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MAJOR

PROJECT

ON

SOLAR REFRIGERATOR

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that has successfully completed his term work in

SM-602 Project Work as per prescribed syllabus.

Submission date: -

H.O.D GUIDED BY:

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

PRINCIPAL

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Acknowledgement

We feel in great in presenting the report of our projectSOLAR REFRIGERETOR which finds application inmuch modern equipment and system, this project isdone in partial fulfillment of D.M.E. (Diploma inmechanical engineering) course at the

We wish to express our sincere gratitude and thanks toour guide professor. During our whole project work forhis inspiration give to us and guidance showered openus. He was greatly helpful to us by solving all ourqueries and difficulties. We are also thankful to ourhead of the department of mechanical engineering

Last but not we are thankful to and all out lecturers whoshowered upon there help and guidance during theproject work and also our friends who always ready tohelp.

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INDEX

SR.NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 PROJECT PLANING 14

3 MARKET SARVEY 17

4

5 DETAILS 19

6

7

8 COSTING 409

10

11

12

13

CHAPTER:-1

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INTRODUCTION

1.1.Importance of project1.2.Characteristics of Project1.3.Objectives of project

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1.1 Importance of project

The process of project work depends on intelligence, skills,

creativity, and energy of group of student. Project work has been

required studies of number of subject project work will provide an

opportunity for coordination and integration of theory and

practices a wide of cognitive skill and necessary in a technician.

The purpose of providing project work is to expose to problems

and to introduce you to the procedures used to reach e efficient

acceptable solution. By doing this you gain confidence in taking

decision and taking problems project work will integrate and train

the skill required by you in study.

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1.2 Characteristics of Project:

The following are the main characteristics of the project:

1. OBJECTIVE :

A project has fixed set of objective have been achieved, the

project cease to exit.

2. LIFE SPAN :

A project cannot continue endlessly. It has to come to an end

what represents the end would normally be spelt out in the set of

objective.

3. SINGLE ENTITY :

A project is one entity and is normally entrusted to one

responsibility centre while the participants in the project are

many.

4. TEAM WORK :

A project call for a team work the team is constituted of members

belonging to different disciplines and organization.

5. LIFE CYCLE :

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A project has life cycle, reflected by growth maturing and decay.

It definitely has a learning component.

6.UNIQUENEESS:

No two projects are exactly similar, even if they are duplicated.

The location, the infrastructure, the organics and the people

make the project unique.

7.CHANGE :

A project sees many changes may not have any major impact.

The can be some changes which with change the entire

character or course of the project.

8.SUCCESSIVE PRINCIPLE :What is going to happen during the life cycle of project is not fully

known at any stage. The detail gets finalized successively with

the passage of time.

9.MADE TO ORDER :

A project is always made to the order of its customer. Thecustomer states various requirements and puts constraints within

which the project must be executed.

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10.UNITY OF DIVERSITY :

A project is a complex set of thousands of verities. The verities

are in terms of technology, equipments and materials, machinery

and people, work culture and ethics. But they remain inter

related and unless this is so, it is not possible to complete the

project successfully.

11.Risk AND UNCERTAINITY :

Every project has risk and uncertainty associated with it. The

degree of risk and uncertainty depends on how the project is

passed through its various life cycle phases. An ill defined

project has high degree of risk and uncertainty.

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1.1 Objectives of project:

The following are the main objective of project.

Project work enables a student to work as a group. This is a

very mush important in engineering fields.

A student can developed his mind towards engineering field

and they come to know various manufacturing techniquesand processes.

A student can develop good knowledge about various

machines and equipments used for manufacturing of various

parts.

Each can develop his ability to plan a work and take

appropriate decision.

It develops confidence and creativity of thinking.

It helps to arrive at creative solution of problem.

Student can understand his own strength and limitations and

try to improve it.

Project is necessary to develop a leadership and work as a

member of team.

Maintain level of problem while dealing with engineering

situation.

Have a sense of purpose and pride of achievement for theproject.

Reliably work independently.

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1.4 Aims of project work:

The course listed above can be achieved by designing suitable

learning exercises in class room, laboratory, following aims could

be achieved.

To develop planning and decision making skills.

To provide student with an opportunity to develop and

demonstrative confident and ability to tackle problem and

sprit of achievement.

To provide with experience and practices to teaching

problems, that they are likely to meet in industry.

To integrate and reinforce skills required the students in

separate subject.

To provide interdisciplinary studies of the subject.

To develop higher level skills for solution of project. To given student an opportunity to learn to keep good

records and to presents an engineers and it can only

achieved by practices.

To present an excision and demanding of the student.

To develop ability to work in team positively.

To make up student mind not work individually but also to

work in team.

To get the knowledge of each student in various subjects

which have been studied before

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To treat the students to make work project and to decide

cost, time and its advantages themselves. The students can know work difficulties and right way of

mending those difficulties.

To develop leadership in students with help of project work.

To develop the estimation of mechanical instruments

prevailed in market.

To develop unity in- group project.

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CHAPTER:-2

PROJECT PLANNING

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Steps of project planning

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PROJECT PLANNING

2.1 Introduction:

Planning of project is very important tasks and should be taken

off with great care as the implementation of whole project largely

depends on its planning saves the time, money, labor, which afterall reduce cost of manufactures parts.

Project planning encourages an efficient output which completely

meets the specification project selection along with material

selection. In fact project planning is technique in which operation

of all parts are analyzed and classified it includes.

Actual machining time.

Manipulation time.

Setting time, loading and unloading.

Economy.

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2.2 Steps of Project Planning:

1. Selection of project

2. Market survey

3. Production capacity

4. Investment decision

5. Design and drawing

6. Selection of material7. Selection machines, tools and equipments required.

8. Resource labor, transportations, loss of manufacturing.

9. Including material required process

10. Inventory planning

11. Process planning

12. Preparation of F.P.C & O.P.C

13. Coasting

14. Testing of project15. Market response of project.

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CHAPTER:-3

MARKET SURVEY

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Market Survey

You need to check yourself a market prospect of the product

selected by you before launch a venture. You should rely merely

upon institution or here say to access the market prospect. A

comprehension market study is must be specific advantage of

such a study are.

It enables you to evaluate viability of an enterprise by arcingat a year estimate of seals.

It makes it possible for you to estimate scale and utilization

of install capacity with reference propose enterprise.

You can judge weather proposed capacity is on higher and

lower size.

It provident a preliminary input for the marketing strategy

and process formulation or the enterprise (A market programis a set decision refried in a respect of various market

related to issued it influents the market performance of an

enterprise.)

Market survey is usually focused on gross market demands

present and future. It typically highlights the gaps between

expected market demand and supply in respect offer given

product. Such a gap could be positive (demand exceed supply)and therefore favorable. The gap could be negative a favorable

gap is does not guaranty market success for an enterprise a

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market success is and between of favorable demand supplies

gap as well effective market program.

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CHAPTER:-5

DETAILS

1. components used in project:

A. solar penalB. standard refrigerator

C. heating coil

D. solar collector

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Machinery Requirement

A.Machine: Hacksaw machine

Drilling machine

Welding machine

B.Equipments:

Lathe machine tools & accessories.

Drilling tools

Cutting tool

Bench wise

Centre punch

C.Measuring Instruments:

Vernier caliper Steel rule

Measure tape

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SOLAR ENERGY

Solar poweris the generation ofelectricity from sunlight.This can be direct as with photovoltaics (PV), or indirect aswith concentrating solar power(CSP), where the sun'senergy is focused to boil water which is then used to providepower.

Solar power has the potential to provide over 1,000 timestotal world energy consumption in 2008, though it providedonly 0.02% of the total that year.

Solar power is a predictably intermittent energy source,meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all times,we can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when itwill and will not be available.

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Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators

have an element of thermal storage, such as molten salts. These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which is

made available overnight or during periods that solar poweris not available to produce electricity.

REFRIGERATOR

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A typical refrigerator with its door open

A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) isa cooling appliance comprising a thermallyinsulated compartment and a heat pump

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chemical or mechanical meansto transfer heat

from it to the external environment, cooling thecontents to a temperature below ambient.

Cooling is a popular food storage technique indeveloped countries and works by decreasingthe reproducton rate of bacteria. The device isthus used to reduce the rate of spoilage offoodstuffs.

A device described as a "refrigerator" maintainsa temperature a few degrees above the freezingpoint of water; a similar device which maintainsa temperature below the freezing point of wateris called a "freezer."

The refrigerator is a relatively modern inventionamong kitchen appliances. It replaced theicebox, which had been a common householdappliance for almost a century and a half prior.For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimesreferred to as an "icebox".

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Solar powered refrigerator

Solar-powered refrigerators are mostcommonly used in the developing world to helpmitigate poverty and climate change.

By harnessing solar energy, these

refrigerators are able to keep perishablegoods such as meat and dairy cool in hotclimates, and are used to keep much needed

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vaccines at their appropriate temperature to

avoid spoilage. The portable devices can be constructed with

simple components and are perfect for areasof the developing world where electricity isunreliable or non-existent.

Other solar-powered refrigerators werealready being employed in areas ofAfricawhich vary in size and technology, as well astheir impacts on the environment.

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Environmental Impacts of Refrigerators

There is major environmental concernregarding conventional refrigerationtechnologies including contribution to ozonelayer depletion and global warming.

Refrigerators which contain ozone depletingand global warming substances such aschlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), in their insulationfoam or their refrigerant cycle are the mostharmful.

After CFCs were banned in the 1980s theywere replaced with substances such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which are ozone

depleting substances and hydro fluorocarbons(HFCs).

Both are environmentally destructive aspotential global warming chemicals.

If a refrigerator is inefficient it will alsocontribute to global warming.

The use of solar energy to power refrigerationstrives to minimize the negative impacts

refrigerators have on the.

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History of Solar Refrigeration

"In developed countries, plug-in refrigeratorswith backup generators store vaccines safely,but in developing countries, where electricitysupplies can be unreliable, alternative

refrigeration technologies are required. Solar fridges were introduced in the

developing world to cut down on the use ofkerosene or gas-powered absorptionrefrigerated coolers which are the mostcommon alternatives.

They are used for both vaccine storage andhousehold applications in areas without

reliable electrical supply because they havepoor or no grid electricity at all.

They burn a liter of kerosene per daytherefore requiring a constant supply of fuelwhich is costly and smelly, and are responsiblefor the production of large amounts of carbondioxide.

They can also be difficult to adjust which canresult in the freezing of medicine.

There are two main types of solar fridges thathave been and are currently being used, one

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that uses a battery and more recently, one

that does not.

Battery Supplemented Solar Refrigerator

Traditionally solar-powered refrigerators andvaccine coolers use a combination of solarpanels and lead batteries to store energy forcloudy days and at night in the absence ofsunlight to keep their contents cool.

These fridges are expensive and requireheavy lead-acid batteries which tend todeteriorate, especially in hot climates, or aremisused for other purposes.

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In addition, the batteries require maintenance,must be replaced approximately every threeyears, and must be disposed of as hazardouswastes possibly resulting in lead pollution.

These problems and the resulting higher costshave been an obstacle for the use of solarpowered refrigerators in developing areas.

Portable Solar Powered Fridge

A Portable solar powered fridge has beenproduced for use in the developing world. Thebasic design uses the principle of evaporation.

The fridge is solar powered, but does notrequire solar panels, and can be made frombasic household material lowering the cost andmaking access to the developing world easier.

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Without using any power the fridge can keepperishable at a temperature of 6 degreesCelsius for days.

How it works

The refrigerator employs a combination ofheat conduction and convection, requires noelectricity and can be made for commonly

available material such as cardboard, sand andrecycled metal.

The device is composed of two cylinders. Theinner metal cylinder is fitted inside the outer

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cylinder which can be made from what ever

the person has access to including wood orplastic.

Space is left between the inner and outerchamber to be filled with organic materialwhich can include sand, wool or soil that isthen saturated with water.

As heat from the sun evaporates the water,the inner chamber cools reducing andmaintaining the temperature at 43 F (6 C).

The way a refrigerator keeps food cool is through theprocess ofevaporation.

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When a liquid turns into a gas, it absorbs heat and

makes the temperature lower. In most electrically-powered refrigerators, this is

achieved by the electric motor powering acompressor, which turns the refrigerant gas into aliquid.

When the pressure is removed, the refrigerant turnsback into a gas and absorbs heat.

In a solar refrigerator, the refrigerant is replacedwith ammonia or lithium bromide mixed with water.

The heat of the sun is used to increase the pressureof the gas, which turns into a liquid, just like in anelectric refrigerator.

When the heat is removed, the liquid evaporatesand lowers the temperature.

Scientists believe that solar refrigeration can be a

great investment for the developing world.

It could allow small villages to store medication andfood without electricity.

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Usage

The portable solar fridge is used in areas of Africasuch as Zambia, Namibia, and South Africa in areaswhere electricity is often not readily accessible tohelp preserve perishable foods such as meat anddairy, however, is not yet being used for vaccines. It

is easily transported and reduces negativeenvironmental impacts but is limited by size andrequires the availability of water.

Many of the vaccines used to control diseasesrequire cold temperatures for preservation. Withouta reliable power infrastructure, developing countriesoften lack the resources to keep these vaccines coolfor an extended time period, hampering the ability toadequately protect citizens. It is estimated that 50percent of vaccines in rural areas are wasted due tospoilage.

By NASA to provide power for satellites andspacecraft, photovoltaics is a viable source ofenergy used to light over 1 million rural homesaround the world. Photovoltaic (PV) cells directlyconvert sunlight into electricity, without having toutilize limited fossil fuel resources. PV energycontributes to improved air quality and aids in thereduction of greenhouse gases that play a role in

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global warming. For example, when it displaces coal-

fired generation, a common source of electricityamong power plants, harmful sulfur dioxide andnitrous oxide emissions are eliminated.

Most homes running on PV energy, however, employsimplistic lighting systems that are incapable ofproviding refrigeration. This can be especiallytroublesome for areas in which no conventionalpower source exists, including remote automated

weather stations, forest stations, and Third Worldvillages.

In the midst of developing battery-free, solar-powered refrigeration and air conditioning systemsfor habitats in space, David Bergeron, the teamleader for NASAs Advanced Refrigerator Technology

Team at Johnson Space Center, acknowledged theneed for a comparable solar refrigerator that could

operate in conjunction with the simple lightingsystems already in place on Earth. Bergeron, a 20-year veteran in the aerospace industry, founded thecompany Souls Refrigeration, Inc., in 1999 to takethe patented advanced refrigeration technology heco developed with his teammate, Johnson engineer

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Drawback of solar refrigerator

Low COP: high thermal mass, poor thermalconductivity of the adsorbentSmaller SpecificCooling Power: largercycle timeIntermitted Cycle: cooling effect occurs only during

adsorption process

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Advantage of Solar Refrigerators

Energy saving using solar energy

Environmental Friendly: based on naturalrefrigerants: H2O, NH3, Methanol, CO2

Low maintenance cost Easy fabricate

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Designed to last a lifetime.

Improved temperature regulation with DualRefrigeration

Coils, one in the freezer and a frost free coil in therefrigerator.

Quiet, smooth running brushless DC Hermeticcompressor.

Fan cooled all copper condenser assembly foroptimum efficiency, especially in hot weather. Long

life in marine environments. Low energy consumption using 4 inches of high

efficiency polyurethane foam insulation. Environmentally friendly non CFC materials

(insulation and refrigerant). The front door can accept various wood panels or

steel finishes to accent your interior design. Acceptsup to 1/8 inch door panel.

Reversible Doors. Rugged wire adjustable shelves.

The Challenges

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Simplicity to offer reliability and price advantage

Control of the transfer of COLD energy stored in the

Thermal Energy Store to the vaccine compartment to

ensure stable vaccine compartment temperatures in

different ambient settings.

NO batteries to reduce risks of premature failures and costs

and insure long .

Lab Development and Field trials on a battery-less PV

refrigerator (Solar Chill) for vaccine storage complete

and units commercially produced for vaccine

storage.Good scope to improve product and movetowards a next generation product.

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Building the solar collector

All fridges operate on the principal that a liquid boiling to a gastakes heat away from its surroundings.

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It is also important to know that a liquid can be made to boil at a

very low temperature by altering the pressure. While water boils at 100C at atmospheric pressure, it can be

boiled at 0C under a very high vacuum.

A refrigerator operates by allowing the refrigerant to boil attemperatures as low as the desired cold space temperature.

Eventually, the evaporated refrigerant must be condensed back toa liquid to repeat the cycle for continued cooling.

While a typical home refrigerator relies on an electric condenser toturn the gaseous refrigerant back to our liquid, our system useschemical processes to drive the evaporation and condensation ofthe refrigerant.

While pure ethanol may be difficult to find indeveloping countries, liquor with high alcoholcontent can be used in its place. As our ethanol boils,it is absorbed by activated charcoal, a porous solidthat is often used in fish tank and drinking waterfilters to remove impurities.

In our refrigerator, the activated carbon allows thesystem to maintain a constant pressure as theethanol evaporates.

When the sun heats our solar collector andactivated charcoal bed in the middle of the day, theheat causes the release of the adsorbed ethanol.

The raised pressure and condenser cooling allow theethanol to return to a liquid state so it can beevaporated again to cool the refrigerator.

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CHAPTER:-8

COSTING

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COSTING

It is the determination of actual cost of anarticle after adding different expenses incurring

in various department. It may also define assystem which systematically records all the

expenditure incurred in various departments todetermine the cost of manufacture.

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AIM OF COSTING:

The important of costing are as follows

1. To determine the cost of each article.

2. To determine the cost of each article

Operation.

3. To help in deciding sale price.4. To supply information for the detection of

Waste.

5. It helps in reducing the total cost of manufacture.

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PROCEDURE OF COSTING:

Costing is the technique and process of ascertainingcost. It is the classifying, recording and appropriate

allocation expenditure for determination of the cost ofthe production or service.

The main elements of cost of any product are as under,

1. Material cost.

2. Labour cost.

3. Expenses.

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COST ESTIMATION

An approximate costing of the project was done on the

basis of market survey. Costing of the product can be workout based on some simple assumption used by the

industries:-

For the purpose of costing, some basic considerations are

given below:-

a. Direct expenses : 5% of the material cost

b. Factory overhead : 5% of the prime cost

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c. Selling overhead : 10% of factory cost

d. Profit : 25% of production cost

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SELLING PRICE OF PROJECT IN MARKET

a. prime cost of products is:

Material cost + Labour cost + Expenses

= + +

=

b. Factory overhead:

5% of prime cost

=

c. Factory cost:

Prime cost + Factory overhead

=

d. Selling overhead:

20% of factory cost

=

e. Production cost:

Factory cost + selling overhead

=

f. Profit:25% of the production cost

=

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Therefore the selling price of the product is

Total cost + Profit = Rs.

BILL OF MATERIALS

Sr.No. Name of Parts Mat. Qty. Mat.Cost Labor

Cost

Total

cost

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. Total welding

Cost

__ __ __ 400 400

7.

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8.

9. Extra Material __ __ 324 __ 324

10. Transportation __ __ __ __ 200

11. Other Charges __ __ __ __ 600

Total

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OUTLINE PROCESS CHART

It is often desired to obtain a birds eye view of a

whole process of activities. It gives an overall view

of the process or activity. It is a graphic

representation of the sequence of all of the

operation and inspection involved in a process orprocedure.

The entry points of material are also indicated. It

does not indicate where the work takes place or who

performs it. Other activities like delays of materials

are also indicated.

This chart is very useful for initial analysis and it

proceeds starting point for critical e* animations.The OPC is shown in the figure

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CONCLUSION

After completing the major project on solar refrigeartor we

are much happy and would Like to thank our professor, guides

and the lectures of the concerned department who have guided

us.

While making this minor project we have been able to learn

a lot and understand the various aspects of Heat Exchanger we

can use our knowledge, which we get during our study.

solar refrigerator 123

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