solar powered back pack
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SOLAR POWERED BACK PACK
CAPSTONE PROJECT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for Award of degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
B
Mir Shezan Anwar 1111121
Ar!h "eer Sin#h 1$1%&1
She'har M(r 11%)*1
!nder the "uper#i"ion of
Mr+ ,a!win-er Sin#h
A!!i!.an. Pr(/e!!(r
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LO"ELY PROFESSIONAL 0NI"ERSITY
PHAGWARA P0N,AB INDIA3 4 15552
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L(6e78 9r(/e!!i(na7 :ni6er!i.8 ,a7an-har P:n;a<
CERTIFICATE
I hereb $ertif that wor% whi$h i" being pre"ented in the $ap"tone pro&e$t entitled =S(7ar
P(were- Ba>' Pa>'? in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
Ba>he7(r (/ Te>hn(7(#8 and "ubmitted in department of 'e$hani$al Engineering( )o#el
Profe""ional !ni#er"it( Pun&ab i" an authenti$ re$ord $arried out during period of $ap"tone
pro&e$t under the Super#i"ion of Mr ,a!win-er Sin#h A!!i!.an. Pr(/e!!(r *epartment of
'e$hani$al Engineering( )o#el profe""ional uni#er"it( Pun&ab+
The matter pre"ented in thi" pro&e$t ha" not been "ubmitted b me anwhere for the
award of an other degree or to an in"titute+
Thi" i" to $ertif that the abo#e "tatement made b the $andidate i" $orre$t to the be"t of
m %nowledge+
*ate, Mr ,a!win-er Sin#h3
Super#i"or
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
-e ta%e the opportunit to a$%nowledge the a""i"tan$e and $ontribution of the people toward"
the $ompletion of our pro&e$t+ -e would li%e to than% management of our !ni#er"it( the
.O* and the re"pe$ti#e fa$ultie" for their "upport and word" of wi"dom+
-e "in$erel than% 'r Ja"winder "ingh /A""i"tant Profe""or( S$hool of 'e$hani$al
Engineering0 for hi" #aluable guidan$e and $on"tant en$ouragement at ea$h and e#er "tep in
preparation of thi" wor%+
-e are al"o than%ful to 'r An%ur Bahl /A""i"tant *ean( S$hool of 'e$hani$al Engineering0for en$ouraging u" during the $our"e of the pro&e$t+
-e e1pre"" our gratitude to all the tea$hing and non tea$hing "taff( member" of wor%"hop"(
our friend" and familie" for their in#aluable $ooperation toward" the pro&e$t+
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Ta<7e (/ >(n.en.!
Chapter pages
A$%nowledgement 222222222 3
Cha9.er 1+ In.r(-:>.i(n .( !(7ar 9(wer <a>' 9a>' 22+++222222+ *@
4+4+ Ob&e$ti#e" 2222+++2222+ 5
1+2+ Need of our pro&e$t in pre"ent 2222+++2222+ 5
1+)+ !tili6ation 22222+++222++ 7
1+5+ Blo$% diagram of "olar power ba$% pa$% 222222+++22++ 8
Cha9.er 2+ Li.era.:re re6iew 222222+++22++ $@12
2+1+ 9ir"t "praer 222222222++ :
2+2+ Common problem" and re#iew" 222222222++ 4;
2+)+ Spraer hi"tor 2222+++2222+ 44
Cha9.er )+ C(9(nen.! in -e.ai7 2222222+++2++ 1)@1$
)+1+ Pump 2222222+++2++ 43
3+4+4+ Tpe" of pump" 2222222++++++++ 43
3+4+<+ *iaphragm pump 22222222++++++ 4=
)+2+ No66le 222222222+++ 45
3+<+4+ Tpe" of no66le" 222222222+++ 45
3+<+<+ No66le performan$e fa$tor" 22222222++++++ 4:
)+)+ Solar panel 2222222222 <4
3+3+4+ Building blo$%" of a "olar panel 2222222222 <4
3+3+<+ Theor and $on"tru$tion 2222222222 <<
3+3+3+ Effi$ien$ie" 2222222222 <3
3+3+=+ Re$$ling 22222222++++++++ <=
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3+3+>+ The $urrent "$enario 2222222222 <=
)+5+ Batter 222222222+++ 3<
3+=+4+ Ad#antage" 222222222+++ 3<
3+=+<+ Charging "pe$ifi$ation" 222222222+++ 3<
3+=+3+ Cir$uit diagram 222222222+++ 33
3+=+=+ 9eature" 22222222+++++++ 33
3+=+>+ Ad#antage" and benefit" 22222222+++2 33
3+=+5+ Produ$t tpe 22222222+++2+ 33
3+=+7+ Appli$ation" 222222222++++ 3=
)+%+ Tan%" and $hemi$al" 222222222++++ 3=
Cha9.er 5+ Me.h(-(7(#8
5+1+ ?olumetri$ method 222222222++++ 35
5+2+ @ra#imetri$ method 222222222+++ 37
Cha9.er %+ Te>hni>a7 !9e>i/i>a.i(n! 2222222+++++++++++38
%+1+ )i"t of $omponent" u"ed 2222222222 38
Cha9.er *+ Re!:7. an- -i!>:!!i(n 2222222222+3:
Cha9.er &+ C(n>7:!i(n an- re>(en-a.i(n!
&+1+ 9uture "$ope 2222222222 =;
&+2+ S$ope and future of the pro&e$t 2222222222+=;
&+)+ Ad#antage" of "olar powered "praer 2222222222 =4
A99en-i 2222222222+=<
Re/eren>e! 2222222222+=3
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CHAPTER 1 INTROD0CTION
Solar agro "praer $an be u"ed a" a fuel alternating de#i$e a" the $o"t of
fuel i" in$rea"ing e#er pa""ing da+ It wor%" on the prin$iple of "olar photo#oltai$
/P?0( with $ertain modifi$ation" on the e1i"ting power "praer in the mar%et+ The
annual maintenan$e $harge of the "praer i" e1pe$ted to be around R" <;; with the
initial in#e"tment of R"+ 5;;; toward" the $o"t of the "praer+
1+1 O<;e>.i6e!
To e1tend the $on$ept of Solar P? Te$hnolog on Solar Spraer" a"
Energ Alternate *e#i$e"+ To $on#ert the 9uel Operating S"tem a" 9ree Energ
Operating S"tem for agri$ulture implementation+
-e are proudl introdu$ing .igh Power Solar Batter Spraer( whi$h $an
$harge u"ing "olar power a" well a" Normal Ele$tri$ )ine+ -e Promi"e that the
Performan$e i" unbeatable than other batter "praer model" alread in mar%et+ we
$on#ert thi" Spraer model for 9armer 9riendl !PS S"tem( 'ainl !"ed for .ome
)ighting Purpo"e and al"o for $attle "hed )ighting( -hen the "praer i" not in u"e+
Thi" "a#e" life of the batter al"o+ It "upport" for 'obile Phone Charging purpo"e and
run" *C 9an 8 .our" at home or Pro#iding 8 .our" for 3 NoD" of Three -att )E*
Bulb" whi$h i" the additional Benefit of thi" model+
1+2 Nee- (/ (:r 9r(;e>. in 9re!en.
4+ Thi" i" a "olar power ba$%pa$% "praer whi$h mean" that thi" run through "olar
energ rather than u"ing fuel+ So we $an u"e thi" "our$e of energ rather than u"ing
renewable "our$e+
<+ Con#entional ba$% pa$% "praer i" the "our$e of pollution and it require" lot of
human effort+ But b u"ing thi" we $an redu$e pollution a" well a" human effort+
3+ That the idea of $on#erting e1i"ting batter powered ba$%pa$% equipment into "olar
powered one emerged be$au"e #illage" "till did not ha#e enough ele$tri$it to either
run the "praer" or to $harge the batterie" for an "ingle "praing operation+ The "olar
power ""tem i" pri$ed at R"+ 3(>;;+ 9armer" $an bu it and fit to the e1i"ting de#i$e"
the u"e+
=+ In remote area" power failure" are $ommon o$$urren$e+ Thi" de#i$e "eem" to be a
boon in the"e area"+
>+ The "olar power ""tem in the "praer $an al"o fa$ilitate lighting of wirele"" light
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trap"F that $ontrol in"e$t pe"t" and redu$e" the number of in"e$ti$ide "pra" b fift
per $ent( $utting the $o"t of $ulti#ation for the farmer+
5+ Sin$e #illage" "till get ele$tri$it for a "hort time( that too during odd hour"( thi"
"olar "praer &u"t might be the an"wer+
7+ A woman farmer who bought the "praer "aid It i" ea" for me to $arr the load on
m ba$% and "pra ea"il on m &a"mine $rop"+
8+ In the $ommonl a#ailable one"( the u"er need" to e1ert a lot of effort to pu"h the
le#er up and down to $reate the pre""ure to "pra+ Sometime" when the pre""ure
be$ome" une#en( the no66le get" blo$%ed and the farmer ha" to "pend time to re$tif
it+
:+ The "praer not onl minimi6e" the drudger of the wor% but i" al"o more effe$ti#ethan the $on#entional one"+
4;+ -hile "praing in the field( the batter $an be further $harged b "wit$hing on the
"olar power ""tem atta$hed to the "praer+
44+ Solar power ba$%pa$% "praer ha#ing #er le"" weight that $an be ea"il hanged
on "houlder" whi$h in$rea"e" the effi$ien$ for the farmer to wor% for more hour" in
the field+
4<+ The"e agri$ultural "praer" offered b u" are widel appre$iated among the $lient"for their $omfort abilit( reliabilit( ea" maintenan$e and $o"t effe$ti#ene""
43+ The bigge"t ad#antage i" that it generate" uniform droplet" due to $on"tant
pre""ure of 33+> %gG$m< whi$h i" ideal to pre#ent the droplet" from being blown
awa b wind and polluting the en#ironment+
1+) 0.i7iza.i(n
There i" one ma&or que"tion where we utili6e our pro&e$t +"o we are gi#ing
"ome beautiful e1ample" and utili6ation of "olar power ba$%pa$% "praer+
1+)+1 R:ra7 area!,In rural area" where there i" la$% of ele$tri$it it $an be effi$ientl
u"ed+
1+)+2 M:7.i.a!'in#, it not onl redu$e" human effort but it $an al"o be u"ed to $harge
mobile( operate table fan+
1+)+) A. H(e!, we $an ma%e a mi1ture of neem and other ingredient" in the tan% to
repel the mo"quitoe" from our home
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1+)+5 P7an. an- Gar-en!, Be$au"e of it" $ompa$t "i6e( $omfort abilit and fle1ibilit
it $an be ea"il u"ed in plant" and garden"+
1+)+% Car wa!hin#, It $an be u"ed to wa"h the $ar be$au"e it $reate" "o mu$h
pre""ure that "mall du"t parti$le" $an ea"il be wa"hed awa where the normal flow
water $anDt rea$hed+
It" popularit and utili6ation i" in the hpe( mo"t e"pe$iall in the A"ian $ountrie"+ A"
we %now that "till there are man #illage" in India where ele$tri$it i" not a#ailable "o
it i" a boon for them+
1+5 B7(>' -ia#ra (/ S(7ar P(wer Ba>'9a>' S9ra8er
8
SOLAR PANEL BATTERY
TANK P0MP
NOLE
O0TLET
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT0RE RE"IEW
-hene#er we "ee "praer u"ed b farmer" we "ee tiring effort" made b them
a" the ha#e to $reate the pre""ure b pre""ing the ram or pi"ton u"ed in the tan% in
whi$h the $hemi$al" are filled+ The main motto i" to redu$e the human fatigue and
moreo#er the time ta%en b the farmer" to "pra the field i" more a" the ha#e to
$reate pre""ure time to time before "praing the $hemi$al"+
So we "tart the "ur#e and doe" the literature re#iew to minimi6e the abo#e problem"
fa$ed b the farmer"+
2+1 Fir!. !9ra8er
=Ga:.a Ma;:-ar?( "$ienti"t CICR who de#eloped the "praer( "aid that
the idea of $on#erting e1i"ting batter powered %nap"a$% equipment into "olar
powered one emerged be$au"e #illage" "till did not ha#e enough ele$tri$it to either
run the "praer" or to $harge the batterie" for an "ingle "praing operation+ In manual
"praer"( u"er ha" to e1ert a lot while pu"hing the le#er up and down /<;=; "tro%e"
per minute0 for $reating enough pre""ure to generate uniform and $ontinuou" "pra+
H9armer" had been u"ing le#er operated %nap"a$% "praer in whi$h operator manuall
"tro%e the le#er with one hand and "pra with the other hand+ Thi" i" #er
$umber"ome and too% a lot of time to $o#er the entire field+ The "olar photo #oltai$
panel and ele$tro"tati$ $harger $an $harge the equipment mu$h qui$%er a" the farmer
u"e" it(H Ma;:-ar "aid+
Sin$e "praing "hould ideall be done during "unn da" to bring the required effe$t
on in"e$t"( the "olar panel ha" been mounted in a wa "o a" to pro#ide "hade to the
operator while "praing+ A" it i" mu$h "maller in "i6e than $on#entional "praer" it
redu$e" drudger of the wor%+ 9armer $an $o#er at lea"t a he$tare a da+ HE1$ept for
repeated refilling of the $ontainer( there are no di"ad#antage"(H Ma;:-ar "aid+
The bigge"t ad#antage i" that it generate" uniform droplet" due to $on"tant pre""ure of
33+> %gG$m< whi$h i" ideal to pre#ent the droplet" from being blown awa b wind
and polluting the en#ironment+
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2+2 C((n 9r(<7e! an- re6iew!
1+ The brin&al $rop wa" being infe"ted with brin&al fruit borer+ -ith the qualit of
har#e"ting being low owing to fruit borer atta$%( farmer" were getting onl >; pai"e
per %ilogram+ To o#er$ome thi" problem( farmer" "tarted "praing pe"ti$ide"( on$e a
wee%+ Not onl wa" the pe"ti$ide e1pen"i#e( farmer" had al"o to in$ur additional $o"t"
for "praing u"ing petrol "praer+ The were u"ing <+> litre" of petrol per he$tare per
"pra+ Con"equentl( the $o"t $ulti#ation in$rea"ed b around R"+ <5<> per he$tare+
!nder "u$h $ir$um"tan$e" Da6i- wa" e1ploring alternati#e" to redu$e the $o"t of
$ulti#ation+ Initiall he tried with ele$tri$ "praer+ Thi" had to be operated b an
ele$tri$ motor powered b a re$hargeable batter+ On$e $harged( the "praer $ould be
u"ed for onl 3 hour" in the field+ But( a" there were frequent power $ut"( farmer"
found it diffi$ult to re$harge+ Then he made an impro#ement to the "praer b
harne""ing the "olar energ+
A "olar panel wa" atta$hed to a helmet in "u$h a manner that the panel fa$ed the "un+
The "olar powered "praer $ould be u"ed throughout the da without an interruption+
.owe#er( after a few trial"( farmer" felt it wa" diffi$ult to $arr the helmet with the
panel on the head+ Then Da6i- fitted the "olar panel in the "praer it"elf+ The entire
pro$e"" too% two ear"+
2+ A new "olar and batter powered de#i$e i" e1pe$ted to impro#e the li#e" of
finan$iall$hallenged farmer" from India+ Da6i- Ra;a Be7ea:( .he a!!i!.an. -ire>.(r(/ H(r.i>:7.:re Ka-a8a ha" de$ided to re#olutioni6e agri$ulture b
implementing+
9armer" from de#eloping $ountrie" often rel on $enturie"old method" to water their
$rop"( green diar inform"+
So far( the were for$ed to $arr around a hea# "a$% that had to be $on"tantl filled
with water and pe"ti$ide"+ .owe#er( thing" are about to $hange a" Be7ea: ha"
impro#ed the ""tem( $ounting on the benefit" of $lean( green "olar power+
2+) S9ra8er! Hi!.(r8
1+ 1$*1
The brother L:i#i an- L:>ian( Carrar( found the me$hani$al wor%"hop
O+C+)+)+ Srl+
2+ 1$&1
The fir"t "praer i" de"ign and built+
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)+ 1$1
The fa$tor "pe$iali6e" in the $on"tru$tion of "praer" for the prote$tion of plant"
and agri$ultural $rop"+
5+ 1$$1
The fir"t low #olume "praer i" de"igned and built+
%+ 1$$%
New line CARRAROSPRA i" de"igned with the intent to impro#e the a$$e"" in
the international mar%et"+
*+ 1$$$
Stud and $on"tru$tion of a new "praer that meet" the need" of the 9ren$h
$hamber of agri$ulture+ The te"t "how" that the "praer i" $ompliant to the $hamber of
agri$ulture reque"t+
&+ 21
Introdu$tion of a new $on$ept of "praer equipped with < $ounterrotating fan"+
+ 22
The CARRAROSPRAY b O+C+)+)+ i" rewarded with the 0NI+EN+ISO
$12+
9. 2004
Introdu$tion of ECommer$e to bu online+
1+ 2%
Stud and $on"tru$tion of a new "praer with "tainle"" "teel tan% that meet" the
need" of u" mar%et u"ed al"o in other area" of the world+
11+ 2
Ma:rizi( an- Mi>he7e Carrar( a""ume the leader"hip of the $ompan with the
role of dire$tor"( alwa" with the pre"en$e of the father" L:i#i an>
12+ 2$
The Compan and other 7 Italian manufa$ture" leader in the agri$ultural found" a$on"ortium named IL COSTR0TTORE $hange of generation from father to "on+
1)+ 21
9oundation of CARRAROSPRAY FRANCE
1%+ 212
re"tru$turing of the internal ""tem( fo$u"ing in human re"our$e"+
1*+ 21)
E1ten"i#e re"tling of the range with the introdu$tion of a new "praer with
panel" /ECO)O@ICA)0 pro&e$t reali"ed with "olid wor%"+
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1&+ 215
Introdu$tion of lean produ$tion pro$e"" to optimi6e and to redu$e produ$tionF"
$o"t"+
9rom the literature re#iew( it wa" found that little wor% ha" been done on the
following+
1+ )ittle wor% i" done on renewable re"our$e" ( hen$e we u"ed thi" re"our$e" to ha#e
no running $o"t and %eeping in mind the "u"tainable de#elopment+
2+ It wa" ob"er#ed that little wor% i" done on $lo"ingGopening of the #al#e+
)+ )ittle wor% i" done on $ontrolling the di"$harge a$$ording to the need"+
CHAPTER ) COMPONENTS IN DETAIL
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The #ariou" $omponent" u"ed in "olar power ba$% pa$% "praer "u$h a" Pump( No66le(
Solar Panel( Batter( Tan% Chemi$al et$+ The brief introdu$tion are a" follow",
)+1 P:9
A pump i" a de#i$e that mo#e" fluid" /liquid" or ga"e"0( or "ometime" "lurrie"(
b me$hani$al a$tion+ Pump" $an be $la""ified into three ma&or group" a$$ording to
the method the u"e to mo#e the fluid, dire$t lift( di"pla$ement( and gra#it pump"+
Pump" operate b "ome me$hani"m /tpi$all re$ipro$ating or rotar0( and $on"ume
energ to perform me$hani$al wor% b mo#ing the fluid+ Pump" operate #ia man
energ "our$e"( in$luding manual operation( ele$tri$it( engine"( or wind power( $ome
in man "i6e"( from mi$ro"$opi$ for u"e in medi$al appli$ation" to large indu"trial pump"+
'e$hani$al pump" "er#e in a wide range of appli$ation" "u$h a" pumping water from
well"( aquarium filtering( pond filtering and aeration( in the $ar indu"tr for water
$ooling and fuel in&e$tion( in the energ indu"tr for pumping oil and natural ga" or
for operating $ooling tower"+ In the medi$al indu"tr( pump" are u"ed for bio$hemi$al
pro$e""e" in de#eloping and manufa$turing medi$ine( and a" artifi$ial repla$ement"
for bod part"( in parti$ular the artifi$ial heart and penile pro"the"i"+
)+1+1 T89e! (/ 9:9!
'e$hani$al pump" ma be "ubmerged in the fluid the are pumping or be pla$ed
e1ternal to the fluid+
Pump" $an be $la""ified b their method of di"pla$ement into
4+ Po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump"+
<+ Impul"e pump"+
3+ ?elo$it pump"+=+ @ra#it pump"+
>+ Steam pump" and #al#e le"" pump"+
A ma&or $omponent of the plumbing ""tem i" the pump+ The $hara$teri"ti$" of a
parti$ular pump will u"uall define the plumbing ""tem+ 'o"t pump" are $ategori6ed
a" po"iti#e di"pla$ement or non po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump"+
The po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump mo#e" a "pe$ifi$ #olume of liquid with ea$h "tro%e
or re#olution+ The pump output i" proportional to "peed and #irtuall independent of
pre""ure+ E1ample" of po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump" in$lude pi"ton( roller anddiaphragm+
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The output of non po"iti#e pump" #arie" dire$tl with pump "peed and i" "en"iti#e to
pre""ure+ Tpi$all( the output will de$rea"e dramati$all with in$rea"ing pre""ure+ An
e1ample of a non po"iti#e pump i" a $entrifugal pump whi$h ha" an impeller with
$ur#ed #ane" that rotate" at high "peed"+ The liquid i" drawn into the $entre of the
impeller"+ Then the liquid i" di"per"ed b $entrifugal+
P:9! /(r A#ri>:7.:ra7 S9ra8er
P:9 .89e Pre!!:re
ran#e9!i3
O9era.in#
!9ee-r93
F7(w
ra.e#90
Di!97a>een.
.89e
Centrifugal >8; <;;;=>;; ;4<; Non po"iti#e
*iaphragm >;8>; <;;4<;; 45; Semi po"iti#e
Pi"ton =;;4;;; 5;;48;; >5; Po"iti#e
Roller >;3;; 3;;4;;; 4=> Po"iti#eTurbine >5; 5;;4<;; 4;8; Non po"iti#e
)+1+2 Dia9hra# P:94
Fi# )+1 Dia9hra# P:9
4+ -hat i" a diaphragm pumpK
A diaphragm pump i" a po"iti#e di"pla$ement pump that u"e" a $ombination
of re$ipro$ating a$tion and either a flapper #al#e or a ball #al#e to tran"fer liquid"+
Thi" pump i" "ometime" referred to a" a membrane pump+ *iaphragm pump" are "elf
priming and are ideal for #i"$ou" liquid"+ 'o"t model" are a#ailable in ele$tri$(
engine( manual( air operated or hdrauli$ $onfiguration"+
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<+ -hat "i6e" of diaphragm pump" are a#ailableK
*iaphragm pump" are a#ailable in 4H=H $onne$tion "i6e"+ Coupling" are a#ailable to
fit almo"t an piping arrangement+
3+ -hat %ind" of fluid" doe" a diaphragm pump tran"ferK
*iaphragm pump" tran"fer almo"t an %ind of "lurr( debri" laden wa"te( food
pro$e""ing re"idual( liquid( "tone"( "ti$%"( "ugar( oil "ludge( refiner wa"te( mud( $la
pharma$euti$al( indu"trial fluid" and mu$h more+
=+ -hat tpe" of diaphragm pump" are a#ailableK
ou ha#e a wide $hoi$e of diaphragm pump offering"+ 9ir"t ou $an $hoo"e between
"ingle or double diaphragm model" and "tationar( wheel %it( "%id mounted or trailer
mounted model"+
>+ .ow long ha#e diaphragm pump" been "pe$ified for wa"te tran"ferK
*iaphragm pump" ha#e been in e1i"ten$e "in$e the 4:<;F"+ 'an $on"ulting
engineering firm" ha#e been "pe$ifing diaphragm pump" for wa"tewater and "lurr
handling "in$e the 4:3;F"+
5+ -ho manufa$ture" the 'ud Su$%er *iaphragm PumpK
-a"te$orp Pump i" the OE' /original equipment manufa$turer0( whi$h mean" that wede"ign engineer"( manufa$ture and te"t 'ud Su$%er pump" in North Ameri$a+
7+ -hereare 'ud Su$%er *iaphragm Pump" 'adeK
The 'ud Su$%er brand i" one of the onl diaphragm pump" de"igned and built in
North Ameri$a+ 'ud Su$%erF" $an be u"ed anwhere in the world with >; .6 dri#e
""tem"+
8+ I" it ea" to u"e a diaphragm pumpK
'ud Su$%erF" are de"igned and engineered pla$ing the operator and appli$ation fir"t+
Thi" mean" that when ou $hoo"e the right pump for our appli$ation( ou get the
legendar long 'ud Su$%er life $$le( ea" to maintain de"ign and minimal
repla$ement part" $o"t"+ In mo"t $a"e"( ou $onne$t our 'ud Su$%er and turn it on+
:+ -hat i" different about a 'ud Su$%er diaphragm pumpK
'ud Su$%erF" are OE' de"igned and manufa$tured b -a"te$orp Pump" whi$h
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"pe$iali6e" in pump de"ign and manufa$turing+ -e are a pump $ompan+ -hile thi"
ma "eem ob#iou"( man other brand" are a""embled b $ompanie" who ma%e "e#eral
different produ$t" or H%no$%offH their de"ign"+ Thi" often re"ult" in higher
maintenan$e $o"t" and almo"t alwa"( "hortened life $$le"+ The 'ud Su$%er i" not a
HthrowawaH pump+ 'ud Su$%erF" are patented and de"igned for the toughe"tmuni$ipal( indu"trial and publi$ wor%" fluid tran"fer &ob"+ -a"te$orpF" pump
produ$tion "taff ha#e ear" of training in the pump manufa$turing bu"ine""+
4;+ -hat %ind" of fa$ilitie" u"e a diaphragm pumpK
9a$ilitie" of all "i6e" u"e diaphragm Pump"+ -e pro#ide multinational food and
be#erage $orporation"( pharma$euti$al( $on"tru$tion( oil and mining $orporation" with
pa$%aged diaphragm pump ""tem"+ -e al"o pro#ide homeowner"( lo$al bu"ine""e"(
re"taurant"( hotel"( biofuel produ$er"( marina" and $ampground" with 'udSu$%erF"
for their pumping appli$ation"+ No matter what the "i6e of our pumping &ob
-a"te$orp ha" the right 'udSu$%er for ou+
A -ia9hra# 9:9 a7!( 'n(wn a! a Me<rane 9:9 ( Air Operated *ouble
*iaphragm Pump /AO**0 or Pneumati$ *iaphragm Pump0 i" a po"iti#e di"pla$ement
pump that u"e" a $ombination of the re$ipro$ating a$tion of a rubber( thermopla"ti$ or
teflon diaphragm and "uitable #al#e" either "ide of the diaphragm /$he$% #al#e(
butterfl #al#e"( flap #al#e"( or an other form of "hutoff #al#e"0 to pump a fluid+
4+ Tho"e in whi$h the diaphragm i" "ealed with one "ide in the fluid to be
pumped( and the other in air or hdrauli$ fluid+ The diaphragm i" fle1ed(
$au"ing the #olume of the pump $hamber to in$rea"e and de$rea"e+ A pair of
nonreturn $he$% #al#e" pre#ent" re#er"e flow of the fluid+ Tho"e emploing
#olumetri$ po"iti#e di"pla$ement where the prime mo#er of the diaphragm i"
ele$trome$hani$al( wor%ing through a $ran% or geared motor dri#e( or purel
me$hani$al( "u$h a" with a le#er or handle+ Thi" method fle1e" the diaphragm
through "imple me$hani$al a$tion( and one "ide of the diaphragm i" open to air+
<+ Tho"e emploing one or more un"ealed diaphragm" with the fluid to be
pumped on both "ide"+ The diaphragm/"0 again are fle1ed( $au"ing the #olume
to $hange+
-hen the #olume of a $hamber of either tpe of pump i" in$rea"ed /the diaphragm
mo#ing up0( the pre""ure de$rea"e"( and fluid i" drawn into the $hamber+ -hen the
$hamber pre""ure later in$rea"e" from de$rea"ed #olume /the diaphragm mo#ingdown0( the fluid pre#iou"l drawn in i" for$ed out+ 9inall( the diaphragm mo#ing up
on$e again draw" fluid into the $hamber( $ompleting the $$le+ Thi" a$tion i" "imilar
to that of the $linder in an internal $ombu"tion engine
Dia9hra# 9:9 >hara>.eri!.i>!
4+ .a#e good "u$tion lift $hara$teri"ti$"( "ome are low pre""ure pump" with low
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flow rate"L other" are $apable of higher flow rate"( dependent on the effe$ti#e
wor%ing diameter of the diaphragm and it" "tro%e length+ The $an handle
"ludge and "lurr with a relati#el high amount of grit and "olid $ontent+
<+ Suitable for di"$harge pre""ure up to 4(<;; bar
3+ .a#e good dr running $hara$teri"ti$"
=+ Can be u"ed to ma%e artifi$ial heart"+
>+ Are u"ed to ma%e air pump" for the filter" on "mall fi"h tan%"+
5+ Can be up to :7M effi$ient+
7+ .a#e good "elf priming $apabilitie"+
8+ Can handle highl #i"$ou" liquid"+ A #i"$o"it $orre$tion $hart $an be u"ed a" a
tool to help pre#ent under"i6ing AO* pump"+
:+ Are a#ailable for indu"trial( $hemi$al and hgieni$ appli$ation"
4;+ Cau"e a pul"ating flow that ma $au"e water hammer /Thi" $an be minimi"ed
b u"ing a pul"ation dampener0
+
)+2 N(zz7e
A no66le i" a de#i$e de"igned to $ontrol the dire$tion or $hara$teri"ti$" of a
fluid flow /e"pe$iall to in$rea"e #elo$it0 a" it e1it" /or enter"0 an en$lo"ed $hamber
or pipe+ A no66le i" often a pipe or tube of #aring $ro"" "e$tional area and it $an be
u"ed to dire$t or modif the flow of a fluid /liquid or ga"0+ No66le" are frequentl u"ed
to $ontrol the rate of flow( "peed( dire$tion( ma""( "hape( andGor the pre""ure of the
"tream that emerge" from them+
Fi# )+2 N(zz7e
)+2+1+ T89e! (/ n(zz7e!
)+2+1+1+ ,e.
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A ga" &et( fluid &et( or hdro &et i" a no66le intended to e&e$t ga" or fluid in a
$oherent "tream into a "urrounding medium+ @a" &et" are $ommonl found in ga"
"to#e"( o#en"( or barbe$ue"+ @a" &et" were $ommonl u"ed for light before the
de#elopment of ele$tri$ light+ Other tpe" of fluid &et" are found in $arburetor"( where
"mooth $alibrated orifi$e" are u"ed to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine( and in"pa"+ Another "pe$iali6ed &et i" the laminar &et+ Thi" i" a water &et that $ontain" de#i$e"
to "mooth out the pre""ure and flow( and gi#e" laminar flow( a" it" name "ugge"t"+
Thi" gi#e" better re"ult" for fountain"+
Jet no66le" are al"o u"e in large room" where the di"tribution of air #ia $eiling
diffu"er" i" not po""ible or not pra$ti$al+ *iffu"er that u"e" &et no66le" i" $alled &et
diffu"er where it will be arranged in the "ide wall area" in order to di"tribute air+ -hen
the temperature differen$e between the "uppl air and the room air $hange"( the
"uppl air "tream i" defle$ted upward"( to "uppl warm air( or downward"( to "uppl$old air+
)+2+1+2+ Hi#h 6e7(>i.8
9requentl( the goal i" to in$rea"e the %ineti$ energ of the flowing medium at the
e1pen"e of it" pre""ure and internal energ+ No66le" $an be de"$ribed a" $on#ergent
/narrowing down from a wide diameter to a "maller diameter in the dire$tion of the
flow0 or di#ergent /e1panding from a "maller diameter to a larger one0+ A de )a#al
no66le ha" a $on#ergent "e$tion followed b a di#ergent "e$tion and i" often $alled a
$on#ergentdi#ergent no66le+
Con#ergent no66le" a$$elerate "ub"oni$ fluid"+ If the no66le pre""ure ratio i" high
enough( then the flow will rea$h "oni$ #elo$it at the narrowe"t point /i+e+ the no66le
throat0+ In thi" "ituation( the no66le i" "aid to be $ho%ed+
In$rea"ing the no66le pre""ure ratio further will not in$rea"e the throat 'a$h number
abo#e one+ *own"tream the flow i" free to e1pand to "uper"oni$ #elo$itie"L howe#er
'a$h 4 $an be a #er high "peed for a hot ga" be$au"e the "peed of "ound #arie" a" the
"quare root of ab"olute temperature+ Thi" fa$t i" u"ed e1ten"i#el in ro$%etr wherehper"oni$ flow" are required and where propellant mi1ture" are deliberatel $ho"en
to further in$rea"e the "oni$ "peed+
*i#ergent no66le" "low fluid" if the flow i" "ub"oni$( but the a$$elerate "oni$ or
"uper"oni$ fluid"+
Con#ergentdi#ergent no66le" $an therefore a$$elerate fluid" that ha#e $ho%ed in the
$on#ergent "e$tion to "uper"oni$ "peed"+ Thi" C* pro$e"" i" more effi$ient than
allowing a $on#ergent no66le to e1pand "uper"oni$all e1ternall+ The "hape of the
di#ergent "e$tion al"o en"ure" that the dire$tion of the e"$aping ga"e" i" dire$tl
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ba$%ward"( a" an "idewa" $omponent would not $ontribute to thru"t+
)+2+1+) Pr(9e77in#
A &et e1hau"t produ$e" a net thru"t from the energ obtained from
$ombu"ting fuel whi$h i" added to the indu$ted air+ Thi" hot air pa""e" through a high
"peed no66le( a propelling no66le( whi$h enormou"l in$rea"e" it" %ineti$ energ+
In$rea"ing e1hau"t #elo$it in$rea"e" thru"t for a gi#en ma"" flow( but mat$hing the
e1hau"t #elo$it to the air "peed pro#ide" the be"t energ effi$ien$+ .owe#er(
momentum $on"ideration" pre#ent &et air$raft from maintaining #elo$it while
e1$eeding their e1hau"t &et "peed+ The engine" of "uper"oni$ &et air$raft( "u$h a" tho"e
of fighter" and SST air$raft /e+g+ Con$orde0 almo"t alwa" a$hie#e the high e1hau"t
"peed" therefore ne$e""ar for "uper"oni$ flight b u"ing a C* no66le de"pite weight
and $o"t penaltie"L $on#er"el( "ub"oni$ &et engine" emplo relati#el low( "ub"oni$(e1hau"t #elo$itie" and therefore emplo "imple $on#ergent no66le( or e#en bpa""
no66le" at e#en lower "peed"+
Ro$%et motor" ma1imi6e thru"t and e1hau"t #elo$it b u"ing $on#ergentdi#ergent
no66le" with #er large area ratio" and therefore e1tremel high pre""ure ratio"+ 'a""
flow i" at a premium be$au"e all the propul"i#e ma"" i" $arried with #ehi$le( and #er
high e1hau"t "peed" are de"irable+
)+2+1+5 Ma#ne.i>
'agneti$ no66le" ha#e al"o been propo"ed for "ome tpe" of propul"ion( "u$h
a" ?ASI'R( in whi$h the flow of pla"ma i" dire$ted b magneti$ field" in"tead of
wall" made of "olid matter
)+2+1+% S9ra8
'an no66le" produ$e a #er fine "pra of liquid"+
4+ A.(izer n(zz7e! are u"ed for "pra painting( perfume"( $arburetor" for
internal $ombu"tion engine"( "pra on deodorant"( antiper"pirant" and man
other u"e"+
<+ Air@A!9ira.in# N(zz7e u"e" an opening in the $one "haped no66le to in&e$t air
into a "tream of water ba"ed foam /CA9SGA999G999P0 to ma%e the $on$entrate
Hfoam upH+ 'o"t $ommonl found on foam e1tingui"her" and foam hand line"+
3+ Swir7 n(zz7e! in&e$t the liquid in tangentiall( and it "piral" into the $enter and
then e1it" through the $entral hole+ *ue to the #orte1ing thi" $au"e" the "pra to
$ome out in a $one "hape+
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Fi# )+) In.erna7 S.r:>.:re (/ N(zz7e
)+2+2 N(zz7e 9er/(ran>e /a>.(r!
)+2+2+1+ Li:i- 9r(9er.ie!
Almo"t all drop "i6e data "upplied b no66le manufa$turer" are ba"ed on "praing
water under laborator $ondition"( 7; 9 /<4 C0+ The effe$t of liquid propertie""hould be under"tood and a$$ounted for when "ele$ting a no66le for a pro$e"" that i"
drop "i6e "en"iti#e+
)+2+2+2 Te9era.:re
)iquid temperature $hange" do not dire$tl affe$t no66le performan$e( but $an affe$t
#i"$o"it( "urfa$e ten"ion( and "pe$ifi$ gra#it( whi$h $an then influen$e "pra no66le
performan$e+
)+2+2+) S9e>i/i> #ra6i.8
Spe$ifi$ gra#it i" the ratio of the ma"" of a gi#en #olume of liquid to the ma"" of the
"ame #olume of water+ In "praing( the main effe$t of the "pe$ifi$ gra#it Sg of a
liquid other than water i" on the $apa$it of the "pra no66le+ All #endor"upplied
performan$e data for no66le" are ba"ed on "praing water+ To determine the
#olumetri$ flow rate ( of a liquid other than water the following equation "hould be
u"ed+
)+2+2+5 "i!>(!i.8
*nami$ #i"$o"it i" defined a" the propert of a liquid that re"i"t" $hange in the
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"hape or arrangement of it" element" during flow+ )iquid #i"$o"it primaril affe$t"
"pra pattern formation and drop "i6e+ )iquid" with a high #i"$o"it require a higher
minimum pre""ure to begin "pra pattern formation and ield narrower "pra angle"
$ompared to water+
)+2+2+% S:r/a>e .en!i(n
The "urfa$e ten"ion of a liquid tend" to a""ume the "malle"t po""ible "i6e( a$ting a" a
membrane under ten"ion+ An portion of the liquid "urfa$e e1ert" a ten"ion upon
ad&a$ent portion" or upon other ob&e$t" that it $onta$t"+ Thi" for$e i" in the plane of the
"urfa$e( and it" amount per unit of length i" "urfa$e ten"ion+ The #alue for water i"
about ;+;73 NGm at <4 C+ The main effe$t" of "urfa$e ten"ion are on minimum
operating pre""ure( "pra angle( and drop "i6e+ Surfa$e ten"ion i" more apparent at low
operating pre""ure"+ A higher "urfa$e ten"ion redu$e" the "pra angle( parti$ularl on
hollow $one no66le"+ )ow "urfa$e ten"ion" $an allow no66le" to be operated at lower
pre""ure"+
)+2+2+* N(zz7e wear
No66le wear i" indi$ated b an in$rea"e in no66le $apa$it and b a $hange in the
"pra pattern( in whi$h the di"tribution /uniformit of "pra pattern0 deteriorate" and
in$rea"e" drop "i6e+ Choi$e of a wear re"i"tant material of $on"tru$tion in$rea"e"
no66le life+ Be$au"e man "ingle fluid no66le" are u"ed to meter flow"( worn no66le"
re"ult in e1$e""i#e liquid u"age+
)+2+2+*+1 Ma.eria7 (/ >(n!.r:>.i(n
The material of $on"tru$tion i" "ele$ted ba"ed on the fluid propertie" of the liquid that
i" to be "praed and the en#ironment "urrounding the no66le+ Spra no66le" are mo"t
$ommonl fabri$ated from metal"( "u$h a" bra""( Stainle"" "teel( and ni$%el allo"( but
pla"ti$" "u$h a" PT9E and P?C and $erami$" /alumina and "ili$on $arbide0 are al"o
u"ed+ Se#eral fa$tor" mu"t be $on"idered( in$luding ero"i#e wear( $hemi$al atta$%( and
the effe$t" of high temperature+
)+) S(7ar Pane7
Solar panel" are de#i$e" that $on#ert light into ele$tri$it+ The are $alled
H"olarH panel" be$au"e mo"t of the time( the mo"t powerful "our$e of light a#ailable i"
the Sun( $alled Sol b a"tronomer"+ Some "$ienti"t" $all them photo#oltai$ whi$h
mean"( ba"i$all( Hlightele$tri$itH+ A "olar panel i" a $olle$tion of "olar $ell"+ )ot" of "mall "olar $ell" "pread o#er a large area $an wor% together to pro#ide enough power
to be u"eful+ The more light that hit" a $ell( the more ele$tri$it it produ$e"+
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Photo#oltai$ i" the field of te$hnolog and re"ear$h related to the pra$ti$al appli$ation
of photo#oltai$ $ell" in produ$ing ele$tri$it from light( though it i" often u"ed
"pe$ifi$all to refer to the generation of ele$tri$it from "unlight+ Cell" $an be
de"$ribed a" photo#oltai$ e#en when the light "our$e i" not ne$e""aril "unlight
/lamplight( artifi$ial light( et$+0+
The operation of a photo#oltai$ /P?0 $ell require" 3 ba"i$ attribute",
40 The ab"orption of light( generating ele$tronhole pair"+
<0 The "eparation of $harge $arrier" of oppo"ite tpe"+
30 The "eparate e1tra$tion of tho"e $arrier" to an e1ternal $ir$uit+
)+)+1 B:i7-in# <7(>'! (/ a S(7ar Pane7
A""emblie" of photo#oltai$ $ell" are u"ed to ma%e "olar module" whi$h generate
ele$tri$al power from "unlight+ 'ultiple $ell" in an integrated group( all oriented inone plane( $on"titute a "olar photo#oltai$ panel or H"olar photo#oltai$ module(H a"
di"tingui"hed from a H"olar thermal moduleH or H"olar hot water panel+H The ele$tri$al
energ generated from "olar module"( $olloquiall referred to a" "olar power( i" an
e1ample of "olar energ+ A group of $onne$ted "olar module" i" $alled an Harra+H
S(7ar Pane7
)+)+2 The(r8 an- >(n!.r:>.i(n
Solar module" u"e light energ /photon"0 from the "un to generate ele$tri$it through
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the photo#oltai$ effe$t+ The ma&orit of module" u"e waferba"ed $r"talline "ili$on
$ell" or thinfilm $ell" ba"ed on $admium telluride or "ili$on+ The "tru$tural /load
$arring0 member of a module $an either be the top laer or the ba$% laer+ Cell" mu"t
al"o be prote$ted from me$hani$al damage and moi"ture+ 'o"t "olar module" are
rigid( but "emifle1ible one" are a#ailable( ba"ed on thinfilm $ell"+ The"e earl "olar module" were fir"t u"ed in "pa$e in 4:>8+
Ele$tri$al $onne$tion" are made in "erie" to a$hie#e a de"ired output #oltage andGor in
parallel to pro#ide a de"ired $urrent $apabilit+ The $ondu$ting wire" that ta%e the
$urrent off the module" ma $ontain "il#er( $opper or other nonmagneti$ $ondu$ti#e
tran"ition metal"+ The $ell" mu"t be $onne$ted ele$tri$all to one another and to the
re"t of the ""tem+ E1ternall( popular terre"trial u"age photo#oltai$ module" u"e 'C3
/older0 or 'C= $onne$tor" to fa$ilitate ea" weatherproof $onne$tion" to the re"t of
the ""tem+ Bpa"" diode" ma be in$orporated or u"ed e1ternall( in $a"e of partialmodule "hading( to ma1imi6e the output of module "e$tion" "till illuminated+
Some re$ent "olar module de"ign" in$lude $on$entrator" in whi$h light i" fo$u"ed b
len"e" or mirror" onto an arra of "maller $ell"+ Thi" enable" the u"e of $ell" with a
high $o"t per unit area /"u$h a" gallium ar"enide0 in a $o"teffe$ti#e wa+
)+)+) E//i>ien>ie!
*epending on $on"tru$tion( photo#oltai$ module" $an produ$e ele$tri$it from a range
of frequen$ie" of light( but u"uall $annot $o#er the entire "olar range /"pe$ifi$all(ultra#iolet( infrared and low or diffu"ed light0+ .en$e mu$h of the in$ident "unlight
energ i" wa"ted b "olar module"( and the $an gi#e far higher effi$ien$ie" if
illuminated with mono$hromati$ light+ Therefore( another de"ign $on$ept i" to "plit the
light into different wa#elength range" and dire$t the beam" onto different $ell" tuned
to tho"e range"+ Thi" ha" been pro&e$ted to be $apable of rai"ing effi$ien$ b <>M+
)+)+5 Re>8>7in#
'o"t part" of a "olar module $an be re$$led in$luding up to :7M of $ertain
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"emi$ondu$tor material" or the gla"" a" well a" large amount" of ferrou" and non
ferrou" metal"+ Some pri#ate $ompanie" and nonprofit organi6ation" are $urrentl
engaged in ta%eba$% and re$$ling operation" for endoflife module"+ Re$$ling
po""ibilitie" depend on the %ind of te$hnolog u"ed in the module",
1+ Si7i>(n <a!e- (-:7e!, Aluminum frame" and &un$tion bo1e" are
di"mantled manuall at the beginning of the pro$e""+ The module i" then
$ru"hed in a mill and the different fra$tion" are "eparated gla""( pla"ti$" and
metal"+ It i" po""ible to re$o#er more than 8;M of the in$oming weight+ Thi"
pro$e"" $an be performed b flat gla"" re$$ler" "in$e morpholog and
$ompo"ition of a P? module i" "imilar to tho"e flat gla""e" u"ed in the
building and automoti#e indu"tr+ The re$o#ered gla"" for e1ample i" readil
a$$epted b the gla"" foam and gla"" in"ulation indu"tr+
2+ N(n@!i7i>(n <a!e- (-:7e!, The require "pe$ifi$ re$$ling te$hnologie""u$h a" the u"e of $hemi$al bath" in order to "eparate the different
"emi$ondu$tor material"+ 9or $admium telluride module"( the re$$ling
pro$e"" begin" b $ru"hing the module and "ub"equentl "eparating the
different fra$tion"+ Thi" re$$ling pro$e"" i" de"igned to re$o#er up to :;M of
the gla"" and :>M of the "emi$ondu$tor material" $ontained+ Some
$ommer$ial"$ale re$$ling fa$ilitie" ha#e been $reated in re$ent ear" b
pri#ate $ompanie"+
)+)+% The C:rren. S>enari(
@reen afi$ionado" all o#er the world re&oi$ed when total power $apa$it
from the renewable "our$e" o#ertoo% worldwide produ$tion of nu$lear power( in <;44+
And( in that "olid figure pertaining to 384 @- of renewable power( "olar power alone
a$$ounted for a $redible $hun% of more than =3 @-( whi$h i" greater than 44 per$ent+
But( more importantl( the $o"t fa$tor whi$h ha" traditionall po"ed a" a predi$ament
to "olar energ( i" $learl in the pro$e"" of being "ub"idi6ed( to allow for more large
"$ale in"tallation" of photo#oltai$ grid"+ In fa$t( a$$ording to "ome "our$e"( man
large "$ale P? in"tallation" are $o"t effe$ti#e enough to pro#ide pri$e $ompetition toe#en $on#entional power from $oal and ga"e"+
)+)+%+1 The Pr(<7e!
-hen we $on"ider a dome"ti$ ambit( the $on#entional form of "olar power i"
"till $on"trained to roof top "ili$on ba"ed P? $ell"( whi$h a$$ount for greater up front
$o"t than that of ele$tri$it deri#ed from the main grid+ Thi" e1pen"i#e trend "e#erel
limit" the green te$hnologD" rea$h( e"pe$iall to the $ommon manD+
On the other hand( we do "ee the in$rea"ing quantit of "olar energ in"tallation""prouting in man lo$alitie"( thu" $ontributing to the high figure" e1hibited b modern
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"tandard" of "olar power+ .owe#er( from an unbia"ed per"pe$ti#e( the ma&orit of "u$h
in"tallation" and large "$ale pro&e$t" are being initiated in de#eloped $ountrie" in
Europe and North Ameri$a+ But( when we $on"ider emerging e$onomie" li%e China
and India( with a large population ba"e( their "olar power related endea#or" are "till
$omparati#el negligible+
In "impler term"( "olar energ ""tem" ha#e $ertainl progre""ed in "ome regional
quarter"( but "till la$% the adequate planning when it $ome" to a $olle$ti#e global
"$ale+
)+)+%+2 S>(9e /(r i9r(6een.
The onl an"wer to "u$h predi$ament" i" the ad#an$ement of the pre"ent "olar
ba"ed te$hnologie"( and their e#olution to a $o"t effe$ti#e et effi$ient "$ope+
9ortunatel( the $ore "tati"ti$al figure" and e"timation" $ertainl atte"t to a bright
future for "olar energ+ In fa$t( International Energ Agen$ ha" alread predi$ted that
"impli"ti$ "olar ba"ed ""tem" li%e "olar water heater" and power "tation" built with
mirror" $ould pro#ide a third of the worldD" energ b <;5;+
'oreo#er( with the full "wing of "u"tainabilit in "ome "e$tor" li%e $on"tru$tion and
automoti#e indu"trie"( there ha#e been "ome $redible et adroit $on$eption" that
addre"" thi" $olle$ti#e i""ue+ -ith their full fledged de#elopment( we $an $ertainl
hope for a low emi""ion( effi$ient energ fueled future( with ea" a$$e""ibilit to
"u"tainable power for the a#erage $on"umer+
a3F7ei<7e S(7ar Ce77!
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F7ei<7e S(7ar Ce77
9le1ible "olar $ell" ha#e long been u"ed in mobile gadget"( b #irtue of their relati#el
portable nature+ In thi" regard( man $ompanie" are ingeniou"l tring to u"e the
te$hnolog in it" roof top iteration+ Ba$% in <;4;( SoloPower de"igned their #er"ion of
fle1ible panel" for $ommer$ial rooftop"( with a "ub"tantial 44 per$ent effi$ien$+ Their
produ$t $ompri"ed of a $ompo"ite of $opper( indium( gallium and "elenium( whi$h
wa" then embedded in a fle1ible foil+
Some re"ear$he" e#en hinged on the organi$ "ide of affair"( in whi$h de" were
"ta$%ed into porou" <* "heet"+ 9or e1ample( re"ear$her" at Cornell !ni#er"it$on$ei#ed a "tru$ture %nown a" a $o#alent organi$ framewor% /CO90+ The organi$ de
mole$ule" were then ab"orbedD b thi" "tru$ture to form a framewor% for fle1ible
"olar $ell"+
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<3 In6i!i<7e S(7ar Ce77!
In6i!i<7e S(7ar Ce77!
In another allu"ion to OP? /Organi$ Photo ?oltai$0 te$hnolog( National Renewable
Energ )aborator "$ienti"t" ha#e $ontri#ed a unique "olar $ell( whi$h i" $ompletel
tran"parent+ Coming at a "i6e of around 47; "q $m( whi$h i" 4= time" larger than their
la"t attempt( the de"igner" "a ea$h module $an ea"il be fi1ed a" a window pane
along building fa$ade"+ In it" $urrent "tage( the $ell" offer an effi$ien$ of around 8
per$ent+ .owe#er( the relati#el low $o"t of in"talling the module" $an $ounter
balan$e their $omparati#el inferior energ output+
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>3 Prin.a<7e S(7ar Ce77!
Prin.a<7e S(7ar Ce77!
The te$hnolog of printable "olar $ell" in"inuate" e1a$tl what their name "ugge"t", a
new tpe of fle1ible( large "heet( reel to reel "olar $ell that $an be produ$ed /or rather printed0 on a $ommer$ial "$ale+ Con$ei#ed with ele$trolte "u"pended parti$le" of
"emi$ondu$ting titanium dio1ide that are $oated with light ab"orbing de"( the
re"ulting "olution i" u"ed a" in% for printing the "olar $ell+ In fa$t( man re"ear$he"
ha#e ad#an$ed beond thi" ambit to $reate multi laered "olar $ell"+ Some of them $an
e#en be wrapped around pla"ti$( paper or metal to in$rea"e their effi$ien$ to a
"ignifi$ant 4> to <> per$ent+
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-3S(7ar Fa<ri>
S
(7ar Fa<ri>
Thi" inno#ati#e te$hnologi$al fa$et entail" the u"age of P? $ell" embedded within
human $lothing+ Some of the $ompanie" li%e JapanD" Ideal Star ha#e "u$$eeded inin$orporating polmer ba"ed "olar $ell" into the intri$ate thread" of $loth+ Other more
$olle$ti#e endea#or"are related to dual nature of energ harne""ing( b whi$h a hbrid
photo#oltai$ pie6oele$tri$ material $ould be integrated into the te1tile fiber+
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e3 S9ra8 (n !(7ar >e77
S9ra8 (n !(7ar >e77
Prett "imilar to the printable "olar $ell te$hnolog( the"e "olar har#e"ting $omponent"
are generall $reated b "praing a "pe$ial %ind of nano parti$le ba"ed in% on the
dedi$ated panel"+ In thi" regard( a Norwegian $ompan En"ol ha" en#i"aged a "$ope
where a newer tpe of thin film photo#oltai$ $ell $an be "u$$e""full painted onto
building "urfa$e" that are flat+ In another in"tan$e( re"ear$her" at !ni#er"it of South
9lorida ha#e found out a wa of "praing diluted organi$ polmer on ad&u"table "olar
panel"+
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/3 Se7/ Re9airin# S(7ar Ce77!
Se7/ Re9airin# S(7ar Ce77!
Arguabl the mo"t no#el of all the "olar power generating me$hani"m"( the fa"$inating
"$ope of "elf repairing "olar $ell" i" being pur"ued b 'i$hael Strano( a profe""or at
the 'IT+ In a $on#entional ambit( mo"t "olar $ell" degrade due to prolonged e1po"ure
to the "un ra"+ .owe#er( in thi" $a"e( hi" team ha" $reated a prototpe $ompo"ed of
"e#eral $omponent" in$luding a photo"en"iti#e protein( a fatt "ub"tan$e %nown a"
pho"pholipid and "turd $arbon nanotube"+ Thi" dnami$D $ompo"ition in turn ha" the
potential to regenerate the $ellD" indi#idual "olar energ $apturing $apabilit+
-ith the"e new tpe" of te$hnologie" ma%ing their pre"en$e felt in our "o$ietal "$ale(two #er important ad#antage" $ome into $on"ideration+ 9ir"tl( their appli$abilit i"
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enhan$ed b their intrin"i$ nature of fle1ibilit and u"er $on#enien$e+ A" a matter of
fa$t( their $ontinued progre""ion $an help u" mo#e beond the $umber"ome "$ope of
in"talling panel arra" on roof top"+ Se$ondl( and more importantl( "u$h inno#ati#e
$on$eption" $an po"e a" $o"t effe$ti#e et "u"tainable "olution"( thu" pu"hing forththrough the na"$ent "tate of our "olar power indu"tr+ Of $our"e( all of the"e #enture"
ha#e to be en#i"aged and applied from a gra"" root le#el( thu" upholding the di$tum of
$olle$ti#e enri$hment+
)+5 Ba..er8
Batter i" de"igned to meet Indu"trial Standard"+ The batter wor%" on ga"re$ombination te$hnolog( whi$h eliminate" the need to top up the batterie" with
water periodi$all and i" mounted hori6ontall in robu"t "ta$%able "teel module"+
Con"tru$tional .ighlight"
1+ 9lame retardant $ell $a"e+
2+ Proprietar pro$e"" te$hnolog ideal for all $limati$ Condition"+
)+ Robu"t ae"theti$all attra$ti#e modular de"ign with thermal $ontrol
feature"+
5+ !nique European tpe wide ele$trode de"ign+ %+ )ea% re"i"tant double "eal terminal de"ign+
*+ Effi$ient Effe$ti#e ?ent ?al#e A""embl+
)+5+1 A-6an.a#e!
1+ @a" re$ombination te$hnolog that eliminate" the need to add water+2+ In"tallation that i" high on $on#enien$e i" friendl pro#ide" pea$e of mind+
)+ Robu"t ae"theti$all attra$ti#e modular de"ign with thermal $ontrol feature"+
5+ Effe$ti#e repeatable #al#e operation that wor%" within a narrow pre""ure
band+
%+ .igh performan$e operation with no maintenan$e /doe"nDt require routine water
addition" or "pe$ifi$ gra#it $he$%"0+ *+ Effi$ient Effe$ti#e ?ent ?al#e A""embl+
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)+5+2+ Char#in# S9e>i/i>a.i(n!
Tpe of Charging Con"tant Potential Current )imited
9loat #oltage and $urrent <+<> ?olt" Per Cell at <7C and $urrent
3 to > mA per A.
Boo"t #oltage and $urrent <+3; ?olt" Per Cell at <7C $urrent
ma1 <;M of the A. $apa$it
AC Ripple 'a1+ 3M R'S
)+5+)+ Cir>:i. -ia#ra (/ <a..er8
Cir>:i. -ia#ra
)+5+5+ Fea.:re!
4+ -hen the $harger i" $harging the batter( a pro"perou" and #entilated en#ironment
"hould be maintained+
<+ A "pe$ial $are "hould be ta%en to %eep the $harger awa from the item that $an
$au"e damage to it+
3+ -hile $harging( fir"t $onne$t the terminal" and then turn on the power+
=+ In $a"e of u"e of $harger( near the water "u$h a" in bathroom( "pe$ial $are "hould
be ta%en to a#oid an "ort of ele$tri$ "ho$%" that $an $au"e fire+
>+ The"e $harger" are not ad#i"able to be $arried in $ar+
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)+5+%+A-6an.a#e! an- Bene/i.!
1+ )onger batter life will la"t 3>1 longer than an equi#alent S)A or ?R)A batter
2+ )ightweight 3;M of the weight of an S)A 4<? =+>A. lead a$id batter)+ -ide temperature performan$e
5+ Can be "afel $harged with a lead a$id batter $harging ""tem7
%+ )ow "elfdi"$harge
*+ 'aintain" higher #oltage during di"$harge than lead a$id&+ Can "tore at an "tate of $harge without degradation
8+ Safer than traditional lithium ion batterie"( hermeti$all "ealed
$+ Built in o#er $harge and o#er di"$harge prote$tion
1+ Built in o#er $urrent prote$tion )+5+*+ Pr(-:>. T89e
Repla$ement for 4<? 47Ah )ead A$id Batter
No memor effe$t Built in "hort $ir$uit prote$tion+
)+5+&+ A997i>a.i(n! Perfe$t for motor$$le "tarter( 4<?*C power( medi$al
equipment( )E* light power "uppl( "olar power+
N(.e
The"e $an be u"ed in parallel to in$rea"e the $apa$it( but the $annot be u"ed in "erie"
to in$rea"e the #oltage+
)+% Tan'! an- >hei>a7!
)+%+1 T89e! (/ S9ra8 P(78:re.hane F(a Pr(-:>.!
Spra polurethane foam /SP90 i" a highleffe$ti#e and widel u"ed
in"ulation and air "ealant material+ .owe#er( e1po"ure" to it" %e ingredient(
i"o$anate"( and other SP9 $hemi$al" in #apor"( aero"ol"( and du"t during and after
in"tallation $an $au"e a"thma( "en"iti6ation( lung damage( other re"pirator and
breathing problem"( and "%in and ee irritation+
To $reate the final SP9 in"ulation or "ealant produ$t( a $hemi$al rea$tion of two$omponent part" ha" to o$$ur+ Chemi$al" in SP9 produ$t" lea#e the gun( no66le( or
"traw and form a foam a" the $hemi$al" rea$t+ Safe wor% pra$ti$e" "hould be in pla$e
to a#oid e1po"ure at e#er "tage of SP9 in"tallation+
1+ Tpe" of SP9 Produ$t"
2+ Information on Other In"ulation Produ$t"
The $hemi$al $omponent"( parti$ularl i"o$anate"( and related ha6ard" are "imilar for
the #ariou" tpe" of SP9 produ$t "on the mar%et+ The polol blend /"ide B0 of SP9
produ$t" $ontain" a #ariet of proprietar $hemi$al" that pro#ide "pe$ifi$ performan$e
fun$tion" i+e( $atal"t( flame retardant et$+
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.owe#er( the amount of produ$t u"ed( the deli#er me$hani"m( and o#erall
appli$ation pro$e"" differ" for ea$h tpe of SP9 produ$tL therefore( the potential for
e1po"ure ma #ar( though there i" potential for ee( "%in( and inhalation e1po"ure to
ha6ardou" $hemi$al" with all tpe" of SP9 produ$t"+ Remember to u"e the appropriate
prote$tion and be"t pra$ti$e" "uited for ea$h tpe of SP9 produ$t+
)+%+2 T89e! (/ S9ra8 P(78:re.hane F(a Pr(-:>. There are three main tpe" of
SP9 produ$t"( ea$h of whi$h ha#e different appli$ation u"e"( but all the SP9 produ$t"
require the u"e of prote$ti#e equipment in order to pre#ent e1po"ure to i"o$anate"
and other SP9 $hemi$al"+ See below for more information on the differen$e" and
"imilaritie" of the SP9 produ$t"+
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CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY
5+1 "(7:e.ri> Me.h(-, In thi" method water i" $olle$ted in a mea"uring tan%
of %nown internal dimen"ion"+ The following "tep" are in#ol#ed in the
mea"urement of di"$harge,
1+ Clo"e the #al#e of mea"uring tan%+
2+ Colle$t "ome water depth in the tan% and note it" initial reading+
)+ !"ing a "top wat$h( note down the time required for the water to ri"e "a to
final le#el and note down the final reading+
5+2 Gra6ie.ri> Me.h(-, In thi" method( di"$harging water i" $olle$ted in a
$ontainer i" then pla$ed on a weighing ma$hine and ma"" of water thu"
$olle$ted i" determined+ The #olume i" $al$ulated b di#iding thi" ma""
den"it of water +The di"$harge i" then $omputed b di#iding #olume b
time during whi$h water i" $olle$ted+
5+) ANA)SIS of pump+
5+5 Sele$t the appropriate batter and pump for the pro&e$t+
5+% Sele$t the "uitable power of "olar panel for $harging batter+
5+* Pur$ha"ing all me$hani$al and ele$tri$al $omponent required to $omplete
the pro&e$t li%e pump( batter( tan%( "olar panel et$+5+& A""emble the #ariou" $omponent"+
5+ A""emble the pump and batter in"ide the plate+
5+$ Appl #ariou" manufa$turing operation" "u$h a" ri#eting( drilling( round
filing et$+
5+1 Te"ting and e#aluating the "et up performan$e+
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Mea!:reen. (/ Di!>har#e
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CHAPTER % TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
%+1 Li!. (/ >(9(nen.! :!e- The $apa$it( running $o"t and e$onomi$ anal"i" of the e1i"ting model in the mar%et are a" below
C(9(nen. S9e>i/i>a.i(n
S(7ar 9ane7 • Panel Si6e ,=7$m<:$m
• Co"t of the Panel , R"+4<;;G
• -eight of the Panel , 4G<%g
• *urabilit of the Solar Panel
*epend upon handling and $an la"t
for more than 3 ear"+P:9 • -eight of the Pump, Q g
/appro10
• Operating power required ,=8 -att
• Operating ?oltage , 4< ?
• Operating $urrent , = Amp
• Pump pre""ure , 3>p"i
• Pump Co"t , R"+ 7;;
Ba..er8 • -eight of the batter ,5 g
• Co"t of the batter , R"+7>;
• Output power , =8 watt
• Operating #oltage , 4<#
• Current , = Amp
• Power rating, 7+< A.
Tan' • Capa$it of tan%, 4> )tr+
• Operating $o"t, No operating $o"t+
• Running $o"t, No running $o"t+
• Tan% $o"t, R" <;;
• Chemi$al u"ed in one hour,5; )tr+
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CHAPTER * RES0LTS AND DISC0SSIONS
*i"$harge i" gi#en b,
( L×B×h)
t
If )( B( . are in meter than i" in m3G"+
-here( ) length of tan% =;$m
B breadth of tan% <>+<$m
h -ater ri"e in mea"uring tan% in time inter#al( t+
t i" the time inter#al between the di"$harge+
Area of no66le
i3 F(r 1 9(re
A =
π
4d2
;+;7;58>$m< /d i" diameter of pore";+4>$m0
NO+OFPORES
INITIALHEIGHT
>3
FINALHEIGHT
>3
TIMEINTER"AL
!e>(n-3
DISCHARGE >)!3
"ELOCITY"JA!3
FOR 1
PORE
44+4 44+> <> 45+4<8 <+<8
44+> 44+: <> 48+:> <+58
44+: 4<+= <> <;+45 <+8>
4<+= 4<+8= <> 48+4== <+>5
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CHAPTER & CONCL0SION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1+ Thi" Te$hnolog i" more "uitable for Energ Alternate *e#i$e for power "praer+
2+ The farming $ommunit i" more dnami$ and the $an a$$ept the pro#ed
te$hnolog for implementation+
)+ 'oreo#er the "ame te$hnique and te$hnolog $an al"o be e1tended for all tpe of power "praer+
5+ *i"$harge will be ma1imum around gate opening between => M >>M+ After that it
will de$rea"e( the main rea"on of de$rea"e i" $hange in head $ontinuou"l a" the time
and di"$harge pro$eed+
&+1+ F:.:re !>(9e
The goal of thi" re"ear$h i" to de#elop effi$ient and affordable "praer" that u"e
te$hnolog to re"pond to $rop "i6e and pre"en$e+ The "praer then u"e" thatinformation to #ar the flow of pe"ti$ide" from no66le" during appli$ation"+ B
"praing onl the targeted plant"( the "praer" ha#e potential to redu$e the #olume of
pe"ti$ide" u"ed while pro#iding $omparable $ontrol of the pe"t"+ Thi" "hould de$rea"e
"pra lo"t on the "oil or b drift and al"o ha" potential for a "ignifi$ant redu$tion in
operating $o"t"( effi$a$+ -e are e#aluating a #ariablerate( aira""i"t "praer for field
effi$a$+ The aira""i"t "praer u"e" a more "en"iti#e la"er "en"or and ha" the
ad#antage of dete$ting $anop den"it a" well a" pre"en$e+
&+2+ S>(9e an- .he /:.:re (/ .he 9r(;e>.
The following wor% i" "ugge"ted to be $arried out b future re"ear$her",
1+ 9uture Requirement" of Agri$ultural 'a$hine" for 'e$hani6ing Agri$ulture+
2+ In #illage e$o ""tem 8;M of the total energ "pent goe" to dome"ti$ "e$tor and to
that 8;M goe" for $oo%ing + rural %it$hen are full of "mo%e + ill illuminated ( $au"e of
man health ha6ard"+ ualit of fuel de$ide qualit of life to a hou"ewife (rural or
urban ali%e + in that "$enario bioga" lantern ( bioga" run o#en( "olar $oo%er" indi#idual
and $ommunit tpe ( "olar water heater are under promotion and are li%el toin$rea"e in number "upplementing and "ub"tituting $on#entional $oo%ing and water
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heating+
&+)+ A-6an.a#e! (/ !(7ar 9(were- !9ra8er
1. The new de#i$e u"ed to water $rop" depend" on a batter atta$hed to a "olar panel(
repre"enting a greener alternati#e to the fuel engine" powering it" prede$e""or"+
2+ No fuel mean" no harmful emi""ion" will rea$h the atmo"phere+ The newlte"ted
in#ention $ould definitel impro#e agri$ultural pra$ti$e"+
Al"o( the "olarpowered "praer i" alread prai"ed b poor farmer"( due to it"monetar ad#antage"+ Sin$e fuel pri$e" go through the roof nowada"( affordable
"olarpowered applian$e" are $on"idered a gold mine b wor%er" with a low in$ome+
)+ If the 4< #olt 7 amp batter i" full $harged( the de#i$e $an fun$tion for up to 8
hour"+ E#en under the"e $ir$um"tan$e"( if the batter fail" to pro#ide enough power(
the e1i"ting "olar panel" atta$hed to a helmet worn b wor%er" $an be $on"idered a
#iable "our$e of renewable power+
5+ A ma&or plu" i" that the impro#ed de"ign ma%e" the "a$% on the "praer lighter(
therefore ea"ier to be mo#ed from one pla$e to another both b men and women+
%+ 'oreo#er( the "olarpowered "praer i" $on"idered a pre$iou" tool( "ee%ing to
impro#e $rop qualit b hal#ing the amount of harmful pe"ti$ide" u"uall required+
*+ The inno#ati#e te$hnique in$rea"e" the profit margin" obtained b poor farmer" and
impro#e" the qualit of fre"h food we pur$ha"e and en&o on a dail ba"i"+
&+ The "olar "praer ha" man ad#antage"+ Be"ide" redu$ing the $o"t of "praing( there
i" a "a#ing on fuelGpetrol+ Al"o( the tran"portation $o"t for buing petrol i" "a#ed+ The
"olar "praer maintenan$e i" "imple+ There i" le"" #ibration a" $ompared to the petrol"praer+ The farmer $an do the "praing operation b him"elf without engaging labour(
thu" in$rea"ing "praing effi$ien$+
+ The "olar power ""tem in the "praer fa$ilitate" lighting of wirele"" light trap"D
whi$h $ontrol" in"e$t pe"t" and redu$e" the number of in"e$ti$ide "pra" b fift
per$ent $utting the $o"t of $ulti#ation+ Thi" al"o redu$e" pe"ti$ide re"idue" in the
agri$ulture( horti$ulture and animal produ$t"( impro#ing the qualit of the produ$t"+
The light trap" $ontrol effe$ti#el the mo"quitoe" too+
$+ 9armer" are al"o u"ing thi" "praer for other purpo"e"+ 9or in"tan$e( a "olution prepared with 4+>ml of neem oil( 4+>ml of pongamia oil in one litre of water i" "praed
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to $ontrol mo"quitoe" in re"idential area"+ B doing thi"( di"ea"e" li%e malaria
tran"mitted b mo"quitoe" are being $ontrolled with le"" e1penditure( without
polluting the en#ironment+
APPENDI
Me.ri> >(n6er!i(n
1. 4 $m 4; mm
2. 4 ft 4< in
3. 4 in <>+= mm
4. 4 ft 3;=+8 mm
5. 4 p"i 58:=+7> Pa"$al
C(n!.an. 0!e-
π =3.14
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REFERENCES
1+ Sootha( @+*+ and S++ @upta( /4::40+ Jugal i"hor /Ed+0L Solar Energ
Centre+ Pro$eeding" of the -or%"hop publi"hed in the pro$eeding" of
International on Te$hnolog Tran"fer+
2+ Rao( @+*+ Solar Energ( Solar Photo?oltai$, Ameri$an So$iet of 'e$hani$al Engineer( AS'E( Ele$tri$ Power @eneration( 4>, =3==8=
)+ Ra&e"h( umar and O+S+ Sa"tr( /4::80+ Pro$eeding" of <nd -orld
Conferen$e on Photo#oltai$ Solar Energ Con#er"ion held at ?ienna( Au"tria(
pp, 54;+
5+ Sa"tr( O+S+( Ra&e"h umar and P+C+ Pant( /4:::0 Photo#oltai$ Te"t 9a$ilit
at Solar Energ Centre IndoJapan Cooperation on S$ien$e Te$hnologSeminar Photo#oltai$ Te$hnolog in India Japan( < New *elhi+
%+ Sharma( R+S+( /4::>0+ En#ironmental E$onomi$" and Sharma( R+S+( /4::>0+
En#ironmental E$onomi$" and organi6ed b the !ni#er"it of 'elbourne(
Au"tralia+
*+ Sharma( R+S+( /4::50+ Su"tainable Solar Thermal Power @eneration /STP@0
Te$hnologie" in Indian Conte1t( publi"hed in the pro$eeding" of International
Conferen$e on Renewable Energ( organi6ed b Ameri$an So$iet of
'e$hani$al Engineer( AS'E( 43 at San Antanio( !SA+
&+ Ari6ona State !ni#er"it )ibrar( /4:8<0+ Solar Energ Inde1( Supplement I+Edition+ Pergamon
+ Regional -or%"hop on Solar Power @eneration !"ing Photo#oltai$
Te$hnolog, Pro$eeding"+ Edition+ *IANE Publi"hing Compan
$+ *+ 'u%her&ee( /<;;70+ 9undamental" of Renewable Energ S"tem"+ Edition+
New Age International P#t )td Publi"her
1+Jan lei""l( /<;430+ Solar Energ 9ore$a"ting and Re"our$e A""e""ment+ 4
Edition+ A$ademi$ Pre""+
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