solar powered rover and obstacle detector.ppt

8/10/2019 Solar Powered Rover and Obstacle Detector.ppt

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SOLARPOWEREDROVERAND

OBSTACLEDETECTOR

Group Members:

Aishwary Mandal

Anjna Sinha

Jayshree Toppo

EC 8thSEM


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INTRODUCTION Solar power is the term for using the sun's energy to

power a device or an electrical system. Solar panels are

made up of a grid of solar cells.

The eco-friendly fuels have not been produced in a large

scale for mass production yet. The nuclear power has not

harnessed in such a way that it can be used in a small

social car.

Solar Powered Vehicle is the future.

Highly efficient solar panels can be established on the

roof and the bonnet of a car. It will provide a gentle

speed.


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Solar powered vehicle is an Alternative Energy Vehicle.

The solar vehicle is a step in saving these non renewable

sources of energy.

The basic principle of solar car is to use energy that is stored

in a battery during and after charging it from a solar panel.

The charged batteries are used to drive the motor which

serves here as an engine and moves the vehicle in reverse or

forward direction.

RF control (often abbreviated to R/C or simply RC) is the use

of radio signals to remotely control a device. The term is used

frequently to refer to the control of model vehicles from a

handheld radio transmitter.

Industrial, military, and scientific research organizations

make use of radio-controlled vehicles as well.


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OBJECTIVE

To run a solar powered remote controlled

vehicle. To run the vehicle in sunlight region as

well as in shadow region.

To detect the obstacle coming in the way of the

vehicle, front as well as back.


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MAINCOMPONENTSUSED

The main components used in the project are:

Microcontroller AT89S52

RF Decoder-HT12D

RF Encoder-HT12E Two H-bridges

RF Receiver

Motor Driver (L298N)

Relay Switching Circuit

Obstacle detector


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MICROCONTROLLERAT89S52

A microcontroller is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core,

memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Microcontroller used is AT89S52 of ATMEL.

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS

8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-SystemProgrammable Flash memory.


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AT89S52 is a Low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 4KB of ISP flash memory.

This microcontroller uses Atmel high-density, nonvolatilememory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.

On-chip flash allows program memory to be reprogrammed

in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory

programmer.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system

programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel

AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a

highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.


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RF MODULE

An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually)

small electronic circuit used to transmit and/or receive

radio signals on one of a number of carrier frequencies.

It operates on Radio Frequency.

The corresponding frequency range varies between 30

kHz & 300 GHz.

In this RF system, the digital data is represented as

variations in the amplitude of carrier wave.

This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift

Keying (ASK).


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Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared)

because of many reasons.

Firstly, signals through RF can travel through largerdistances making it suitable for long range applications.

Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF

signals can travel even when there is an obstruction

between transmitter & receiver.

Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR

transmission.

RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR

signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF

Receiver.


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FEATURES

Operating supply voltage of up to 46V

4.5-7VDC logic supply voltage

Total DC current of up to 4A

Low saturation voltage Over-temperature protection

Logical 0 input up to 1.5V (high-noise immunity)


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SOLARPOWEREDROVER

A solar tracker is a device that orients a payload toward

the sun. Payloads can be photovoltaic panels, reflectors,

lenses or other optical devices.

In flat-panel photovoltaic (PV) applications, trackers are

used to minimize the angle of incidence between the

incoming sunlight and a photovoltaic panel.

This increases the amount of energy produced from a

fixed amount of installed power generating capacity.

Tracking systems are found in all concentrator

applications because such systems do not produce energy

unless pointed at the sun.


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Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries

about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that

carries the remainder - the diffuse portion is the blue sky on

a clear day and increases proportionately on cloudy days.

As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam,

maximizing collection requires the sun to be visible to the

panels as long as possible.

A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and

sunset extremes will see a motion of 75 degrees to either

side, and thus, according to the table above, will lose 75% of

the energy in the morning and evening.


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RELAYSWITCHINGCIRCUIT

It works on the principle that when the rover is in thesunlight it utilizes the solar panel and as soon as the

rover moves away from the sunlight it switches

automatically to the relays and the battery starts its

functioning. That is why this dual concept of solar panel and battery

is used.

The relay switching circuit and the battery is very useful

like when there is no sunlight and we have to use therover then at that time the battery will start its operation.

This switching between the relay and the solar panel will

continue every time the rover will move in sunlight and

in darkness.


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Relay is one of the most important electromechanical

devices highly used in industrial applications specifically in

automation.

A relay is used for electronic to electrical interfacing i.e. it

is used to switch on or off electrical circuits operating at

high AC voltage using a low DC control voltage.

A relay generally has two parts, a coil which operates at the

rated DC voltage and a mechanically movable switch.

Relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by having

an amplifying effect because a small voltage applied to a

relays coil can result in a large voltage being switched by

the contacts.


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OBSTACLEDETECTOR

In this obstacle detector circuit we have used an IR LED,

a Photodiode and a sensor.

Sensor is used so that when the rover detects any

obstacle in its path it senses the obstacle and sends a

signal in the form of a signal and the buzzer makes a

buzzing sound so as to alert the user about the obstacle

that has been detected.

Normally we have only a unidirectional rover but in this

project we will be using 2 obstacle detectors.


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The first one will sense the obstacle and the buzzer will blow

indicating about the obstacle but what if the rover gets stuck

at some point which it cant surpass so for this purpose the

second obstacle detector has been used so that when a wall ora stone comes in the path of the rover and it cannot surpass it

so automatically it will start moving in the backward direction

just as we have seen the movement of an earthworm.

When the rover will move from sunlight region to shadowregion, then the relay will play its switching role and the

source will switch from solar panel to battery and make the

continuous movement of the rover.

When and object comes in front or at the back of the roverthen it is been detected by the obstacle detector and it will

convey the message of detection by glowing of LED and with

a noisy sound from the buzzer.


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FUTURESCOPE

There is a need to save the nonrenewable source of

energy i.e., the fuel which is soon going to get exhausted

due to the rigorous use of the fuel and also due to the

increase in population.

So an alternative source of energy has to be found out

and used which is cheap and cost effective so what else

than solar power which is the future of the generations to

come.

Solar power is being used for generating electricity tolighten our homes and then slowly vehicles will also

come that will use the solar power for driving their

mopeds and cars or other heavy motor vehicles.


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APPLICATIONS

The solar powered rover and obstacle detector is used for

the following purposes:

1. Spying

2.

Navigation3. Space Missions

4. Heavy and light motor vehicles


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REFERENCES

Wikipedia

www.enggjournals.com

www.coregravity.com

www.engineersgarage.com Electronics for you

Electrosome.com

Telecommunications and electronics project
http://www.enggjournals.com/http://www.coregravity.com/http://www.engineersgarage.com/http://www.engineersgarage.com/http://www.coregravity.com/http://www.enggjournals.com/


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solar powered rover and obstacle detector.ppt

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