+ The following "tep" are in#ol#ed in the

mea"urement of di"$harge,

  1+  Clo"e the #al#e of mea"uring tan%+

2+  Colle$t "ome water depth in the tan% and note it" initial reading+

)+  !"ing a "top wat$h( note down the time required for the water to ri"e "a to

final le#el and note down the final reading+

5+2 Gra6ie.ri> Me.h(-, In thi" method( di"$harging water i" $olle$ted in a

$ontainer i" then pla$ed on a weighing ma$hine and ma"" of water thu"

$olle$ted i" determined+ The #olume i" $al$ulated b di#iding thi" ma""

den"it of water +The di"$harge i" then $omputed b di#iding #olume b

time during whi$h water i" $olle$ted+

5+)  ANA)SIS of pump+

5+5  Sele$t the appropriate batter and pump for the pro&e$t+

5+%  Sele$t the "uitable power of "olar panel for $harging batter+

5+*  Pur$ha"ing all me$hani$al and ele$tri$al $omponent required to $omplete

the pro&e$t li%e pump( batter( tan%( "olar panel et$+5+&  A""emble the #ariou" $omponent"+

5+  A""emble the pump and batter in"ide the plate+

5+$  Appl #ariou" manufa$turing operation" "u$h a" ri#eting( drilling( round

filing et$+

5+1 Te"ting and e#aluating the "et up performan$e+

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  Mea!:reen. (/ Di!>har#e

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  CHAPTER % TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 

%+1 Li!. (/ >(9(nen.! :!e- The $apa$it( running $o"t and e$onomi$ anal"i" of the e1i"ting model in the mar%et are a" below

C(9(nen. S9e>i/i>a.i(n

S(7ar 9ane7 • Panel Si6e ,=7$m<:$m

• Co"t of the Panel , R"+4<;;G

• -eight of the Panel , 4G<%g

• *urabilit of the Solar Panel

*epend upon handling and $an la"t

for more than 3 ear"+P:9   • -eight of the Pump, Q g

/appro10

• Operating power required ,=8 -att

• Operating ?oltage , 4< ?

• Operating $urrent , = Amp

• Pump pre""ure , 3>p"i

• Pump Co"t , R"+ 7;;

Ba..er8   • -eight of the batter ,5 g

• Co"t of the batter , R"+7>;

• Output power , =8 watt

• Operating #oltage , 4<#

• Current , = Amp

• Power rating, 7+< A.

Tan'    • Capa$it of tan%, 4> )tr+

• Operating $o"t, No operating $o"t+

• Running $o"t, No running $o"t+

• Tan% $o"t, R" <;;

• Chemi$al u"ed in one hour,5; )tr+

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CHAPTER * RES0LTS AND DISC0SSIONS

*i"$harge i" gi#en b,

( L×B×h)

If )( B( . are in meter than i" in m3G"+

-here( ) length of tan% =;$m

B breadth of tan% <>+<$m

h -ater ri"e in mea"uring tan% in time inter#al( t+

t i" the time inter#al between the di"$harge+

Area of no66le

i3 F(r 1 9(re

A =

π 

4d2

;+;7;58>$m< /d i" diameter of pore";+4>$m0

NO+OFPORES

INITIALHEIGHT

>3

FINALHEIGHT

>3

TIMEINTER"AL

!e>(n-3

DISCHARGE >)!3

"ELOCITY"JA!3

FOR 1

PORE

  44+4 44+> <>   45+4<8 <+<8

  44+> 44+: <>   48+:> <+58

  44+: 4<+= <>   <;+45 <+8>

  4<+= 4<+8= <>   48+4== <+>5 

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CHAPTER & CONCL0SION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1+ Thi" Te$hnolog i" more "uitable for Energ Alternate *e#i$e for power "praer+

2+  The farming $ommunit i" more dnami$ and the $an a$$ept the pro#ed

te$hnolog for implementation+

)+ 'oreo#er the "ame te$hnique and te$hnolog $an al"o be e1tended for all tpe of  power "praer+

5+ *i"$harge will be ma1imum around gate opening between => M     >>M+ After that it

will de$rea"e( the main rea"on of de$rea"e i" $hange in head $ontinuou"l a" the time

and di"$harge pro$eed+

&+1+ F:.:re !>(9e 

The goal of thi" re"ear$h i" to de#elop effi$ient and affordable "praer" that u"e

te$hnolog to re"pond to $rop "i6e and pre"en$e+ The "praer then u"e" thatinformation to #ar the flow of pe"ti$ide" from no66le" during appli$ation"+ B

"praing onl the targeted plant"( the "praer" ha#e potential to redu$e the #olume of 

 pe"ti$ide" u"ed while pro#iding $omparable $ontrol of the pe"t"+ Thi" "hould de$rea"e

"pra lo"t on the "oil or b drift and al"o ha" potential for a "ignifi$ant redu$tion in

operating $o"t"( effi$a$+ -e are e#aluating a #ariablerate( aira""i"t "praer for field

effi$a$+ The aira""i"t "praer u"e" a more "en"iti#e la"er "en"or and ha" the

ad#antage of dete$ting $anop den"it a" well a" pre"en$e+

&+2+ S>(9e an- .he /:.:re (/ .he 9r(;e>.

The following wor% i" "ugge"ted to be $arried out b future re"ear$her",

1+ 9uture Requirement" of Agri$ultural 'a$hine" for 'e$hani6ing Agri$ulture+

2+ In #illage e$o ""tem 8;M of the total energ "pent goe" to dome"ti$ "e$tor and to

that 8;M goe" for $oo%ing + rural %it$hen are full of "mo%e + ill illuminated ( $au"e of 

man health ha6ard"+ ualit of fuel de$ide qualit of life to a hou"ewife (rural or 

urban ali%e + in that "$enario bioga" lantern ( bioga" run o#en( "olar $oo%er" indi#idual

and $ommunit tpe ( "olar water heater are under promotion and are li%el toin$rea"e in number "upplementing and "ub"tituting $on#entional $oo%ing and water 

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heating+

&+)+ A-6an.a#e! (/ !(7ar 9(were- !9ra8er

1.  The new de#i$e u"ed to water $rop" depend" on a batter atta$hed to a "olar panel(

repre"enting a greener alternati#e to the fuel engine" powering it" prede$e""or"+

2+  No fuel mean" no harmful emi""ion" will rea$h the atmo"phere+ The newlte"ted

in#ention $ould definitel impro#e agri$ultural pra$ti$e"+

Al"o( the "olarpowered "praer i" alread prai"ed b poor farmer"( due to it"monetar ad#antage"+ Sin$e fuel pri$e" go through the roof nowada"( affordable

"olarpowered applian$e" are $on"idered a gold mine b wor%er" with a low in$ome+

)+  If the 4< #olt 7 amp batter i" full $harged( the de#i$e $an fun$tion for up to 8

hour"+ E#en under the"e $ir$um"tan$e"( if the batter fail" to pro#ide enough power(

the e1i"ting "olar panel" atta$hed to a helmet worn b wor%er" $an be $on"idered a

#iable "our$e of renewable power+

5+ A ma&or plu" i" that the impro#ed de"ign ma%e" the "a$% on the "praer lighter(

therefore ea"ier to be mo#ed from one pla$e to another both b men and women+

%+ 'oreo#er( the "olarpowered "praer i" $on"idered a pre$iou" tool( "ee%ing to

impro#e $rop qualit b hal#ing the amount of harmful pe"ti$ide" u"uall required+

*+ The inno#ati#e te$hnique in$rea"e" the profit margin" obtained b poor farmer" and

impro#e" the qualit of fre"h food we pur$ha"e and en&o on a dail ba"i"+

&+ The "olar "praer ha" man ad#antage"+ Be"ide" redu$ing the $o"t of "praing( there

i" a "a#ing on fuelGpetrol+ Al"o( the tran"portation $o"t for buing petrol i" "a#ed+ The

"olar "praer maintenan$e i" "imple+ There i" le"" #ibration a" $ompared to the petrol"praer+ The farmer $an do the "praing operation b him"elf without engaging labour(

thu" in$rea"ing "praing effi$ien$+

+ The "olar power ""tem in the "praer fa$ilitate" lighting of wirele"" light trap"D

whi$h $ontrol" in"e$t pe"t" and redu$e" the number of in"e$ti$ide "pra" b fift

 per$ent $utting the $o"t of $ulti#ation+ Thi" al"o redu$e" pe"ti$ide re"idue" in the

agri$ulture( horti$ulture and animal produ$t"( impro#ing the qualit of the produ$t"+

The light trap" $ontrol effe$ti#el the mo"quitoe" too+

$+ 9armer" are al"o u"ing thi" "praer for other purpo"e"+ 9or in"tan$e( a "olution prepared with 4+>ml of neem oil( 4+>ml of pongamia oil in one litre of water i" "praed

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to $ontrol mo"quitoe" in re"idential area"+ B doing thi"( di"ea"e" li%e malaria

tran"mitted b mo"quitoe" are being $ontrolled with le"" e1penditure( without

 polluting the en#ironment+

APPENDI

Me.ri> >(n6er!i(n

1. 4 $m 4; mm

2. 4 ft 4< in

3. 4 in <>+= mm

4. 4 ft 3;=+8 mm

5. 4 p"i 58:=+7> Pa"$al

C(n!.an. 0!e-

π =3.14

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REFERENCES

1+ Sootha( @+*+ and S++ @upta( /4::40+ Jugal i"hor /Ed+0L Solar Energ

Centre+ Pro$eeding" of the -or%"hop publi"hed in the pro$eeding" of 

International on Te$hnolog Tran"fer+

2+ Rao( @+*+ Solar Energ( Solar Photo?oltai$, Ameri$an So$iet of 'e$hani$al Engineer( AS'E( Ele$tri$ Power @eneration( 4>, =3==8=

)+ Ra&e"h( umar and O+S+ Sa"tr( /4::80+ Pro$eeding" of <nd -orld

Conferen$e on Photo#oltai$ Solar Energ Con#er"ion held at ?ienna( Au"tria(

 pp, 54;+

5+ Sa"tr( O+S+( Ra&e"h umar and P+C+ Pant( /4:::0 Photo#oltai$ Te"t 9a$ilit

at Solar Energ Centre IndoJapan Cooperation on S$ien$e Te$hnologSeminar Photo#oltai$ Te$hnolog in India Japan( < New *elhi+

%+ Sharma( R+S+( /4::>0+ En#ironmental E$onomi$" and Sharma( R+S+( /4::>0+

En#ironmental E$onomi$" and organi6ed b the !ni#er"it of 'elbourne(

Au"tralia+

*+ Sharma( R+S+( /4::50+ Su"tainable Solar Thermal Power @eneration /STP@0

Te$hnologie" in Indian Conte1t( publi"hed in the pro$eeding" of International

Conferen$e on Renewable Energ( organi6ed b Ameri$an So$iet of 

'e$hani$al Engineer( AS'E( 43 at San Antanio( !SA+

&+ Ari6ona State !ni#er"it )ibrar( /4:8<0+ Solar Energ Inde1( Supplement I+Edition+ Pergamon

+ Regional -or%"hop on Solar Power @eneration !"ing Photo#oltai$

Te$hnolog, Pro$eeding"+ Edition+ *IANE Publi"hing Compan

$+ *+ 'u%her&ee( /<;;70+ 9undamental" of Renewable Energ S"tem"+ Edition+

 New Age International P#t )td Publi"her 

1+Jan lei""l( /<;430+ Solar Energ 9ore$a"ting and Re"our$e A""e""ment+ 4

Edition+ A$ademi$ Pre""+

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