solar radiation - driver of innovations in pond design and ...€¦ · solar radiation - driver of...

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21st–23rd March 2016 Pfad Slide 1 11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater Pond Technologies IEEM gGmbH Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management at the Witten/Herdecke University [email protected] www.uni-wh-ieem.de Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph (IEEM) M. Sc. Sebastian Weil (IEEM)

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Page 1: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

21st–23rd March 2016 Pfad

Slide 1

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineeringand Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies

Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph (IEEM)M. Sc. Sebastian Weil (IEEM)

Page 2: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 2

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Content• Introduction and short Background Theory• Data Acquisition• Methodology and preliminary Results

– Facultative Ponds– Facultative aerated Ponds

• Conclusion & Acknowledgement

Page 3: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 3

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Folie 3

Author Approach DWA - A 201 No Consideration of temperature

Mc Garry und Pescod (1970)

ATBODFL 099,160

5, ⋅=

Mara (1976) 120205, −⋅= ABODF TL

Mara (1987 ff.) )25(, )002,0107,1(350

5

−⋅−⋅= ATABODF TL

Arthur (1983) 60205, −⋅= ABODF TL

Yanez (2000) )29(, 085,14,357

5

−⋅= ATBODFL

Sour

ce: D

isser

tatio

n Ti

m F

uhrm

ann,

IEEM

, 201

4 an

d An

wen

dung

und

Pot

entia

le v

on

Abw

asse

rtei

chsy

stem

en im

inte

rnat

iona

len

Kont

ext,

Fuhr

man

n, 2

013

Introduction & Background (1)

Page 4: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 4

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Introduction & Background (2)

• Main (environmental) drivers in facultative ponds are: Solar Radiation, Temperature and Wind

(Source: von Sperling, 2007)

Page 5: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 5

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Introduction & Background (3)

EPA (2011): 54 to 540 W/m²

(Source: Richmond, 2004)

Photo - Inhibition

Page 6: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 6

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Introduction & Background (4)• Increase of

Photosyntesis rateranging between 54 and 540 W/m² before Photo - Inhibition takes place

Page 7: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 7

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

• Oakley, 2005

• Gloyna Methode

250/)35()099,1)((035,0 TLightBODQV −=

⋅⋅= −

dhakgBODRSL BODA min

6, )937,1(

LA,BOD = BOD areal Loading rate (kg/ha d)

RSmin = Average minimal monthly Insolation (kWh/m² d)

Existing sunlight based approaches

Introduction & Background (5)

Page 8: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 8

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Data Acquisition (1)

ww

w.m

apso

fwor

ld.c

om

Full-scale investigation

Pilot plant

Use of local data• Sevilla, Spain• Various

Mediterranean Countries

• Germany• East Africa• Brazil• New Zealand• ...

Page 9: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 9

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Data Acquisition (2)

ww

w.m

apso

fwor

ld.c

om

Full-scale investigation

Pilot plant

Use of local dataSpai

nData Location Type of Plant Focus

Own Data

Sevilla, Spain

Pilot Plant Aerated Ponds, (from March 2016 facultative Ponds)

Chiclana, Spain

Pilot Plant Symbiotic – Algae Bacteria Ponds

Data from third

Parties

Cordoba, Spanien

Full Scale Anaerobic and facultative Ponds

IEEM-Pilot Plant, Sevilla in Cooperation withFuchs Enprotec GmbH, Photo: CENTA

Page 10: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 10

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Folie 10

Data Acquisition (3)

Uganda

Kenya

Data Location Type of Plant Focus

Own Data

Entebbe & Jinja, Uganda

Full scale Plants Anaerobic and facultative Ponds

Kisumu, Kenia

Full scale Plant Anaerobic and facultative Ponds

Data from third Parties

VariousCities

21 full scale Plant

Anaerobic and facultative Ponds

Effluent facultative Pond Entebbe, Uganda

Effluent facultativePonds Entebbe, Uganda

Page 11: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 11

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Folie 11

Data Acquisition (4)

New

Ze

alan

d

Data Location Type of Plant Focus

Data from third Parties

Invercargill, Queenstown, Neuseland

Full scale Plants Anaerobic and facultative Ponds(Cold Climate)

Facultative Pond, Queenstown, NZ

Page 12: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 12

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Folie 12

Data Acquisition (5)

Bras

ilien

Data LocationType of Plant Focus

Data from third

Parties

Various Cities,Long time Data

from Riviera de Sao Lourenco

Full scale Plants

Anaerobic and facultative Ponds

Facultative Pond, Riviera de Sao Lourenco, Brazil Sour

ce:R

. Bou

rke

(200

0)

Page 13: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 13

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

LA,COD = 615 · (1,125 - 0,0023 · TW)(Tw-25) · FS

• 615 COD reference surface loading kg/ha/d at 25°C.

Slide 13

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Formula facultative pond (empiric approach Mara 1987)

• Reference temperature for BOD-removal rate

• NEW: Factor to consider influence of solar radiation

• Empiric Factor to adjust removal rate for varyingtemperatures

NEW!

Page 14: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 14

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

LA,CSB = 615 · (1,125 - 0,0023 · TW)(Tw-25) · FS

Slide 14

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Formula facultative pond (empiric approach Mara 1987)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

7 12 17 22 27 32

COD

Sur

face

Load

(kg/

ha*d

)

TW

The lower end corresponds

with the German A 201

Missing experience for T < 28°C

Page 15: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 15

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

4.30

4.40

4.50

4.60

4.70

4.80

4.90

5.00

5.10

5.20

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Nov/ 14 Dez/ 14 Feb/ 15 Apr/ 15 Mai/ 15 Jul/ 15 Sep/ 15 Okt/ 15

Inso

latio

n (k

Wh/

d m

²)

BOD

Rem

oval

(%)

COD Removal FacultativePond

Insolation

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Comparision COD Removal and Insolation (Entebbe, Uganda – own data)

Page 16: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 16

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

20 %

25 %

30 %

35 %

40 %

45 %

50 %

55 %

60 %

Jun/ 00 Okt/ 00 Jan/ 01 Apr/ 01 Jul/ 01 Nov/ 01 Feb/ 02

Inso

latio

n (k

Wh/

d m

²)

COD

Rem

oval

(%)

COD RemovalInsolation

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Comparision COD Removal and Insolation

(Riviera de Sao Lourenco, Brazil - data from third parties)

Page 17: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 17

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

LA,COD = 615 · (1,125 - 0,0023 · TW)(Tw-25) · FS

The lower end corresponds

with the German A 201

Missing expieriencefor T < 28°C

Quantitive range still under validation

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Formula facultative pond (empiric approach Mara 1987)

Page 18: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 18

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Introduction & Background (1)

• REMINDER:

(Source: von Sperling, 2007)

Page 19: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 19

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

LA,COD = 615 · (1,125 - 0,0023 · TW)(Tw-25) · FS

The lower end corresponds

with the German A 201

Missing expieriencefor T < 28°C

Quantitive range still under validation

Methodology and preliminary ResultsDesign Formula facultative pond (empiric approach Mara 1987)

Page 20: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 20

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Factor Value

k1 for number of aerated ponds(in series)

0.75 for one aerated unit

1.0 for two aerated units

1.2 for three aerated units

k2 for slope material0.8 for membrane (foil)

1.0 for natural layer

1.2 for rough surface such as geomembrane or gravel

LV, COD = 33,6 · e0,0347 · TW · k1 · k2

• The formula is a further development of the German ATV - A 201 with aditional (empircal) parameters forTemperature (which was neglected in the current A 201)

• The FUCHS brothers have developed this (empirical) formula with data from Germany as well as from Mediterranean countries and practical experiences collected from other regions worldwide.

• A temperature coefficient is introduced, which allows improved pond design adapted to a greater range of climatic conditions (different from the current A 201).

• Additional design parameters are introduced with respect to the number of aerated ponds in series and the surface structure of the pond liner.

Methodology and preliminary ResultsAerated Ponds (empiric approach by FUCHS Enprotech GmbH)

Page 21: Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and ...€¦ · Solar Radiation - Driver of Innovations in Pond Design and Process Technologies Prof. Dr. mult. K.-U. Rudolph

Pfad

Slide 21

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Conclusion & Acknowledgement

• Successful Validation of design approach for faculative(with COD and Water Temperature). Continuation is needed with more data from various sites.

• Still in Process: Including one additional parameter for Insulation. First results are promising.

• Aerated Ponds: Successful implementation of additional design parameters: number of aerated ponds in series and the surface structure of the pond liner.

• Acknowledgement: The project is financially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (www.bmbf.de; www.expoval.de/en) and co-financed by the industrialproject partner Fuchs Enprotec.

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Pfad

Slide 22

11th IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wastewater

Pond Technologies

21st–23rd March 2016IEEM gGmbHInstitute of Environmental Engineering and Management at theWitten/Herdecke [email protected]

Thank you very much for your Attention!

Conclusion & Acknowledgement